Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in Human Beings - The menstrual cycle in human beings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the phases of the menstrual cycle in human beings
- Describe what happens during each phase of the menstrual cycle
- Show interest in understanding reproductive health

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information from print or non-print media on the menstrual cycle
- Discuss the phases of the menstrual cycle and what occurs in each phase
- Draw a diagram representing the menstrual cycle and its phases

What is the menstrual cycle and what changes occur during each phase?

Grade 7 Active integrated science pg 98-99

Oral questions Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in Human Beings - Challenges related to the menstrual cycle
Reproduction in Human Beings - Managing challenges related to the menstrual cycle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify challenges related to the menstrual cycle including irregular periods, irregular bleeding and pain
- Describe how each challenge affects daily life
- Show empathy and support towards those experiencing menstrual challenges

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information from print or non-print media on challenges related to the menstrual cycle
- Discuss challenges such as irregular periods, heavy bleeding and menstrual pain
- Share findings in groups and discuss the impact of menstrual challenges on daily activities

What are the common challenges related to the menstrual cycle and how do they affect daily life?

Grade 7 Active integrated science pg-100

Oral questions Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in Human Beings - Process of fertilisation in human beings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of fertilisation as the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell
- Explain where fertilisation takes place in the female reproductive system
- Show interest in understanding human reproduction

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study illustrations and charts on the process of fertilisation
- Discuss the journey of the sperm from the vagina to the fallopian tube
- Discuss the fusion of the sperm and ovum to form a zygote

What is fertilisation and where does it occur in the human body?

Grade 7 Active integrated science pg 102-104

Oral questions Written tests

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in Human Beings - Process of implantation in human beings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of implantation of the blastocyst in the uterus
- Explain the sequence of events from fertilisation to implantation
- Appreciate the complexity of early human development

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study illustrations showing implantation of the blastocyst in the uterine wall
- Discuss the journey of the fertilised egg from the fallopian tube to the uterus
- Discuss what happens during implantation and its importance

What happens during implantation and why is it important?

Grade 7 Active integrated science pg 104-105

Oral questions Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in Human Beings - Symptoms and prevention of HIV and AIDS
Reproduction in Human Beings - Symptoms and prevention of gonorrhoea and syphilis

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the symptoms of HIV and AIDS in human beings
- Describe prevention measures for HIV and AIDS
- Appreciate the need for a healthy reproductive system

- Outline the symptoms of gonorrhoea and syphilis in human beings
- Describe prevention measures for gonorrhoea and syphilis
- Show respect and open-mindedness when discussing STIs

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information from print and non-print materials on symptoms of HIV and AIDS
- Discuss the symptoms of HIV and AIDS and how the disease progresses
- Discuss prevention measures including abstinence, faithful partnership and condom use

- Search for information on symptoms of gonorrhoea and syphilis from print and non-print materials
- Discuss the symptoms of each STI and how they differ
- Discuss prevention measures for gonorrhoea and syphilis

What are the symptoms of HIV and AIDS and how can infection be prevented?
What are the symptoms of gonorrhoea and syphilis and how can they be prevented?

Grade 7 Active integrated science pg 106-107

Oral questions Written assignments
Oral questions Written tests

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in Human Beings - Symptoms and prevention of herpes
Reproduction in Human Beings - Prevention measures for common STIs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the symptoms of herpes in human beings
- Describe prevention measures for herpes
- Appreciate the importance of responsible behaviour in preventing STIs

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information on symptoms of herpes from print and non-print materials
- Discuss how herpes is transmitted and its symptoms
- Discuss prevention measures for herpes

What are the symptoms of herpes and how can infection be prevented?

Internet access
Digital devices
Print media
Charts on STI prevention

Oral questions Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in Human Beings - Importance of a healthy reproductive system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of maintaining a healthy reproductive system
- Describe practices that promote reproductive health
- Appreciate the value of a healthy reproductive system for overall wellbeing

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss practices that promote reproductive health such as hygiene, regular medical check-ups and responsible behaviour
- Discuss how STIs affect the reproductive system and overall health
- Prepare short notes on the importance of a healthy reproductive system

Why is it important to maintain a healthy reproductive system?

Grade 7 Active integrated science pg 106-107

Oral questions Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Reproduction in Human Beings - Summative assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate mastery of the menstrual cycle, fertilisation, implantation and STIs
- Solve structured and application-based questions covering sub-strand 2.3
- Show confidence in applying knowledge of reproduction to real-life situations

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Complete a summative written assessment on sub-strand 2.3
- Discuss assessment answers after marking to consolidate understanding
- Reflect on learning progress across sub-strand 2.3

How well have we mastered the concepts in sub-strand 2.3: Reproduction in Human Beings?

