Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of triangles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define centre of gravity
- Determine the C.O.G of regular shaped objects (square, rectangle, circle)
- Relate centre of gravity to balancing objects on fingertips

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use balancing method to find C.O.G of regular cut-outs
- Use geometrical construction (diagonals) to locate C.O.G
- Compare results from both methods

Where is the centre of gravity of a square located?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 78
- Cut-out shapes (square, rectangle, circle)
- Pencil for balancing
- Ruler
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 80
- Triangular cut-outs
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Marker

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable equilibrium
Moments and Equilibrium - Unstable and neutral equilibrium
Moments and Equilibrium - Factors affecting stability
Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of a force
Moments and Equilibrium - Calculating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine C.O.G of irregular objects using plumb line method
- Explain why suspended objects align with C.O.G below pivot
- Connect plumb line method to levelling tools used in construction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Suspend irregular lamina from different points
- Use plumb line to draw vertical lines
- Mark intersection as C.O.G and verify by balancing

Why do all vertical lines through suspension points meet at one point?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 81
- Irregular cardboard shapes
- String and small weight (plumb line)
- Stand and clamp
- Marker
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 83
- Cone-shaped objects
- Flat surface
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 84
- Spherical ball
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 85
- Plastic bottles
- Sand
- Similar books
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 89
- Door
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 90
- Ruler on pivot
- Known weights
- Metre rule

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Verifying principle of moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications of principle of moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Determining mass using moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the principle of moments
- Verify principle of moments experimentally
- Connect principle of moments to balancing on see-saws

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up metre rule on pivot with weights on both sides
- Adjust positions until balanced
- Calculate and compare clockwise and anticlockwise moments

When is a body in rotational equilibrium?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 91
- Metre rule
- Knife edge pivot
- Known masses
- String
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 92
- Scientific calculators
- Problem sheets
- Beam balance
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 93
- Stand and thread
- Known masses (50g, 100g)

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Parallel forces and two supports
Moments and Equilibrium - Couple and torque
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications and resolution of forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Apply conditions for equilibrium with parallel forces
- Connect parallel forces to how bridges distribute weight across supports

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up metre rule supported by two spring balances
- Attach weights at different positions
- Verify sum of upward forces equals sum of downward forces

How are forces distributed in a beam supported at two points?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 94
- Metre rule
- Two spring balances
- Known weights
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 97
- Uniform plank with central pivot
- Spring balances
- Steering wheel model
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 100
- Pictures of applications
- Digital resources
- Problem sheets

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition of work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Calculating work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy and its forms
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition and calculation of power
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Kinetic energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define work as product of force and displacement
- State the SI unit of work as joule
- Differentiate between work done and no work done like pushing a wall versus pushing a wheelbarrow

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss scenarios where work is done and not done
- Calculate work done in lifting and pushing objects
- Relate work to force and displacement

When do we say work is done in Physics?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 105
- Spring balance
- Metre rule
- Various objects
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 107
- Known masses
- Stopwatch
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 108
- Various objects
- Pictures of energy sources
- Digital resources
- Stopwatch
- Calculators
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 112
- Toy car
- Ramp
- Measuring tape
- Beam balance

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gravitational potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Elastic potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Conservation of mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define gravitational potential energy
- Calculate P.E using PE = mgh
- Connect potential energy to water stored in elevated tanks and dams for hydropower

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Lift objects to different heights and calculate P.E
- Investigate effect of mass and height on P.E
- Solve numerical problems on potential energy

How does height affect the potential energy of an object?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 114
- Small weights
- Metre rule
- Beam balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 116
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Small objects
- Paper balls
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 118
- Pendulum bob
- String
- Stand
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 121
- Digital resources
- Pictures of machines
- Reference books
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 124
- Pictures of simple machines
- Examples of levers
- Inclined plane model

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency of machines
- Explain why efficiency is always less than 100% due to friction in real machines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Calculate MA and VR from experimental data
- Relate efficiency to energy losses

Why is the efficiency of machines always less than 100%?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 129
- Simple machines
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Lever apparatus

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Practical assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Pulleys
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane and screw
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle, gears

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate VR of pulley systems
- Investigate efficiency of pulley systems
- Connect pulley systems to cranes, flagpoles and construction hoists

