SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Soil Erosion - Introduction and Factors
Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Splash and Sheet

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define soil erosion and its types. Outline factors influencing soil erosion. Explain the difference between geological and accelerated erosion. State the role of human activities in soil erosion.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of soil erosion concepts. Discussion on erosion factors. Brain storming on human activities causing erosion. Question and answer on erosion types.

Charts showing soil erosion factors. Pictures of eroded areas. Erosion type illustrations. Factor identification guides.
Raindrop impact diagrams. Sheet erosion illustrations. Splash pattern charts. Erosion process demonstrations.

KLB BK III Pgs 158-167

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Types of Soil Erosion by Water - Rill and Gully

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe rill erosion formation. Explain gully erosion development. Identify U-shaped and V-shaped gullies. State processes involved in gully formation.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on channel erosion. Discussion on rill to gully progression. Exposition of gully formation processes. Question and answer on gully shapes.

Rill erosion pictures. Gully formation diagrams. U and V-shaped gully illustrations. Channel erosion process charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Wind Erosion and Human Activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe soil erosion by wind. Explain factors affecting wind erosion. State effects of human activities on soil erosion. Identify areas prone to wind erosion.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on wind erosion process. Exposition of wind erosion factors. Brief discussion on human impact. Question and answer on susceptible areas.

Wind erosion pictures. Dust storm illustrations. Human activity impact charts. Erosion-prone area maps.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Effects of Soil Erosion
Riverbank Erosion and Solifluction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight effects of soil erosion on agriculture. State effects on water bodies and infrastructure. Explain loss of soil micro-organisms. Discuss economic impacts of erosion.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on erosion effects. Discussion on agricultural impacts. Exposition of infrastructure damage. Brief discussion on economic losses.

Erosion effect illustrations. Agricultural impact charts. Infrastructure damage pictures. Economic loss examples.
Riverbank erosion pictures. Solifluction diagrams. Control measure illustrations. Mass wasting factor charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 167-172

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Landslides and Mass Wasting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify types of landslides (slump, debris slide, rock fall). State effects of mass wasting. Explain causes of landslides. Describe prevention measures for mass movements.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on landslide types. Discussion on mass wasting effects. Exposition of landslide causes. Brief discussion on prevention measures.

Landslide type illustrations. Mass wasting effect pictures. Cause identification charts. Prevention measure guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 178-183

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Methods of Soil and Water Conservation - Biological Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of soil and water conservation. Describe grass strips and filter strips. Explain contour farming benefits. State advantages of mulching in conservation.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on conservation methods. Exposition of biological control measures. Brief discussion on contour farming. Question and answer on mulching benefits.

Conservation method charts. Grass strip illustrations. Contour farming pictures. Mulching demonstration materials.

KLB BK III Pgs 178-183

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Biological Control - Cropping Systems and Afforestation
Physical/Structural Control Measures - Trash Lines and Bunds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain cropping systems for conservation. Describe strip cropping methods. State roles of trees in soil conservation. Outline afforestation and reafforestation benefits.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on cropping systems. Discussion on strip cropping. Exposition of tree roles in conservation. Brief discussion on afforestation benefits.

Cropping system diagrams. Strip cropping illustrations. Tree conservation role charts. Afforestation benefit guides.
Trash line construction pictures. Bund construction diagrams. Structural measure illustrations. Area suitability guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION

Physical Control - Cut-off Drains and Terraces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe cut-off drains construction. Identify types of terraces (broad-based, narrow-based, bench, fanya juu). Explain terrace construction procedures. State advantages of different terrace types.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on drainage systems. Discussion on terrace types. Exposition of construction procedures. Brief discussion on terrace advantages.

Cut-off drain diagrams. Terrace type illustrations. Construction procedure charts. Advantage comparison tables.

KLB BK III Pgs 183-188

SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION
WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Water Harvesting Methods
Weed Identification and Classification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Cite reasons for conserving water. Outline methods of water harvesting. Describe construction of weirs, dams and ponds. Explain roof catchment and rock catchment systems.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on water conservation importance. Exposition of harvesting methods. Brief discussion on construction techniques. Question and answer on catchment systems.

