Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition of work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define work as product of force and displacement
- State the SI unit of work as joule
- Differentiate between work done and no work done like pushing a wall versus pushing a wheelbarrow

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss scenarios where work is done and not done
- Calculate work done in lifting and pushing objects
- Relate work to force and displacement

When do we say work is done in Physics?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 105
- Spring balance
- Metre rule
- Various objects

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Calculating work done

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Measure work done experimentally
- Apply work calculations to lifting luggage, climbing stairs and pulling carts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Measure force and distance to calculate work done
- Solve numerical problems on work
- Discuss work done against gravity and friction

How much work is done when lifting a 10 kg mass through 2 metres?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 107
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule
- Stopwatch

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy and its forms
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition and calculation of power
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Kinetic energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gravitational potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Elastic potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Conservation of mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define energy as ability to do work
- Identify different forms of energy
- Connect energy forms to household appliances like heaters, bulbs and motors

- Define gravitational potential energy
- Calculate P.E using PE = mgh
- Connect potential energy to water stored in elevated tanks and dams for hydropower

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Move objects and discuss energy expended
- Identify forms of energy in various situations
- Discuss energy sources and their uses
- Lift objects to different heights and calculate P.E
- Investigate effect of mass and height on P.E
- Solve numerical problems on potential energy

What enables us to do work?
How does height affect the potential energy of an object?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 108
- Various objects
- Pictures of energy sources
- Digital resources
- Stopwatch
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Calculators
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 112
- Toy car
- Ramp
- Measuring tape
- Beam balance
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 114
- Small weights
- Metre rule
- Beam balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 116
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Small objects
- Paper balls
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 118
- Pendulum bob
- String
- Stand
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 121
- Digital resources
- Pictures of machines
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions
- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of simple machines
- Describe applications of levers, pulleys and inclined planes
- Connect simple machines to everyday tools like scissors, wheelbarrows and ramps

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use digital resources to search for types of simple machines
- Identify simple machines in the environment
- Classify levers into first, second and third class

How do simple machines make work easier?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 124
- Pictures of simple machines
- Examples of levers
- Inclined plane model

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency of machines
- Explain why efficiency is always less than 100% due to friction in real machines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Calculate MA and VR from experimental data
- Relate efficiency to energy losses

Why is the efficiency of machines always less than 100%?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 129
- Simple machines
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Lever apparatus

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Practical assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Pulleys
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane and screw

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate VR of pulley systems
- Investigate efficiency of pulley systems
- Connect pulley systems to cranes, flagpoles and construction hoists

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up single fixed and movable pulleys
- Set up block and tackle system
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency experimentally

How does the number of pulleys affect the velocity ratio?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Pulleys
- String
- Known masses
- Spring balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 134
- Inclined plane
- Screw jack
- Metre rule

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle, gears
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic machines and applications
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate VR of wheel and axle
- Calculate VR of gear systems
- Connect wheel and axle to steering wheels and door knobs, and gears to bicycles and car gearboxes

- Explain the meaning of rectilinear propagation of waves
- Demonstrate rectilinear propagation using sound and light examples
- Relate wave propagation to everyday experiences like torch beams and speaker systems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate wheel and axle operation
- Calculate VR of gear systems with different teeth
- Solve problems on wheel and axle and gears

- Discuss with peers the meaning of rectilinear propagation of waves
- Observe how sound travels from a teacher facing different directions
- Use digital resources to search for applications of rectilinear propagation

How do gears change speed and force?
How do waves travel from their source?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 137
- Wheel and axle model
- Gear wheels
- Bicycle
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 139
- Syringes of different sizes
- Tubing
- Water
- Pictures of hydraulic machines
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 147
- Torch
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 148
- Digital resources
- Charts showing reflection
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 150
- Glass of water
- Straight object
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 151
- Manila paper

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions
- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating rectilinear propagation using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating reflection using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating refraction using ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of interference of waves
- Demonstrate constructive and destructive interference using two speakers
- Relate interference to hearing loud and quiet zones in concert halls

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up two identical speakers connected to the same audio frequency generator
- Walk along a line perpendicular to the speakers and observe loud and quiet areas
- Discuss constructive and destructive interference patterns

Why do we hear areas of loud and soft sound when two speakers play together?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 152
- Two identical speakers
- Audio frequency generator
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 154
- Ripple tank and accessories
- Dry cell and cell holder
- White manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 156
- Ripple tank
- Straight metal reflector
- Concave and convex reflectors
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 158
- Transparent glass plate

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating diffraction using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating interference using ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves using a ripple tank
- Investigate how aperture size affects diffraction
- Connect diffraction to how radio waves reach behind buildings

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Place two metal barriers with an aperture in front of plane waves
- Vary the aperture size from 8 cm to 0.5 cm and observe emerging waves
- Place an obstacle in front of waves and observe diffraction around it

What factors determine the extent of wave diffraction?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 159
- Ripple tank
- Two straight metal barriers
- Opaque obstacle
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 160
- Two spherical balls
- White manila paper

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Production of frequency modulated (FM) waves
Properties of Waves - Detection of frequency modulated (FM) waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of frequency modulation
- Describe methods of producing FM waves
- Connect FM to how radio stations broadcast music and news

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital devices to research the meaning of FM and its production
- Discuss the difference between FM and AM
- Search for applications of frequency modulation

How are FM radio signals produced?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 162
- Radio receiver (demonstration)

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Formation of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Factors affecting fundamental frequency of vibrating string
Properties of Waves - Modes of vibration in strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of stationary waves
- Demonstrate formation of stationary waves using a tuning fork and string
- Connect stationary waves to how guitar strings produce different notes

- Investigate factors affecting fundamental frequency of a vibrating string
- Determine the relationship between frequency, tension, and length
- Relate findings to tuning musical instruments like guitars and violins

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Fix a string to a tuning fork prong and pass over a fixed pulley
- Strike the tuning fork and observe nodes and antinodes
- Discuss how incident and reflected waves superimpose to form stationary waves

- Set up a sonometer apparatus and vary tension while keeping length constant
- Vary the length between bridges while keeping tension constant
- Discuss the mathematical relationship f = (1/2L)√(T/μ)

How are stationary waves formed in a vibrating string?
How do tension and length affect the frequency of a vibrating string?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 163
- Tuning fork
- String
- Mass (weight)
- Fixed pulley system
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 164
- Sonometer apparatus
- Weights
- Two wooden wedges
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Charts showing modes of vibration

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in closed pipes
Properties of Waves - Harmonics in closed pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate variation of sound with length of air column in a closed pipe
- Demonstrate resonance in a closed pipe
- Relate closed pipe resonance to how wind instruments like clarinets work

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Dip a glass tube into water and hold a vibrating tuning fork over the open end
- Adjust the tube length until resonance is achieved
- Discuss the relationship between length and wavelength: L = λ/4

How does the length of a closed air column affect the sound produced?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 167
- Glass tube
- Glass jar with water
- Tuning fork
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 168
- Digital resources
- Charts showing harmonics

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in open pipes
Properties of Waves - Meaning of Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain stationary wave formation in open pipes
- Calculate fundamental frequency and overtones in open pipes
- Relate open pipe resonance to how flutes and organ pipes produce sound

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how antinodes form at both ends of an open pipe
- Calculate wavelength and frequency relationships: L = λ/2
- Compare fundamental frequencies in open and closed pipes

How do stationary waves form in open pipes?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 169
- Digital resources
- Charts showing open pipe harmonics
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 173
- Audio recordings of approaching vehicles

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem-solving exercises

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating Doppler effect
Properties of Waves - Applications of Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate Doppler effect using sound sources and ropes
- Observe changes in wavelength when source moves towards or away from observer
- Relate the demonstration to how radar speed guns measure vehicle speed

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Move an audio frequency generator towards and away from a stationary observer
- Use a rope to show compression and stretching of waves
- Discuss how wavelength decreases when source approaches and increases when receding

How does the movement of a sound source affect the waves detected by an observer?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 174
- Audio frequency generator
- Rope or spiral spring
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 175
- Digital resources
- Charts showing Doppler applications

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Meaning of radioactivity and related terms
Radioactivity - Stability of isotopes and atomic structure
Radioactivity - Types of radiations (alpha, beta, gamma)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of radioactivity and related terms
- Define nuclear stability, half-life, nuclide, and radioisotope
- Relate radioactivity to smoke detectors and medical treatments

- Identify the three types of radioactive radiations
- Describe the nature and charge of alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Relate radiation types to their uses in cancer treatment and sterilization

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital resources to search for meanings of radioactivity terms
- Discuss the meaning of radioactive decay, background radiation, and nucleotide
- Share findings with classmates for peer review

- Discuss the composition of alpha particles (helium nucleus)
- Explain beta particles as high-energy electrons
- Describe gamma rays as electromagnetic radiation

What is radioactivity and why do some atoms decay?
What are the different types of radioactive emissions?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 178
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 180
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 181
- Digital resources
- Charts showing radiation types

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions
- Oral questions - Written tests - Chart interpretation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Properties of alpha and beta particles
Radioactivity - Properties of gamma rays and comparison of radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe properties of alpha and beta particles
- Compare penetrating power, ionizing ability, and speed of alpha and beta particles
- Connect alpha radiation properties to smoke detector operation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss penetrating power: alpha stopped by paper, beta by aluminium
- Compare ionizing power: alpha highest, beta moderate
- Explain deflection in electric and magnetic fields

Why are alpha particles more ionizing but less penetrating than beta particles?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 182
- Digital resources
- Charts comparing radiation properties
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 183
- Charts and diagrams

- Written tests - Oral questions - Comparison tables

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Alpha decay and nuclear equations
Radioactivity - Beta decay and gamma decay equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay
- Balance nuclear equations showing conservation of mass and charge
- Connect alpha decay to how smoke detectors use americium-241

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how alpha emission reduces nucleon number by 4 and proton number by 2
- Write nuclear equation for radium-226 decaying to radon-222
- Practice balancing nuclear equations

How do we write nuclear equations for alpha decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 186
- Digital resources
- Periodic table
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 187

- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Uranium-238 decay series
Radioactivity - Detection using electroscope and GM tube

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Trace the uranium-238 natural decay series
- Write nuclear equations for chain decay reactions
- Connect decay series to geological dating of rocks

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study the uranium-238 decay chain from U-238 to stable Pb-206
- Identify types of radiations emitted at each stage
- Write nuclear equations for each step in the decay series

How does uranium-238 eventually become stable lead-206?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 188
- Charts showing decay series
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 189
- Electroscope
- Diagrams of GM tube

- Chart interpretation - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Cloud chambers and nuclear emulsion plates
Radioactivity - Meaning and demonstration of half-life
Radioactivity - Calculating half-life using graphs and formula
Radioactivity - Significance and applications of half-life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe detection using expansion and diffusion cloud chambers
- Explain the use of nuclear emulsion plates
- Relate cloud chamber tracks to identifying different radiation types

- Calculate half-life from decay curves
- Apply the half-life formula N = N₀(½)^(T/t)
- Connect half-life calculations to determining age of archaeological samples

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the operation of expansion and diffusion cloud chambers
- Observe track patterns for alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Explain how nuclear emulsion plates record particle tracks

- Plot decay curves from given data and determine half-life
- Derive and apply the formula N = N₀(½)^(T/t)
- Solve numerical problems involving half-life calculations

How do cloud chambers make radiation tracks visible?
How do we calculate the half-life of a radioactive substance?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 190
- Diagrams of cloud chambers
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 193
- Burette
- Retort stand
- Stop clock
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 195
- Graph paper
- Scientific calculators
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 197
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books

- Diagram interpretation - Written tests - Oral questions
- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Graph interpretation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Nuclear fission and chain reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of nuclear fission
- Describe chain reactions in nuclear fission
- Relate nuclear fission to electricity generation in nuclear power plants

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how uranium-235 splits when bombarded with neutrons
- Explain how chain reactions release enormous energy
- Differentiate controlled reactions in reactors from uncontrolled reactions in bombs

How do nuclear power plants generate electricity from fission?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 198
- Diagrams of chain reactions
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Diagram interpretation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Nuclear fusion and applications
Radioactivity - Applications in medicine and industry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of nuclear fusion
- Compare nuclear fusion with fission
- Relate fusion to how the sun and stars produce energy

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss how light nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei
- Explain why fusion requires extremely high temperatures
- Compare energy released in fusion versus fission reactions

Why does nuclear fusion power the sun and stars?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 199
- Diagrams showing fusion
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 200
- Diagrams showing applications

- Written tests - Comparison tables - Oral questions

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity - Applications in agriculture and archaeology
Radioactivity - Hazards of radiation and safety precautions
Origin of charges in a material

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of radioactivity in agriculture and archaeology
- Explain carbon dating principles
- Relate radioactive tracers to studying plant fertilizer absorption

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss carbon dating for determining age of fossils and artifacts
- Explain use of radioactive tracers in agriculture
- Calculate ages using carbon-14 decay principles

How do scientists use carbon dating to determine the age of fossils?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 200
- Digital resources
- Charts on carbon dating
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 201
- Safety signs
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 205
- Plastic pen, woolen cloth
- Small pieces of paper

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

The law of electrostatics
Methods of charging conductors - Induction and Contact
Methods of charging conductors - Separation and charge distribution
Electric field patterns
The electroscope - Structure, charging and discharging
Uses of electroscope
Applications - Spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of electrostatics
- Demonstrate attraction and repulsion between charged bodies
- Connect charge interactions to how dust sticks to TV screens

- Define electric field and draw field lines
- Sketch electric field patterns for point charges, dipoles and parallel plates
- Relate electric field patterns to how capacitors store energy in electronic devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate the law of electrostatics using charged balloons
- Discuss with peers the interaction between like and unlike charges
- Record observations on charge interactions
- Discuss with peers electric field patterns around charged particles
- Draw field patterns for positive and negative point charges
- Sketch field patterns for like charges, unlike charges and parallel plates
- Use digital media to visualize electric fields

Why do some charged objects attract while others repel?
How do electric field lines represent the force on charges?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 207
- Balloons, woolen cloth
- Thread, retort stands
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 208
- Metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Connecting wire for earthing
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 211
- Two metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged rods
- Charts showing charge distribution
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 214
- Charts showing electric field patterns
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 216
- Gold-leaf electroscope
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Conical flask, aluminium foil, metal spoon
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 219
- Various charged materials
- Conductors and insulators for testing
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 221
- Charts and diagrams
- Videos on spray painting

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment
- Diagram sketching - Oral questions - Written tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications - Lightning arrestors and safety measures
Applications - Touch screens, fingerprinting and capacitors
Current and potential difference

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the design and function of lightning arrestors
- Describe safety measures in transportation of flammable substances
- Relate lightning arrestors to protection of buildings during thunderstorms

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the design and function of lightning arrestors
- Explain why metallic chains are attached to fuel tankers
- Research safety in transportation of flammable liquids and gases
- Discuss why people should not stand under trees during storms

Why are lightning arrestors installed on tall buildings?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 223
- Pictures of lightning arrestors
- Charts on safety measures
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 225
- Smartphones and tablets
- Digital resources
- Charts on touch screen technology
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 228
- Dry cells, cell holders
- Ammeter, voltmeter, bulb
- Connecting wires, switch

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Electricity and Magnetism

Electromotive force and internal resistance
Ohm's law - Verification and calculations
EMF equation and internal resistance determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define electromotive force and internal resistance
- Distinguish between EMF and terminal potential difference
- Relate internal resistance to why old batteries provide less power

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Connect voltmeters across a cell in open and closed circuits
- Compare voltmeter readings when switch is open and closed
- Discuss lost voltage and internal resistance
- Derive the relationship E = V + Ir

Why does a cell's voltage drop when connected in a circuit?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 231
- Dry cells, two voltmeters
- Known resistors, switch
- Connecting wires
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 232
- Nichrome wire, ammeter
- Voltmeter, rheostat
- Dry cells, graph paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 236
- Dry cells, ammeter
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written calculations

Electricity and Magnetism

Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
Factors affecting resistance - Length and cross-sectional area
Factors affecting resistance - Temperature and resistivity
Methods of determining resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify conductors as ohmic or non-ohmic based on V-I characteristics
- Investigate V-I relationship of torch bulb, thermistor and diode
- Relate non-ohmic behaviour to why bulbs are dim when first switched on

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate V-I relationship of different conductors
- Draw I-V characteristic graphs for tungsten, torch bulb, thermistor and diode
- Classify conductors based on their graphs
- Compare behaviour of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors

Why do some conductors not obey Ohm's law?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 242
- Torch bulb, thermistor
- Semiconductor diode
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 245
- Nichrome wire, metre rule
- Wires of different thickness
- Micrometer screw gauge, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 248
- Tungsten coil, beaker
- Thermometer, heat source
- Ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 251
- Metre bridge, Wheatstone bridge components
- Galvanometer, jockey
- Resistors with colour codes

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Types of resistors and current-voltage laws
Effective resistance in series and parallel
Solving complex resistor network problems
Relationship of V, I and P - Power equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and classify types of resistors (fixed, variable, linear, non-linear)
- Verify laws of current and voltage in series and parallel circuits
- Connect resistor types to volume controls and temperature sensors

- Analyse circuits with multiple series-parallel combinations
- Calculate current through and voltage across each resistor
- Apply circuit analysis to troubleshoot electrical faults in appliances

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study different types of resistors and their applications
- Connect bulbs in series and verify I₁ = I₂ = I₃ and V = V₁ + V₂ + V₃
- Connect bulbs in parallel and verify I = I₁ + I₂ + I₃ and V₁ = V₂ = V₃
- Discuss applications of rheostats and potentiometers
- Identify series and parallel sections in complex circuits
- Calculate effective resistance step by step
- Determine current distribution in branches
- Calculate potential difference across each component

Why is current the same in series but voltage the same in parallel?
How do we analyse circuits with both series and parallel resistors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 255
- Various types of resistors
- Identical bulbs, ammeters
- Voltmeters, dry cells
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 263
- Resistors of known values
- Scientific calculators
- Circuit diagrams, worksheets
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 267
- Complex circuit diagrams
- Scientific calculators
- Worksheets with problems
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 270
- Power rating labels from appliances
- Worksheets

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Written calculations - Circuit analysis - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Factors affecting heating effect of electric current
Applications of heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State Joule's law of electrical heating
- Investigate factors affecting heating effect (time, current, resistance)
- Relate heating factors to why electric kettles boil water faster than immersion heaters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate effect of time, current and resistance on heating
- Plot graphs of temperature change against time, I² and R
- Derive H = I²Rt (Joule's law)
- Discuss the significance of each factor

What factors determine the amount of heat produced by electric current?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 273
- Heating coils, beaker
- Thermometer, stopwatch
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 277
- Pictures of electrical appliances
- Fuses of different ratings
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written conclusions

Electricity and Magnetism

Power rating and electrical energy calculations
Conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Interpret power ratings on electrical appliances
- Calculate electrical energy consumption using E = Pt
- Apply energy calculations to reduce electricity bills at home

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Read and interpret power ratings on appliance labels
- Calculate energy consumed in joules and kilowatt-hours
- Calculate cost of running appliances using electricity tariffs
- Discuss energy-saving practices

How do we calculate the cost of running electrical appliances?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 278
- Power rating labels
- Scientific calculators
- Electricity tariff information
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 282
- Models of atomic structures
- Charts showing material classification
- Digital resources

- Written calculations - Oral questions - Problem-solving tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Distinguishing materials using energy band theory
Effect of temperature on conductors and semiconductors
Intrinsic semiconductors and doping
N-type and p-type semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy band theory (valence band, conduction band, forbidden gap)
- Distinguish between conductors, semiconductors and insulators using band diagrams
- Connect energy bands to how LEDs produce light of specific colours

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the concept of valence band, conduction band and forbidden energy gap
- Draw energy band diagrams for conductors, semiconductors and insulators
- Compare the size of energy gaps in different materials
- Explain electron movement in terms of energy bands

How does energy band theory explain electrical conductivity?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 284
- Charts showing energy bands
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 286
- Tungsten coil, thermistor
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 288
- Charts showing doping process
- Models of crystal structures
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 289
- Diagrams of crystal lattice
- Charts showing n-type and p-type formation
- Digital resources

- Diagram drawing - Oral questions - Written explanations

Electricity and Magnetism
Environmental and Space Physics

Applications of conductors and insulators
Applications of semiconductors and superconductors
Application of conductors and insulators in car wiring system
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Greenhouse effect and climate change in the environment
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Physical drivers of climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Factors leading to greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Agricultural and livestock contributions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of conductors in electrical wiring, lightning protection and electronics
- Describe applications of insulators in electrical safety and thermal protection
- Relate conductor and insulator applications to safe electrical installations in homes

- Explain how greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere
- Illustrate the process of heat absorption and re-emission by greenhouse gases
- Relate the greenhouse effect to temperature changes experienced in greenhouses and parked vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Research on applications of conductors (copper wiring, lightning arrestors, electronic circuits)
- Discuss applications of insulators (wire coating, socket casings, thermal insulation)
- Explain why electrical cables have copper core with plastic/rubber coating
- Identify conductors and insulators in household items

- Study diagrams showing physical drivers of climate change
- Discuss with peers how greenhouse gases absorb and re-emit infrared radiation
- Use print or non-print media to search for more information on climate change drivers

Why are both conductors and insulators essential in electrical systems?
Why is the Earth warmer than it would be without greenhouse gases?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 292
- Samples of electrical cables
- Pictures of electrical installations
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 293
- Electronic components
- Pictures of semiconductor devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 294
- Car wiring diagrams
- Samples of automotive cables
- Digital resources
- Resource persons (mechanics)
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 297
- Clear plastic bottles/jars
- Thermometers
- Plastic wrap
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 298
- Charts showing greenhouse effect
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 299
- Pictures of industrial activities
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 300
- Charts showing greenhouse gas sources
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation
- Oral questions - Group presentations - Written tests

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Ozone depletion and climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Strategies for mitigating climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change on environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the structure and location of the ozone layer
- Describe the role of ozone layer in protecting Earth from UV radiation
- Connect ozone layer protection to reduced cases of sunburns and skin conditions

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital resources to search for information on ozone layer
- Study diagrams showing the ozone layer and its role
- Discuss the importance of ozone layer in protecting life on Earth

What would happen to life on Earth without the ozone layer?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 301
- Diagrams of ozone layer
- Digital resources
- Charts on ozone depletion
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 302
- Pictures of renewable energy sources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 305
- Pictures showing climate change effects

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Big Bang Theory
Introduction to Space Physics - Stars, planets and satellites
Introduction to Space Physics - Asteroids, comets, meteors and galaxies
Introduction to Space Physics - Space exploration methods and telescopy
Introduction to Space Physics - Motion of planets around the sun
Introduction to Space Physics - Careers in space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the Big Bang Theory on the origin of the universe
- Describe the evidence supporting the Big Bang Theory
- Connect the expanding universe concept to observable phenomena like distant galaxies moving away

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital devices or reference materials to search for information on Big Bang Theory
- Discuss the origin of universe according to Big Bang Theory
- Share findings with classmates for peer review

How did the universe begin according to the Big Bang Theory?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 308
- Charts on Big Bang Theory
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 309
- Photos of celestial bodies
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 311
- Pictures of comets and galaxies
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 312
- Lenses, manila paper, glue
- Pictures of telescopes
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 316
- Models of solar system
- Charts on Kepler's laws
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 318
- Career charts

- Oral questions - Group presentations - Written assignments