Assessment questions

Written tests Oral questions

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Forms of energy in nature
Transformation of Energy - Renewable and non-renewable energy sources
Transformation of Energy - Energy transformation is the process of changing one form of energy to another
Transformation of Energy - Demonstrating energy transformations in a falling object
Transformation of Energy - Energy transformations in a turbine and falling water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify forms of energy in nature: light, heat, potential, kinetic, gravitational, electrical, sound, chemical and nuclear energy
- Define energy as the ability to do work
- Show interest in relating different forms of energy to everyday experiences

- Demonstrate energy transformation in a falling object from potential to kinetic energy
- Explain the energy transformations that occur in a swinging pendulum
- Appreciate that energy is conserved during transformation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures in Figure 3.1 showing different sources and forms of energy
- Discuss the meaning of energy and the different forms it takes
- Use a digital device or print media to search for information on forms of energy in nature

- Carry out an activity to demonstrate energy transformation in a falling object
- Study Figure 3.4 showing children playing a swinging game
- Discuss the energy transformations at different points of the swing

What are the different forms of energy found in nature?
How does energy transform in a falling object or swinging pendulum?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 115
Charts showing forms of energy
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 116
Table 3.1 energy sources chart
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 117
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 118
Pendulum or swinging equipment
Reference books
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 119
Cardboard
Wire
Charts showing turbine

Observation Oral questions

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Making a turbine model
Transformation of Energy - Appliances that rely on energy transformation
Transformation of Energy - Energy transformations in specific appliances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct a model turbine to demonstrate energy transformation
- Explain the energy transformations observed in the model turbine
- Show interest in practical investigations of energy transformation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Construct a model turbine using cardboard strips and wire as in Figures 3.7–3.9
- Observe the turbine spinning when water is poured and discuss energy changes
- Present and explain the turbine model to classmates

How can a model turbine be used to demonstrate energy transformation?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 120
Cardboard strips
Wire
Plastic strip
Water
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 123
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 124
Table 3.2

Observation Presentations

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Safety measures against accidents caused by energy transformation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safety measures to observe against car accidents caused by energy transformation
- Describe safety measures to reduce dangers associated with accidental fire
- Show interest in applying science knowledge to promote personal and community safety

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how kinetic energy in moving vehicles causes accidents and safety measures to prevent them
- Discuss how chemical energy in fuels transforms to heat energy causing fires
- Discuss safety measures: wearing seatbelts, obeying speed limits, using fire extinguishers

What safety measures should we observe to prevent accidents related to energy transformation?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 124

Oral questions Written assignments

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Safety measures against electrical and sound energy hazards

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safety measures to observe against electrical energy hazards
- Describe safety measures to protect hearing from sound energy damage
- Appreciate the importance of safety measures in protecting life and property

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss safety measures against electrical hazards: switching off appliances, avoiding wet hands near electricity
- Discuss safety measures against sound hazards: reducing volume, staying away from loud sounds, using ear protection
- Search for information on electrical and sound safety measures using digital devices

How can we protect ourselves from hazards caused by electrical and sound energy?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 125

Oral questions Written tests

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Safety measures: research and presentation
Transformation of Energy - Applications of energy transformation in day-to-day life
Transformation of Energy - Table of energy transformation processes in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Research safety measures associated with energy transformation for assigned topics
- Present findings on safety measures related to car accidents, fire, electrical and sound hazards
- Show responsibility in promoting safety awareness among peers

- Match energy transformation processes to their applications in day-to-day life
- Identify the input and output energy forms in each application
- Show interest in connecting energy transformation to practical technology

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use a digital device or print media to research safety measures for assigned energy hazards
- Prepare and present findings to classmates on car accidents, fire, electrical and sound hazards
- Discuss and evaluate the safety measures presented by different groups

- Copy and complete Table 3.3 matching energy transformation processes to applications
- Discuss how the sun is the ultimate source of energy for most processes on Earth
- Solve application-based questions on energy transformations in daily life

How can we use knowledge of energy transformation to promote safety in our community?
How can we trace energy transformation chains in the processes and appliances we use every day?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 126
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 127
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 128
Table 3.3

Presentations Oral questions
Written assignments Oral questions

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Applications: solving problems and extension