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up single fixed and movable pulleys
- Set up block and tackle system
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency experimentally

How does the number of pulleys affect the velocity ratio?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Pulleys
- String
- Known masses
- Spring balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 134
- Inclined plane
- Screw jack
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 137
- Wheel and axle model
- Gear wheels
- Bicycle

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic machines and applications
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain working principle of hydraulic machines
- Calculate force multiplication in hydraulic systems
- Connect hydraulic machines to car brakes, car jacks and construction equipment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Construct simple hydraulic system using syringes
- Calculate force and VR of hydraulic press
- Discuss applications in vehicles and construction
- Identify simple machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators

How do hydraulic machines multiply force?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 139
- Syringes of different sizes
- Tubing
- Water
- Pictures of hydraulic machines
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 147
- Torch
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 148
- Digital resources
- Charts showing reflection
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 150
- Glass of water
- Straight object
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 151
- Manila paper

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Project presentations

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating rectilinear propagation using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating reflection using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating refraction using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating diffraction using ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of interference of waves
- Demonstrate constructive and destructive interference using two speakers
- Relate interference to hearing loud and quiet zones in concert halls

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up two identical speakers connected to the same audio frequency generator
- Walk along a line perpendicular to the speakers and observe loud and quiet areas
- Discuss constructive and destructive interference patterns

Why do we hear areas of loud and soft sound when two speakers play together?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 152
- Two identical speakers
- Audio frequency generator
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 154
- Ripple tank and accessories
- Dry cell and cell holder
- White manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 156
- Ripple tank
- Straight metal reflector
- Concave and convex reflectors
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 158
- Transparent glass plate
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 159
- Two straight metal barriers
- Opaque obstacle

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating interference using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Production of frequency modulated (FM) waves
Properties of Waves - Detection of frequency modulated (FM) waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate interference of waves using a ripple tank
- Identify constructive and destructive interference patterns
- Relate interference patterns to noise-cancelling headphones and acoustic design

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Fix two spherical balls below the vibrator bar as coherent sources
- Observe dark and bright radial lines showing interference pattern
- Discuss how bright lines show constructive and dark lines show destructive interference

How are interference patterns formed in a ripple tank?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 160
- Ripple tank
- Two spherical balls
- White manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 162
- Radio receiver (demonstration)

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Formation of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Factors affecting fundamental frequency of vibrating string
Properties of Waves - Modes of vibration in strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of stationary waves
- Demonstrate formation of stationary waves using a tuning fork and string
- Connect stationary waves to how guitar strings produce different notes

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Fix a string to a tuning fork prong and pass over a fixed pulley
- Strike the tuning fork and observe nodes and antinodes
- Discuss how incident and reflected waves superimpose to form stationary waves

How are stationary waves formed in a vibrating string?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 163
- Tuning fork
- String
- Mass (weight)
- Fixed pulley system
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 164
- Sonometer apparatus
- Weights
- Two wooden wedges
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Charts showing modes of vibration

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in closed pipes
Properties of Waves - Harmonics in closed pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate variation of sound with length of air column in a closed pipe
- Demonstrate resonance in a closed pipe
- Relate closed pipe resonance to how wind instruments like clarinets work

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Dip a glass tube into water and hold a vibrating tuning fork over the open end
- Adjust the tube length until resonance is achieved
- Discuss the relationship between length and wavelength: L = λ/4

How does the length of a closed air column affect the sound produced?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 167
- Glass tube
- Glass jar with water
- Tuning fork
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 168
- Digital resources
- Charts showing harmonics

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in open pipes
Properties of Waves - Meaning of Doppler effect
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain stationary wave formation in open pipes
- Calculate fundamental frequency and overtones in open pipes
- Relate open pipe resonance to how flutes and organ pipes produce sound

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how antinodes form at both ends of an open pipe
- Calculate wavelength and frequency relationships: L = λ/2
- Compare fundamental frequencies in open and closed pipes

How do stationary waves form in open pipes?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 169
- Digital resources
- Charts showing open pipe harmonics
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 173
- Audio recordings of approaching vehicles
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 174
- Audio frequency generator
- Rope or spiral spring