Water harvesting method charts. Weir and dam construction diagrams. Roof catchment illustrations. Rock catchment system pictures.
Charts showing common weeds. Weed identification guides. Drawing materials for weed illustrations. Classification system charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 188-190

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Common Weeds in East Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify common weeds found in East Africa. State botanical and common names of major weeds. Describe characteristics of different weed species. Explain competitive ability of weeds.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on locally found weeds. Discussion on weed characteristics. Exposition of competitive ability factors. Question and answer on weed species.

Pictures of common East African weeds. Weed characteristic charts. Competitive ability factor guides. Local weed examples.

KLB BK III Pgs 200-202

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Competitive Ability of Weeds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors contributing to competitive ability of weeds. Explain weed propagation methods. Describe environmental adaptation of weeds. Discuss weed survival mechanisms.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on weed competitive factors. Exposition of propagation methods. Brief discussion on environmental adaptation. Question and answer on survival mechanisms.

Weed propagation method charts. Environmental adaptation illustrations. Survival mechanism diagrams. Competitive factor identification guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 200-202

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Harmful Effects of Weeds
More Harmful Effects and Benefits of Weeds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Highlight harmful effects of weeds on crops. State how weeds reduce crop quality. Explain parasitic effects of weeds. Describe effects on livestock and human health.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on weed damage to crops. Discussion on quality reduction effects. Exposition of parasitic weeds (Striga). Brief discussion on health effects.

Weed damage pictures. Crop quality comparison charts. Striga parasitism illustrations. Health effect information guides.
Aquatic weed pictures (water hyacinth). Pasture quality comparison charts. Beneficial weed examples. Food and medicine use illustrations.

KLB BK III Pgs 166-167

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Chemical Weed Control - Introduction and Mode of Action

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline methods of weed control. Define herbicides and their uses. Explain different modes of action of herbicides. Describe how herbicides kill weeds.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on weed control methods. Discussion on herbicide concepts. Exposition of herbicide action modes. Brief discussion on weed killing mechanisms.

Weed control method charts. Herbicide action diagrams. Mode of action illustrations. Herbicide effect demonstrations.

KLB BK III Pgs 203-204

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Classification of Herbicides - Formulation and Application Time

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify herbicides by formulation (liquids, wettable powders). Classify herbicides by time of application (pre-emergence, post-emergence). Explain advantages of different formulations. State when to apply different herbicide types.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on herbicide formulations. Exposition of application timing. Brief discussion on formulation advantages. Question and answer on application timing.

Herbicide formulation examples. Application timing charts. Formulation advantage guides. Timing recommendation tables.

KLB BK III Pgs 205-206

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Factors Affecting Selectivity and Effectiveness of Herbicides
Herbicide Combinations and Safety Precautions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State factors affecting selectivity of herbicides. Explain factors affecting effectiveness of herbicides. Describe plant characteristics influencing herbicide action. Discuss environmental factors affecting herbicides.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on selectivity factors. Discussion on effectiveness factors. Exposition of plant characteristic effects. Brief discussion on environmental influences.

Selectivity factor charts. Effectiveness factor guides. Plant characteristic illustrations. Environmental factor diagrams.
Herbicide combination charts for different crops. Safety precaution guides. Protective equipment illustrations. Safe handling procedure charts.

KLB BK III Pgs 205-206

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Advantages and Disadvantages of Chemical Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of using herbicides. Identify disadvantages of chemical weed control. Compare chemical control with other methods. Discuss environmental concerns of herbicide use.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Brain storming on herbicide advantages. Discussion on chemical control disadvantages. Exposition of method comparisons. Brief discussion on environmental effects.

Advantage/disadvantage comparison charts. Method comparison tables. Environmental effect illustrations. Chemical control evaluation guides.

KLB BK III Pgs 208-209

WEEDS AND WEED CONTROL

Mechanical Weed Control
Cultural, Biological and Legislative Control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State advantages of tillage as weed control method. Explain disadvantages of mechanical cultivation. Describe slashing and uprooting methods. Compare mechanical methods with chemical control.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on tillage advantages and disadvantages. Exposition of mechanical methods. Brief discussion on method comparisons. Question and answer on mechanical techniques.