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems identifying energy transformations in given appliances and processes
- Describe the energy transformation chain for specific appliances such as a fan, microphone and generator
- Show confidence in applying knowledge of energy transformation to new situations

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study the photographs of appliances used in Mahiga Junior School
- Identify energy transformations for each appliance shown
- Discuss why fire extinguishers and safety belts are required in vehicles

How can we apply our knowledge of energy transformation to explain the working of various devices?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 129

Written tests Oral questions

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Project: making a model that demonstrates energy transformation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design and construct a model that demonstrates at least one energy transformation
- Present the model explaining the energy transformations involved
- Appreciate the creativity and practical skills involved in science projects

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Plan and build a model demonstrating an energy transformation e.g. a wind turbine or a simple electric circuit
- Present the model to classmates and explain the energy transformation chain
- Evaluate models made by other groups and provide feedback

How can we use locally available materials to create a model that demonstrates energy transformation?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 127

Observation Presentations

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Consolidation and assessment preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Review all key concepts in sub-strand 3.1: forms, sources, transformations, safety and applications
- Solve past questions integrating sub-strand 3.1 concepts
- Show confidence in applying energy transformation knowledge

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Complete a comprehensive review of sub-strand 3.1 through group discussion
- Solve structured and application-based questions on energy transformation
- Discuss and correct assessment answers

How well do we understand the concepts of energy transformation?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 128

Written tests Oral questions

Force and Energy

Transformation of Energy - Summative assessment
Pressure - Meaning of pressure as used in science
Pressure - Pressure in solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate mastery of forms of energy, energy transformations in nature and appliances, safety measures and applications
- Solve application-based questions integrating all sub-strand 3.1 concepts
- Show confidence in applying energy transformation knowledge to real-life situations

- Describe pressure in solids as the force exerted per unit area on a surface
- Explain how the area of contact affects the pressure exerted by a solid
- Appreciate that the same force exerts more pressure on a smaller area

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Complete a summative written assessment on sub-strand 3.1
- Discuss assessment answers after marking
- Reflect on learning progress across sub-strand 3.1

- Discuss how a rectangular block exerts different pressures depending on which face rests on the surface
- Study Figure 3.16 showing a block exerting more pressure in position A than position B
- Describe pressure in solids based on observations in Activity 3

How well have we mastered the concepts in sub-strand 3.1: Transformation of Energy?
How does the area of contact affect the pressure exerted by a solid?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 129
Assessment  papers
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 130
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 131

Written tests Observation
Observation Oral questions Written tests

Force and Energy

Pressure - Pressure in liquids: variation with depth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how pressure in liquids varies with depth
- Explain why pressure in a liquid increases with depth
- Show interest in investigating pressure in liquids experimentally

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out an activity using a bottle with holes at different heights to show how depth affects water pressure
- Observe through which hole water jets land farthest and discuss the relationship between depth and pressure
- Study Figure 3.18 showing water jets from holes at different depths

How does depth affect the pressure in a liquid?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 133

Observation Oral questions

Force and Energy

Pressure - Pressure in liquids: effect of density and communicating tubes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how the density of a liquid affects the pressure it exerts
- Explain the principle of communicating tubes using the example of water at the same level
- Appreciate the application of pressure in liquids in everyday tools and systems

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out an activity comparing pressure in water and kerosene at the same depth using Figure 3.21
- Study the communicating tubes in Figure 3.20 and discuss why water settles at the same level
- Discuss the application of communicating tubes in plumbing and water level indicators

How does the density of a liquid affect the pressure it exerts at a given depth?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 134

Observation Oral questions Written assignments

Force and Energy

Pressure - Pressure in liquids acts in all directions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe that liquid pressure acts equally in all directions at the same depth
- Demonstrate that liquid pressure acts in all directions using a funnel and rubber sheet
- Show interest in using experiments to verify properties of liquid pressure

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out an activity using a funnel with a rubber sheet stretched over its mouth submerged in water
- Observe the rubber sheet bowing equally regardless of the direction the funnel faces
- Study Figure 3.24 showing pressure acting in all directions in a liquid

Why does pressure in a liquid act equally in all directions at the same depth?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 135

Observation Oral questions

Force and Energy

Pressure - Pressure in liquids: horizontal pressure at the same depth
Pressure - Calculating pressure in solids
Pressure - Calculating pressure in solids: practice problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe that liquid pressure at the same depth is equal regardless of horizontal position
- Demonstrate that liquid pressure is equal at the same horizontal level
- Appreciate that the properties of liquid pressure have important practical applications

- Solve problems calculating pressure exerted by rectangular and cylindrical solids
- Convert units of area and force correctly when calculating pressure
- Show confidence in solving pressure calculation problems

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out Activity 8 to show that pressure is equal at the same depth in a horizontal direction
- Observe water jets from holes at the same height in Figure 3.23
- Discuss why water from holes at the same depth travels the same horizontal distance

- Solve problems in the Checkpoint: rectangular block of concrete 3.6 N and cylindrical block 77 g
- Calculate pressure for a rectangular stone block 32 cm × 25 cm × 20 cm
- Peer-check calculations and discuss common errors

Why is liquid pressure equal at the same depth regardless of horizontal position?
How do we apply the pressure formula to solve problems involving solids of different shapes?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 137
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 138
Worked examples
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 139
Past exercise books

Observation Written tests
Written tests Calculations

Force and Energy

Pressure - Calculating pressure in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply the formula P = hρg to calculate pressure in liquids
- Solve worked examples on pressure in liquids at given depths
- Show interest in applying the pressure formula to liquid problems

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study the formula for pressure in liquids: P = hρg where h = depth, ρ = density, g = gravitational field strength
- Solve worked examples calculating pressure at the bottom of a water column
- Solve practice problems on pressure in liquids

How do we calculate the pressure exerted by a liquid at a given depth?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 140
Worked examples

Written tests Calculations

Force and Energy

Pressure - Applications of pressure in solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of pressure in solids in day-to-day life
- Explain how knowledge of pressure is applied in the design of tyres, cutting tools and shoulder straps
- Appreciate that understanding pressure helps in designing safer and more efficient tools

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss why trucks that carry heavy loads have many wheels
- Discuss why cutting tools are more efficient when sharp
- Discuss why a backpack has broad shoulder straps as shown in Figure 3.29

How is knowledge of pressure in solids applied in the design of everyday tools and equipment?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 142

Oral questions Written assignments

Force and Energy

Pressure - Applications of pressure in liquids: Pascal's principle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State Pascal's principle: pressure applied to an enclosed liquid is transmitted equally in all directions
- Describe how Pascal's principle is applied in hydraulic machines
- Appreciate that Pascal's principle enables small forces to lift heavy loads

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read the information on Pascal's principle and discuss in groups
- Discuss how hydraulic machines such as the hydraulic press and hydraulic jack use Pascal's principle
- Discuss the hydraulic braking system as an application of liquid pressure

How does Pascal's principle explain the working of hydraulic machines?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 143
Reference books

Oral questions Written tests

Force and Energy

Pressure - Applications: hydraulic press, hydraulic jack and hydraulic braking system
Pressure - Calculating pressure in hydraulic systems
Pressure - More applications: pressure in solids and liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how the hydraulic press and hydraulic jack use Pascal's principle
- Describe the hydraulic braking system and how it slows down a car
- Show interest in understanding how liquid pressure is used in engineering

- Identify and describe additional applications of pressure in solids and liquids
- Explain how pressure principles are used in dams, syringes and water supply systems
- Appreciate the wide range of engineering applications based on pressure

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study the working of the hydraulic press: pushing plunger down transmits pressure to lift a load
- Discuss the hydraulic jack used to lift vehicles in a garage
- Discuss the hydraulic braking system: pressing brake pedal transmits force to brake pads

- Use digital or print media to research applications of pressure in solids and liquids
- Discuss how tall dams hold back large volumes of water using liquid pressure principles
- Discuss how syringes use liquid pressure to administer medicine

How do hydraulic machines use Pascal's principle to multiply force?
What are the other ways in which pressure in solids and liquids is applied in our daily lives?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 144
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 145
Worked examples
Calculator
Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 146

Oral questions Written assignments

Force and Energy

Pressure - Summative assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate mastery of pressure in solids and liquids, Pascal's principle, applications and calculations
- Solve structured and application-based questions covering sub-strand 3.2
- Show confidence in applying knowledge of pressure to real-life situations

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Complete a summative written assessment on sub-strand 3.2
- Discuss assessment answers after marking to consolidate understanding
- Reflect on learning progress across sub-strand 3.2

How well have we mastered the concepts in sub-strand 3.2: Pressure?

Active Integrated Science Grade 8 pg. 146
Assessment papers

Written tests Oral questions