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem-solving exercises

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Applications of Doppler effect
Radioactivity - Meaning of radioactivity and related terms
Radioactivity - Stability of isotopes and atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of Doppler effect in various fields
- Explain how Doppler effect is used in astronomy, medicine, and traffic control
- Connect Doppler applications to ultrasound scans and weather forecasting

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications in astronomy for measuring galaxy movements
- Discuss medical imaging applications like Doppler sonography
- Explore traffic radar and speed camera applications

How is Doppler effect used in medicine and traffic control?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 175
- Digital resources
- Charts showing Doppler applications
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 178
- Physics reference books
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 180
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Research presentations - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Types of radiations (alpha, beta, gamma)
Radioactivity - Properties of alpha and beta particles
Radioactivity - Properties of gamma rays and comparison of radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the three types of radioactive radiations
- Describe the nature and charge of alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Relate radiation types to their uses in cancer treatment and sterilization

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the composition of alpha particles (helium nucleus)
- Explain beta particles as high-energy electrons
- Describe gamma rays as electromagnetic radiation

What are the different types of radioactive emissions?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 181
- Digital resources
- Charts showing radiation types
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 182
- Charts comparing radiation properties
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 183
- Charts and diagrams

- Oral questions - Written tests - Chart interpretation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Alpha decay and nuclear equations
Radioactivity - Beta decay and gamma decay equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay
- Balance nuclear equations showing conservation of mass and charge
- Connect alpha decay to how smoke detectors use americium-241

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how alpha emission reduces nucleon number by 4 and proton number by 2
- Write nuclear equation for radium-226 decaying to radon-222
- Practice balancing nuclear equations

How do we write nuclear equations for alpha decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 186
- Digital resources
- Periodic table
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 187

- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Uranium-238 decay series
Radioactivity - Detection using electroscope and GM tube
Radioactivity - Cloud chambers and nuclear emulsion plates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Trace the uranium-238 natural decay series
- Write nuclear equations for chain decay reactions
- Connect decay series to geological dating of rocks

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study the uranium-238 decay chain from U-238 to stable Pb-206
- Identify types of radiations emitted at each stage
- Write nuclear equations for each step in the decay series

How does uranium-238 eventually become stable lead-206?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 188
- Charts showing decay series
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 189
- Electroscope
- Diagrams of GM tube
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 190
- Diagrams of cloud chambers

- Chart interpretation - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Meaning and demonstration of half-life
Radioactivity - Calculating half-life using graphs and formula
Radioactivity - Significance and applications of half-life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of half-life
- Demonstrate half-life concept using water draining from a burette
- Relate half-life to how long radioactive waste remains dangerous

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Define half-life as time for half the radioactive atoms to decay
- Perform water drainage experiment to simulate radioactive decay
- Plot a graph of volume against time and determine half-life

How long does it take for half of a radioactive sample to decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 193
- Burette
- Retort stand
- Stop clock
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 195
- Graph paper
- Scientific calculators
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 197
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Nuclear fission and chain reactions
Radioactivity - Nuclear fusion and applications
Radioactivity - Applications in medicine and industry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of nuclear fission
- Describe chain reactions in nuclear fission
- Relate nuclear fission to electricity generation in nuclear power plants

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how uranium-235 splits when bombarded with neutrons
- Explain how chain reactions release enormous energy
- Differentiate controlled reactions in reactors from uncontrolled reactions in bombs

How do nuclear power plants generate electricity from fission?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 198
- Diagrams of chain reactions
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 199
- Diagrams showing fusion
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 200
- Diagrams showing applications

- Written tests - Diagram interpretation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity - Applications in agriculture and archaeology
Radioactivity - Hazards of radiation and safety precautions
Origin of charges in a material

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of radioactivity in agriculture and archaeology
- Explain carbon dating principles
- Relate radioactive tracers to studying plant fertilizer absorption

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss carbon dating for determining age of fossils and artifacts
- Explain use of radioactive tracers in agriculture
- Calculate ages using carbon-14 decay principles

How do scientists use carbon dating to determine the age of fossils?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 200
- Digital resources
- Charts on carbon dating
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 201
- Safety signs
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 205
- Plastic pen, woolen cloth
- Small pieces of paper