Mechanical control tool pictures. Tillage advantage/disadvantage charts. Method comparison tables. Mechanical technique illustrations.
Cultural control method charts. Biological control examples. Legislative control illustrations. Noxious weed law information.

KLB BK III Pgs 209-210

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Definition and classification of crop pests
Field insect pests - biting and chewing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define a crop pest. State harmful effects of crop pests on crops. Classify pests according to mode of feeding, crops attacked, and development stages. Distinguish between major and minor pests.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of pest concepts. Discussion on pest effects and classification. Question and answer session on pest types.

Pictures of various crop pests, charts showing pest classification and damage
Pictures of locusts, army worms, cutworms, bollworms, diagrams of insect mouth parts

KLB BK III Pg 175-177

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Field insect pests - piercing and sucking
Other field pests
Storage pests

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify insects with piercing and sucking mouth parts. Give examples of piercing and sucking pests. Describe damage caused by sucking insects. Explain viral disease transmission by sucking insects.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Examining pictures of sucking insects. Discussion on viral disease transmission mechanisms. Chart demonstration of stylet structure and function.

Pictures of aphids, scales, thrips, mealy bugs, charts showing disease transmission table
Pictures of mite damage, nematode galls, rodents, bird pests, large animals affecting crops
Storage pest specimens, damaged grain samples, pictures of various storage pests

KLB BK III Pg 180-182

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Legislative and physical pest control methods
Cultural pest control methods
Chemical pest control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define legislative pest control methods and explain quarantine importance. Describe physical pest control methods including heat treatment, flooding, and suffocation. Explain use of electromagnetic radiation and physical barriers. State advantages of physical control methods.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of legislative control importance. Discussion and demonstration of physical control principles. Brain storming on physical control applications.

Government quarantine documents, thermometers, charts showing physical control methods
Charts showing crop rotation cycles, pictures of trap crops, resistant variety samples, clean seeds
Sample pesticide containers, charts showing pesticide classification, application equipment

KLB BK III Pg 187-189

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Biological pest control and crop disease introduction
Fungal diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define biological pest control and explain predator-prey relationships. Give examples of natural enemies of common pests. Define crop disease and state harmful effects. Identify food poisoning effects of crop diseases.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on natural pest control and predator-prey examples. Exposition of disease concepts and effects. Brain storming on biological control benefits.

Pictures of beneficial insects, predator-prey relationship charts, diseased plant samples
Pictures of fungal structures, infected potato leaves, rusted plants, smut-infected crops

KLB BK III Pg 195-197

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Coffee berry disease and other fungal diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain coffee berry disease symptoms, conditions favoring infection, and control methods. Identify other common fungal diseases including powdery mildew and fusarium wilt. Compare different fungal disease symptoms and control strategies.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Case study of coffee berry disease. Discussion on disease conditions and control. Examination of infected coffee berries and other specimens.

Pictures of infected coffee berries, charts showing disease cycle, fungal disease specimens

KLB BK III Pg 201-203

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Viral diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe characteristics of viruses as obligate parasites. Identify symptoms of viral infections including chlorosis, mosaics, and rosetting. Explain viral disease transmission by insect vectors. Give examples of common viral diseases affecting crops.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of viral characteristics. Discussion on viral symptoms and transmission. Examination of virus-infected plant specimens.

Pictures of mosaic-infected plants, charts showing viral transmission, infected cassava and tobacco samples

KLB BK III Pg 203-204

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES

Bacterial diseases and nutritional disorders
Cultural control of crop diseases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe characteristics of bacteria as facultative parasites. Explain bacterial blight of coffee symptoms and control. Identify symptoms of nutritional disorders in crops. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic disease causes.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on bacterial disease characteristics. Case study of bacterial blight. Brain storming on nutrient deficiency symptoms and other abiotic causes.

Pictures of bacterial-infected plants, nutrient-deficient plants, charts showing various disease symptoms
Charts showing cultural control methods, disease-resistant variety samples, clean farming tools

KLB BK III Pg 204-206

CROP PESTS AND DISEASES
CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Chemical and legislative control of diseases
Maize - ecological requirements and varieties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain chemical control methods including seed dressing, soil fumigation, and spraying. Describe legislative control methods for disease prevention. Discuss integrated disease management approaches. Evaluate effectiveness of different disease control methods.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on chemical control applications. Exposition of legislative disease control measures. Brain storming on integrated disease management strategies.

Fungicide samples, spraying equipment, government regulation documents, integrated management charts
Charts showing ecological zones, maize variety samples, maps of Kenya showing maize growing areas

KLB BK III Pg 207-208

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Maize - land preparation and planting
Maize - field operations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe land preparation methods for maize. Explain selection and preparation of planting materials. Outline planting procedures including spacing and depth. State factors affecting planting time and spacing.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on land preparation importance. Demonstration of seed selection. Brain storming on planting factors.

Farm tools, certified maize seeds, measuring equipment, charts showing planting procedures
Fertilizer samples, calculators, charts showing application methods, herbicide containers

KLB BK III Pg 200-201

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Maize - pest and disease control
Finger millet production
Finger millet - field management and pest control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify major pests affecting maize including stalk borers and army worms. Describe damage caused by maize pests. Explain control methods for maize pests. State symptoms and control of maize diseases.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Examination of pest-damaged maize specimens. Discussion on pest identification. Brain storming on control methods.

Pictures of maize pests, damaged maize plants, pest control chemicals
Finger millet samples, charts showing ecological requirements, pictures of finger millet fields
Fertilizer samples, finger millet storage containers, pictures of head blast disease

KLB BK III Pg 202-204

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Bulrush millet and sorghum production
Sorghum - pest and disease control
Beans production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Compare ecological requirements of bulrush millet and sorghum. Identify varieties of bulrush millet and sorghum. Describe land preparation for these crops. Explain advantages of growing drought-resistant crops.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Comparative discussion on crop requirements. Examination of millet and sorghum specimens. Brain storming on drought tolerance.

Bulrush millet and sorghum samples, charts comparing crop characteristics
Pictures of quelea birds, damaged sorghum plants, sorghum harvesting tools
Different bean variety samples, charts showing ecological requirements

KLB BK III Pg 207-210

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Beans - field operations and pest control

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe field operations in beans including weeding and irrigation. Identify pests and diseases affecting beans. Explain control methods for bean diseases including halo blight and anthracnose. Outline harvesting methods for dry and green beans.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Discussion on field management. Case study of bean diseases. Brain storming on disease control.

Pictures of bean diseases, diseased bean specimens, irrigation equipment

KLB BK III Pg 212-214

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Rice production

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Outline ecological requirements for rice production. Describe rice irrigation schemes in Kenya. Explain land preparation and water control in rice. State fertilizer application methods in rice production.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Exposition of rice growing conditions. Discussion on irrigation importance. Case study of Mwea rice scheme.

Maps showing rice schemes, pictures of rice fields, water control equipment

KLB BK III Pg 214-215

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Harvesting of industrial crops - cotton and pyrethrum
Harvesting of industrial crops - sugarcane and coffee

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe harvesting methods and procedures for cotton. Explain grading of cotton during harvesting. Outline harvesting methods for pyrethrum flowers. State precautions during harvesting of these crops.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Demonstration of cotton grading. Discussion on harvesting procedures. Brain storming on quality maintenance.

Cotton samples showing different grades, pyrethrum flowers, harvesting baskets
Sugarcane samples, coffee cherries at different ripeness stages, harvesting tools

KLB BK III Pg 215-217

CROP PRODUCTION VI (FIELD PRACTICES II)

Harvesting of industrial crops - tea

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe tea harvesting methods and procedures. Explain factors affecting tea quality during harvesting. State the importance of proper plucking in tea. Outline precautions during tea harvesting and transportation.

In groups, learners are guided to:
Demonstration of proper tea plucking. Discussion on quality factors. Brain storming on harvesting intervals.

Tea plucking stick, tea baskets, fresh tea specimens showing different plucking standards

KLB BK III Pg 218-219