STRUCTURE & BONDING

Chemical bonds. Ionic bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe role of valence electrons in determining chemical bonding.


Explain formation of ionic bonding.

Q/A: Review valence electrons of atoms of elements in groups I, II, III, VII and VIII.
Q/A: Review group I and group VII elements.
Discuss formation of ionic bond.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK IIP54




PP 57-58

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Ionic bond representation.
Grant ionic structures.
Physical properties of ionic compounds.
Covalent bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Use dot and cross diagrams to represent ionic bonding.
Describe physical properties of ionic compounds.
Explain the differences in the physical properties of ionic compounds.

Drawing diagrams of ionic bonds.
Analyse tabulated comparative physical properties of ionic compounds.

Teacher asks probing questions.

Chart- dot and cross diagrams.
Models for bonding.
Giant sodium chloride model.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 58
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP 58-59

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Co-ordinate bond.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the co-ordinate bond
To represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

Exposition- teacher explains the nature of co-ordinate bond.
Students represent co-ordinate bond diagrammatically.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Molecular structure.
Trend in physical properties of molecular structures.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe the molecular structure.
To give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure

Discussion ? To explain formation of the giant structure and give examples of substance exhibiting molecular structure.

text book
Sugar, naphthalene, iodine rhombic sulphur.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 65

STRUCTURE & BONDING

Giant atomic structure in diamond.
Giant atomic structure in graphite.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe giant atomic structure in diamond.
To state uses of diamond.

Diagrammatic representation of diamond.
Discuss uses of diamond.

Diagrams in textbooks.

K.L.B. BOOK II P 69

STRUCTURE & BONDING
PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Metallic bond. Uses of some metals.
Physical properties of elements in periods.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe mutual electronic forces between electrons and nuclei.
To describe metallic bond.
To compare physical properties of metals.
To state uses of some metals.




To compare electrical conductivity of elements in period 3

Discussion:
Detailed analysis of comparative physical properties of metals and their uses.



Probing questions & brief explanations.

Group experiments- Construct electrical circuits incorporating a magnesium ribbon, then aluminum foil, then sulphur in turns.
The brightness of the bulb is noted in each case.
Discuss the observations in terms of delocalised electrons.

text book
The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK IIP 70
K.L.B. BOOK IIP. 76

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Physical properties of elements in period 3.
Chemical properties of elements in period 3.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare other physical properties of elements across period 3.

Analyse comparative physical properties presented in form of a table.
Explain the trend in the physical properties given.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 77

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE

Chemical properties of elements in the third period.
Oxides of period 3 elements.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To compare reactions of elements in period 3 with water

Q/A: Review reaction of sodium, Mg, chlorine, with water.
Infer that sodium is most reactive metal; non-metals do not react with water.

The periodic table.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 80-81

PROPERTIES AND TRENDS ACROSS PERIOD THREE
SALTS

Chlorides of period 3 elements.
Types of salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To explain chemical behavior of their chlorides.
To describe hydrolysis reaction.

Comparative analysis, discussion and explanation.

The periodic table.
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 77-78

SALTS

Solubility of salts in water.
Solubility of bases in water.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To test solubility of various salts in cold water/warm water.
To test solubility of various bases in water.
To carry out litmus test on the resulting solutions.

Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5 cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Analyse the results.
Class experiments- Dissolve salts in 5cc of water.
Record the solubility in a table,
Carry out litmus tests.
Discuss the results.

Sulphates, chlorides, nitrates, carbonates of various metals.




Oxides, hydroxides, of various metals, litmus papers.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 92-93
K.L.B. BOOK IIPP. 94-95

SALTS

Methods of preparing various salts.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe various methods of preparing some salts.

Experimental and descriptive treatments of preparation of salts e.g. ZnSO4, CuSO4, NaCl and Pb(NO3)2.

CuO, H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, PbCO3, dil HNO3.

K.L.B. BOOK II pp96

SALTS

Direct synthesis of a salts.
Ionic equations.
Effects of heat on carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe direct synthesis of a salt.
To write balanced equations for the reactions.
To identify spectator ions in double decomposition reactions.
To write ionic equations correctly.

Group experiments- preparation of iron (II) sulphide by direct synthesis.
Give other examples of salts prepared by direct synthesis.
Students write down corresponding balanced equations.


Q/A: Ions present in given reactants.
Deduce the products of double decomposition reactions.
Give examples of equations.
Supervised practice.

Iron,
Sulphur
PbNO3, MgSO4 solutions.
Various carbonates.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 104

SALTS

Effects of heat on nitrates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on nitrates.
To predict products resulting from heating metal nitrates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various metal nitrates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Common metal nitrates.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 110-111

SALTS

Effects of heat on sulphates.
Hygroscopy, Deliquescence and Efflorescence.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state effects of heat on sulphates.
To predict products results from heating metal sulphates.

Group experiments- To investigate effects of heat on various sulphates.
Observe various colour changes before, during and after heating.
Write equations for the reactions.

Common sulphates.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 113

SALTS
EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Uses of salts.
Molten electrolytes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To state uses of salts

Teacher elucidates uses of salts.

Molten candle wax
Sugar
Sulphur
Lead oxide.

K.L.B. BOOK II P. 114

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electrolysis.
Aqueous electrolytes. Electrodes.
Reaction on electrodes.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define electrolysis
To describe the process of electrolysis in terms of charge movement.
To define an electrolyte
To test for electrical conductivities of electrodes.

Descriptive approach punctuated with Q/A.
To investigate chemical effect of an electric current.
Classify the solutions as electrolyte or non -electrolytes.
Discuss the electrical properties of the solutions.

Graphite electrodes
Battery
Various aqueous solutions switch bulb.
Various aqueous solutions switch.

K.L.B. BOOK II
K.L.B. BOOK II PP.122-123

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Binary electrolyte.
Application of electrolysis.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To define a binary electrolyte.
To state the products of a binary electrolyte.

Completing a table of electrolysis of binary electrolytes.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II P.127

EFFECTS OF AN ELECTRIC CURRENT ON SUBSTANCES.

Electroplating.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe electroplating process.

Experiment- Left overnight.
Electroplating an iron nail with silver nitrate/ copper sulphate.
Brief discussion.

Silver nitrate
Iron nail
Complete circuit battery.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 129-30

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Allotropy.
Physical and chemical properties of diamond, graphite and amorphous carbon

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define allotropes and allotropy.
Identify allotropes of carbon.
Represent diamond and graphite diagrammatically.

Teacher exposes new terms.
Review covalent bond.
Discuss boding in diamond and graphite.

text book
Charcoal, graphite.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 131-133

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Burning carbon and oxygen.
Reduction properties of carbon.
Reaction of carbon with acids. Preparation of CO2.
Properties of CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe reaction of carbon with oxygen.
Describe reaction of carbon with acids.




Prepare CO2 in the lab.

Teacher demonstration- Prepare oxygen and pass dry oxygen into a tube containing carbon. Heat the carbon. Observe effects on limewater.
Teacher demonstration- reaction of carbon with hot conc HNO3.
Write balanced equations for the reaction.

Review effects of heat on carbonates.
Group experiments/teacher demonstration- preparation of CO2.

Carbon, limewater, tube, limewater stand& Bunsen burner.
CuO, pounded charcoal, Bunsen burner& bottle top
Conc. HNO3, limewater.
Lime water,
Magnesium ribbon,
Universal indicator,
lit candle.

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 134-135
K.L.B. BOOK II P.126

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical equations for reactions involving CO2.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Write balanced CO2.

Give examples of reactions. Write corresponding balanced chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.139-140

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Uses of CO2.
Carbon monoxide lab preparation.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State uses of CO2

Discuss briefly the uses of CO2.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.140-1

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Chemical properties of carbon monoxide.
Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To describe chemical properties of carbon monoxide.

Description of properties of carbon monoxide.
Discussion and writing of chemical equations.

text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP. 144-145

CARBON AND SOME OF ITS COMPOUNDS.

Heating carbonates and hydrogen carbonates.
Extraction of sodium carbonate from trona.
Solvay process of preparing sodium carbonate.
Importance of carbon in nature. & its effects on the environment.

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
To write equations for reaction of carbonates and hydrogen carbonates on heating.
To draw schematic diagram for extraction of sodium carbonates.

Discuss the above observations.
Write corresponding balanced equations.
Discuss each step of the process.

Write relevant equations.

text book
text book, chart
text book

K.L.B. BOOK II PP.150-151