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

The law of electrostatics
Methods of charging conductors - Induction and Contact
Methods of charging conductors - Separation and charge distribution
Electric field patterns
The electroscope - Structure, charging and discharging
Uses of electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of electrostatics
- Demonstrate attraction and repulsion between charged bodies
- Connect charge interactions to how dust sticks to TV screens

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate the law of electrostatics using charged balloons
- Discuss with peers the interaction between like and unlike charges
- Record observations on charge interactions

Why do some charged objects attract while others repel?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 207
- Balloons, woolen cloth
- Thread, retort stands
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 208
- Metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Connecting wire for earthing
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 211
- Two metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged rods
- Charts showing charge distribution
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 214
- Charts showing electric field patterns
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 216
- Gold-leaf electroscope
- Conical flask, aluminium foil, metal spoon
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 219
- Various charged materials
- Conductors and insulators for testing

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications - Spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers
Applications - Lightning arrestors and safety measures
Applications - Touch screens, fingerprinting and capacitors
Current and potential difference

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain electrostatic applications in spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers
- Describe how electrostatic precipitators reduce pollution
- Relate electrostatic spray painting to even coating on car bodies

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or non-print media to research applications of electrostatics
- Discuss how electrostatic spray painting ensures even paint distribution
- Explain the working of electrostatic precipitators in factories
- Describe how photocopiers use electrostatics

How does electrostatic spray painting ensure even coating?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 221
- Charts and diagrams
- Digital resources
- Videos on spray painting
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 223
- Pictures of lightning arrestors
- Charts on safety measures
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 225
- Smartphones and tablets
- Charts on touch screen technology
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 228
- Dry cells, cell holders
- Ammeter, voltmeter, bulb
- Connecting wires, switch

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Research reports

Electricity and Magnetism

Electromotive force and internal resistance
Ohm's law - Verification and calculations
EMF equation and internal resistance determination
Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
Factors affecting resistance - Length and cross-sectional area
Factors affecting resistance - Temperature and resistivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define electromotive force and internal resistance
- Distinguish between EMF and terminal potential difference
- Relate internal resistance to why old batteries provide less power

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Connect voltmeters across a cell in open and closed circuits
- Compare voltmeter readings when switch is open and closed
- Discuss lost voltage and internal resistance
- Derive the relationship E = V + Ir

Why does a cell's voltage drop when connected in a circuit?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 231
- Dry cells, two voltmeters
- Known resistors, switch
- Connecting wires
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 232
- Nichrome wire, ammeter
- Voltmeter, rheostat
- Dry cells, graph paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 236
- Dry cells, ammeter
- Graph paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 242
- Torch bulb, thermistor
- Semiconductor diode
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 245
- Nichrome wire, metre rule
- Wires of different thickness
- Micrometer screw gauge, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 248
- Tungsten coil, beaker
- Thermometer, heat source
- Ammeter, voltmeter

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written calculations

Electricity and Magnetism

Methods of determining resistance
Types of resistors and current-voltage laws
Effective resistance in series and parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine resistance using voltmeter-ammeter, metre bridge and Wheatstone bridge methods
- Read resistance values using colour codes
- Apply different methods to verify resistor values in electronic repair

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Determine resistance using V-A method and calculate from R = V/I
- Set up metre bridge to find unknown resistance using K/Y = P/Q
- Connect Wheatstone bridge and calculate using K/P = L/Q
- Read resistance from colour bands on resistors

Which method is most accurate for measuring resistance?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 251
- Metre bridge, Wheatstone bridge components
- Galvanometer, jockey
- Resistors with colour codes
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 255
- Various types of resistors
- Identical bulbs, ammeters
- Voltmeters, dry cells
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 263
- Resistors of known values
- Scientific calculators
- Circuit diagrams, worksheets

- Practical assessment - Written calculations - Identification exercises

Electricity and Magnetism

Solving complex resistor network problems
Relationship of V, I and P - Power equations
Factors affecting heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse circuits with multiple series-parallel combinations
- Calculate current through and voltage across each resistor
- Apply circuit analysis to troubleshoot electrical faults in appliances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify series and parallel sections in complex circuits
- Calculate effective resistance step by step
- Determine current distribution in branches
- Calculate potential difference across each component

How do we analyse circuits with both series and parallel resistors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 267
- Complex circuit diagrams
- Scientific calculators
- Worksheets with problems
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 270
- Power rating labels from appliances
- Worksheets
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 273
- Heating coils, beaker
- Thermometer, stopwatch
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat

- Written calculations - Circuit analysis - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications of heating effect of electric current
Power rating and electrical energy calculations
Conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors
Distinguishing materials using energy band theory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of heating effect in electrical appliances
- Explain the working of electric heaters, kettles, iron boxes and fuses
- Relate heating applications to safe and efficient use of electrical devices at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on electrical appliances that use heating effect
- Classify appliances as heating devices, kitchenware or lighting devices
- Discuss the working of electric iron, kettle, heater and filament lamp
- Explain the function and selection of appropriate fuses

How is the heating effect of electric current applied in household appliances?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 277
- Pictures of electrical appliances
- Fuses of different ratings
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 278
- Power rating labels
- Scientific calculators
- Electricity tariff information
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 282
- Models of atomic structures
- Charts showing material classification
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 284
- Charts showing energy bands
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Research presentations

Electricity and Magnetism

Effect of temperature on conductors and semiconductors
Intrinsic semiconductors and doping
N-type and p-type semiconductors
Applications of conductors and insulators
Applications of semiconductors and superconductors
Application of conductors and insulators in car wiring system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of temperature on resistance of conductors and semiconductors
- Plot and interpret R-T graphs for different materials
- Relate temperature effects to thermistor use in temperature sensors and fire alarms

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up circuit with tungsten coil in water bath
- Heat water and record resistance at different temperatures
- Plot R-T graph showing resistance increase for metals
- Replace with thermistor and observe resistance decrease with temperature
- Discuss concept of superconductivity at very low temperatures

Why does resistance increase with temperature for metals but decrease for semiconductors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 286
- Tungsten coil, thermistor
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 288
- Charts showing doping process
- Digital resources
- Models of crystal structures
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 289
- Diagrams of crystal lattice
- Charts showing n-type and p-type formation
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 292
- Samples of electrical cables
- Pictures of electrical installations
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 293
- Electronic components
- Pictures of semiconductor devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 294
- Car wiring diagrams
- Samples of automotive cables
- Resource persons (mechanics)

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Comparative analysis

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Greenhouse effect and climate change in the environment
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Physical drivers of climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Factors leading to greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Agricultural and livestock contributions
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change
- Demonstrate the greenhouse effect using simple apparatus
- Connect the greenhouse effect to everyday observations like hot car interiors on sunny days

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss with peers the meaning of greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change
- Carry out activities using plastic bottles/jars and thermometers to demonstrate greenhouse effect
- Use digital resources to search for information on greenhouse effect and climate change

How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth's temperature?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 297
- Clear plastic bottles/jars
- Thermometers
- Plastic wrap
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 298
- Charts showing greenhouse effect
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 299
- Pictures of industrial activities
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 300
- Charts showing greenhouse gas sources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 301
- Diagrams of ozone layer

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Ozone depletion and climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Strategies for mitigating climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change on environment
Introduction to Space Physics - Big Bang Theory
Introduction to Space Physics - Stars, planets and satellites
Introduction to Space Physics - Asteroids, comets, meteors and galaxies
Introduction to Space Physics - Space exploration methods and telescopy
Introduction to Space Physics - Motion of planets around the sun
Introduction to Space Physics - Careers in space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain causes of ozone layer depletion
- Describe the link between ozone depletion and climate change
- Relate the ban on CFCs to efforts in preserving the ozone layer

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how CFCs and other chemicals deplete the ozone layer
- Search for information on the relationship between ozone depletion and climate change
- Discuss the effects of ozone depleting substances on climate

How does ozone layer depletion affect climate change?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 301
- Charts on ozone depletion
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 302
- Pictures of renewable energy sources
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 305
- Pictures showing climate change effects
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 308
- Charts on Big Bang Theory
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 309
- Photos of celestial bodies
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 311
- Pictures of comets and galaxies
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 312
- Lenses, manila paper, glue
- Pictures of telescopes
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 316
- Models of solar system
- Charts on Kepler's laws
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 318
- Career charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests