Anatomy and Physiology of Plants

Nutrition - Assessment and review on nutrition in plants
Transport - Structure and function of stems in transport
Transport - Arrangement of vascular tissues in roots of monocots and dicots (Practical)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer questions on types of nutrition, chloroplast structure and photosynthesis
- Illustrate the stages of photosynthesis correctly
- Value the role of photosynthesis in sustaining life on earth by discussing real-life examples like oxygen production and food chains

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Answer assessment exercise questions on nutrition in plants
- Draw and label the chloroplast and identify parts where light and dark stages occur
- Discuss the mode of nutrition shown in given pictures (e.g., mould growing on bread)

How do the different types of nutrition and photosynthesis sustain plant life?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 119
- Digital resources
- Past assessment questions
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 125
- Fresh plant stems
- Charts of stem cross-sections
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 133
- Light microscope
- Fresh plant roots
- Iodine solution, scalpel, glass slides, cover slips

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants

Transport - Mechanisms of water uptake in plants (osmosis and active transport)
Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Meaning and significance of gaseous exchange in plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the mechanisms of water uptake in plants (osmosis, active transport)
- Explain how water moves from soil particles to the xylem vessels in the root
- Relate osmosis in root hair cells to why plants wilt when placed in very salty soil

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on mechanisms of water and mineral salt uptake in plants
- Study diagrams showing the absorption of water by plant roots
- Discuss how water moves from the soil particles through the root hair cells to the xylem vessels by osmosis

How does water move from the soil into the root of a plant?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 137
- Digital resources
- Charts showing water absorption in plants
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 151
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants

Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Stomata as a site for gaseous exchange (Practical)
Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Distribution of stomata in different plant habitats
Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Lenticels as gaseous exchange sites in stems
Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Pneumatophores as gaseous exchange sites in roots

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe stomata in leaves using a microscope
- Describe the structure of stomata and guard cells
- Handle microscope slides and nail polish carefully, disposing of waste materials appropriately after the practical

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Apply clear nail polish on the lower surface of a leaf, peel off after drying and observe under a microscope
- Identify stomata and guard cells under the microscope
- Discuss the structure of guard cells (thin elastic outer walls, thick inner walls) and how they control the opening and closing of stomata

What is the structure of stomata and how are they adapted for gaseous exchange?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 155
- Fresh plant leaves
- Clear nail polish
- Light microscope, glass slides, cover slips
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 157
- Fresh leaf samples from different habitats
- Light microscope, nail polish
- Glass slides, cover slips
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 161
- Photomicrographs of lenticels
- Digital resources
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 163
- Photomicrographs/pictures of pneumatophores

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants

Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Photosynthetic theory of stomatal opening and closing
Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Starch-sugar inter-conversion theory
Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Potassium ion theory of stomatal opening and closing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata using the photosynthetic theory
- Explain how glucose production during photosynthesis makes guard cells turgid
- Relate why most plants have open stomata during the day and closed stomata at night to everyday observations of morning dew on grass

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on the photosynthetic theory explaining the mechanism of opening and closing of stomata
- Discuss how during the day, photosynthesis produces glucose increasing osmotic pressure causing guard cells to become turgid and stomata to open
- Discuss how at night, glucose is converted to starch reducing osmotic pressure causing stomata to close

How does photosynthesis influence the opening of stomata during the day?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 165
- Digital resources
- Charts showing open and closed stomata
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 167
- Internet access
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 168
- Internet access
- Charts comparing the three theories

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants

Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - The process of respiration and aerobic respiration
Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Anaerobic respiration in plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define respiration and state the word equation for aerobic respiration
- Describe the stages of aerobic respiration (glycolysis and Kreb's cycle)
- Connect aerobic respiration to why living cells need a constant supply of oxygen to release energy for growth and repair

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on the process of respiration and discuss with peers
- Identify the cell organelle where respiration occurs (mitochondria)
- Discuss aerobic respiration including glycolysis (cytoplasm) and Kreb's cycle (matrix of mitochondria)

How do plants break down glucose to release energy?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 169
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 171

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants

Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Investigating aerobic and anaerobic respiration (Practical)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Carry out experiments to distinguish between aerobic and anaerobic respiration
- Explain the role of calcium hydroxide solution and paraffin in the experiments
- Observe safety precautions when handling chemicals and dispose of waste materials appropriately after the experiment

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Set up experiments using germinating bean seeds to demonstrate aerobic respiration (test tube A) and boiled bean seeds to demonstrate anaerobic respiration (test tube B)
- Observe the colour change of calcium hydroxide solution and record temperature readings
- Discuss the role of paraffin in blocking oxygen entry

How can aerobic and anaerobic respiration be demonstrated experimentally?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 172
- Germinating and boiled bean seeds
- Test tubes, delivery tubes, rubber stoppers
- Calcium hydroxide solution, paraffin, glucose solution

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants

Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Economic importance of anaerobic respiration
Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Biogas production project

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in various industries
- Describe how anaerobic respiration is applied in brewing, baking, dairy and biogas production
- Relate anaerobic respiration to locally made products like yoghurt, cheese, bread and traditional fermented drinks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the economic importance of anaerobic respiration in brewing, baking, biogas production, dairy industry, sewage treatment, silage formation, pharmaceutical industry and compost manure production
- Explain how yeast breaks down sugars anaerobically in brewing and baking
- Discuss how bacteria produce lactic acid in dairy products

How is anaerobic respiration applied in everyday industries and products?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 174
- Digital resources
- Charts showing applications of anaerobic respiration
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 175
- Large plastic bottle/container
- Organic waste, water
- Rubber tubing, balloon, tape

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants

Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Significance of gaseous exchange and respiration to plants and the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the significance of gaseous exchange and respiration to plants and the environment
- Design a portfolio illustrating the significance of gaseous exchange and respiration
- Relate the significance of gaseous exchange to why deforestation contributes to climate change and why reforestation is encouraged

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the significance of gaseous exchange and respiration to plants (energy production, growth, photosynthesis) and the environment (oxygen supply, carbon cycling, temperature regulation)
- Design a portfolio illustrating the significance of gaseous exchange and respiration
- Show portfolios to peers for assessment

How do gaseous exchange and respiration contribute to the survival of plants and the environment?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 177
- Digital resources
- Portfolio materials

- Portfolio assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Plants
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals
Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Gaseous Exchange and Respiration - Assessment and review on gaseous exchange and respiration
Significance of transport in animals
Types of circulatory systems - Open and closed circulatory systems
Types of circulatory systems - Single and double circulatory systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer assessment questions on gaseous exchange sites, stomatal mechanisms, types of respiration and economic importance of anaerobic respiration
- Distinguish between gaseous exchange and respiration in plants
- Connect the concepts learned to real-life applications such as food preservation, energy production and environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Answer assessment exercise questions on gaseous exchange and respiration
- Distinguish between gaseous exchange and respiration
- Identify and explain adaptations of gaseous exchange structures (stomata, lenticels, pneumatophores, aerenchyma)
- Describe mechanisms of opening and closing of stomata using the three theories

How are gaseous exchange and respiration essential to the survival of plants?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 178
- Digital resources
- Past assessment questions
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 186
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 188
- Charts showing circulatory systems
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 189
- Charts showing single and double circulation

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Transport system in insects
Transport system in fish - Structure and blood flow
Transport system in fish - Illustrating the circulatory system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the components of the transport system in insects
- Describe the movement of haemolymph within the body cavity of an insect
- Relate the open circulatory system in insects to real-life observations of how small-bodied insects like houseflies and cockroaches function efficiently

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on the transport system in insects
- Study the structure of the transport system in insects including the dorsal vessel, ostia, haemolymph and haemocoel
- Describe the circulation of haemolymph in the body cavity
- Draw a well-labelled diagram of the transport system in insects

What are the components of the circulatory system in insects and how does haemolymph flow?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 190
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing insect circulatory system
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 192
- Charts showing fish circulatory system
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 193
- Reference books

- Labelled drawings - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Transport system in amphibians - Structure and blood flow
Transport system in amphibians - Illustrating the circulatory system
Transport system in reptiles - Structure and blood flow

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the structures that compose the transport system in amphibians
- Describe pulmonary and systemic circulation in amphibians
- Connect the three-chambered heart in amphibians to real-life understanding of how frogs survive both in water and on land

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on the transport system in amphibians using print and non-print resources
- Study illustrations of the transport system in amphibians
- Identify the three-chambered heart (one ventricle and two atria), blood vessels, lungs and blood
- Describe pulmonary and systemic circulation in amphibians

How does the double circulatory system in amphibians support their life on land and in water?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 194
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing amphibian circulatory system
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 195
- Reference books
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 197
- Charts showing reptile circulatory system

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Transport system in reptiles - Illustrating the circulatory system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate the structure of the transport system in reptiles
- Explain the significance of the partial septum in the reptile heart
- Relate the ectothermic nature of reptiles to real-life observations of lizards sunbathing on rocks and walls

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw a well-labelled diagram of the circulatory system in reptiles
- Discuss the role of the partial septum in reducing mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- Compare the circulatory systems of amphibians and reptiles
- Share drawings with peers for peer assessment

Why is the transport system in reptiles suited to their ectothermic nature?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 198
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Peer assessment of drawings - Oral questions - Written assignments

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Transport system in mammals - Structure and components
Transport system in mammals - Pulmonary and systemic circulation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the structures that compose the transport system in mammals
- Describe the components of the mammalian circulatory system
- Relate the four-chambered mammalian heart to real-life understanding of why mammals like humans can perform sustained physical activities

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on the transport system in mammals using print and non-print resources
- Study illustrations and photographs of the circulatory system in mammals
- Identify the four-chambered heart, blood vessels, blood and circulatory pathways
- Discuss the components of the mammalian circulatory system

What are the key components of the mammalian transport system?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 199
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing mammalian circulatory system
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 200
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Transport system in mammals - Illustrating the circulatory system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate the structure of the transport system in mammals
- Draw a well-labelled diagram of the mammalian circulatory system
- Relate the efficient separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood to real-life benefits like high energy levels in active mammals such as cheetahs and horses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Draw a well-labelled diagram of the circulatory system in mammals
- Use digital devices to search for pictures showing the transport system in mammals
- Exchange exercise books with peers for peer assessment
- Compare the circulatory systems of insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles and mammals

Why do mammals have a more efficient circulatory system compared to other animals?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 200
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Peer assessment of drawings - Written assignments - Oral questions

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Transport system in mammals - Dissection of a small mammal
Pumping mechanism of the mammalian heart - Structure of the heart

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Dissect a small mammal to observe parts of the transport system
- Identify the heart, lungs, blood vessels and other organs of the transport system
- Handle specimens humanely and relate the observed structures to how the circulatory system supports life in real mammals

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Wear protective clothing (hand gloves and laboratory coat)
- With the help of the teacher, carry out the dissection of a freshly killed rat or rabbit
- Observe the thoracic cavity containing the heart and lungs
- Identify the pulmonary vein, pulmonary artery, blood vessels and renal veins
- Draw a well-labelled diagram of the transport system of the mammal

What structures can be observed in the transport system of a dissected mammal?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 201
- Freshly killed rat or rabbit
- Dissecting board and pins
- Cotton wool
- Hand lens
- Protective clothing
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 202
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing the mammalian heart

- Labelled drawings - Observation - Oral questions

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Pumping mechanism of the mammalian heart - The cardiac cycle
Human lymphatic system - Structure and components

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the pumping mechanism of the mammalian heart
- Explain systole and diastole in the cardiac cycle
- Connect the cardiac cycle to real-life experiences such as feeling the pulse at the wrist or neck during exercise

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch animations illustrating the pumping mechanism of the mammalian heart
- Describe the flow of blood from the vena cava through the heart chambers and out through the aorta
- Explain the role of valves in preventing backflow of blood
- Discuss the contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) phases of the cardiac cycle

How does the heart pump blood through the body in a continuous cycle?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 203
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 204
- Charts showing the lymphatic system

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Class discussions

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Human lymphatic system - Functions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of the human lymphatic system
- Describe how the lymphatic system helps maintain fluid balance and defend against infections
- Relate lymphatic functions to real-life examples such as how swollen ankles (oedema) occur when the lymphatic system fails to drain excess fluid

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the functions of the human lymphatic system including maintaining fluid balance, filtering pathogens and absorbing fats
- Explain how lymph nodes house immune cells that detect and fight infections
- Describe how the lymphatic system returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream
- Share work with classmates for comparison

How does the lymphatic system protect the body against infections?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 205
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Class discussions

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Human immune system - Types of immunity
Human immune system - Active and passive immunity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the immune system in human beings
- Distinguish between inherited and acquired immunity
- Relate immunity to real-life experiences such as why a person who recovers from chickenpox rarely gets it again

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study a flow chart illustrating forms of immunity
- Distinguish between inherited (innate) and acquired immunity
- Discuss how inherited immunity is passed from parent to offspring
- Explain how acquired immunity develops through interaction with the environment
- Distinguish between active and passive immunity

What is the difference between inherited and acquired immunity?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 206
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing types of immunity
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 207
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Blood clotting mechanism in humans

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the mechanism of blood clotting in human beings
- Identify the role of platelets, thromboplastin, thrombin and fibrin in blood clotting
- Connect blood clotting to real-life experiences such as how a cut on the skin stops bleeding and forms a scab

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch video animations on the mechanism of blood clotting using digital devices
- Identify the blood cells (platelets) involved in blood clotting
- Describe the steps in the blood clotting process: platelets release thromboplastin, prothrombin converts to thrombin, fibrinogen converts to fibrin
- Discuss the role of calcium ions and vitamin K in blood clotting

What happens in the body when a blood vessel is injured to stop bleeding?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 207
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing the blood clotting process

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Blood clotting mechanism - Importance and flow chart
ABO and rhesus factor blood grouping systems - Blood groups and antigens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of blood clotting in mammals
- Illustrate the blood clotting process using a flow chart
- Relate blood clotting to real-life medical situations such as why doctors check clotting time before surgery and why haemophilia patients need special care

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study a flow chart summarising the blood clotting process
- Describe the mechanism of blood clotting step by step
- Discuss the importance of blood clotting in preventing blood loss, entry of pathogens and healing of wounds
- Share responses with peers for comparison and assessment

Why is blood clotting important for the survival of mammals?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 208
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 209
- Charts showing ABO blood grouping

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Flow chart construction

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

ABO and rhesus factor blood grouping systems - Rhesus factor and blood transfusion
Respiratory surfaces in animals - General characteristics
Respiratory structures in insects - Tracheal system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the rhesus factor blood grouping system
- Describe blood donor-recipient compatibility
- Connect blood transfusion compatibility to real-life medical emergencies where matching blood types saves lives

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the rhesus factor (Rh+ and Rh-) and its role in blood transfusion and pregnancy
- Explain the concepts of universal donor (O) and universal recipient (AB)
- Prepare charts illustrating blood donor-recipient compatibility
- Discuss the importance of knowing one's blood type and rhesus status for medical safety

Why is it important to determine blood compatibility before transfusion?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 210
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing blood donor-recipient compatibility
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 211
- Reference books
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 213
- Charts showing tracheal system

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Chart construction

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Respiratory structures in insects - Adaptations and observation
Respiratory structures in fish - Structure of gills
Respiratory structures in fish - Counter current flow and practical observation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the adaptations of the tracheal system for gaseous exchange
- Observe spiracles on a locust or grasshopper using a hand lens
- Connect the observation of spiracles to real-life pest management where understanding insect breathing helps in designing pest control methods

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect a live or dead locust or grasshopper and observe the spiracles using a hand lens
- Identify the small oval openings (spiracles) on both sides of the thorax and abdomen
- Discuss how spiracles are adapted for gaseous exchange in different habitats (terrestrial and aquatic insects)
- Draw the tracheal system of an insect and label the spiracles, trachea and air sacs

How are the spiracles of insects adapted for gaseous exchange in their habitats?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 214
- Live or dead locust or grasshopper
- Hand lens
- Boiling tube
- Protective clothing
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 216
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing fish gills
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 217
- Fresh or preserved bony fish
- Scalpel

- Labelled drawings - Observation - Peer assessment

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Respiratory structures in amphibians
Respiratory structures in birds
Mechanism of gaseous exchange in humans - Respiratory structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the respiratory structures in amphibians (skin, lungs and buccal cavity)
- Explain how each respiratory structure is adapted for gaseous exchange
- Relate amphibian breathing through skin to real-life understanding of why frogs must stay near moist environments to survive

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how amphibians use the skin, lungs and buccal cavity for gaseous exchange
- Describe the adaptations of the skin (thin, moist, rich blood supply) for gaseous exchange
- Explain gaseous exchange in the lungs and buccal cavity of amphibians
- Study illustrations showing the respiratory structures in amphibians
- Share findings with peers

Why do amphibians use multiple respiratory structures for gaseous exchange?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 218
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing amphibian respiratory structures
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 220
- Charts showing bird respiratory system
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 221
- Charts showing human respiratory system

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Class discussions

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Inhalation and exhalation in humans
Model to demonstrate inhalation and exhalation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of inhalation and exhalation in human beings
- Explain the role of the diaphragm, rib cage and intercostal muscles in breathing
- Connect breathing mechanics to real-life situations like how deep breathing exercises help calm the body during stress

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study illustrations showing what happens during inhalation and exhalation
- Describe how the diaphragm contracts and flattens during inhalation increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity
- Explain how the diaphragm relaxes during exhalation reducing the lung volume
- Discuss the role of external and internal intercostal muscles in moving the rib cage

What changes occur in the chest cavity during inhalation and exhalation?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 222
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing inhalation and exhalation
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 224
- Bell jar or plastic bottle
- Rubber stopper
- Y-shaped connecting tube
- Balloons
- Rubber sheet
- Protective clothing

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Dissection to observe gaseous exchange structures in mammals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Dissect a small mammal to observe the gaseous exchange structures
- Identify the trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli in the dissected mammal
- Relate the observed structures to real-life understanding of how lung diseases like asthma affect the airways

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Wear protective clothing
- With the help of the teacher, dissect a freshly killed rat or rabbit to observe the gaseous exchange structures
- Identify the trachea, lungs and observe the internal structures
- Connect a drinking straw to the trachea and blow air to observe the lungs inflate
- Draw a well-labelled diagram of the gaseous exchange structures

What gaseous exchange structures can be observed in a dissected small mammal?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 225
- Freshly killed rat or rabbit
- Dissecting board and pins
- Scalpel or pair of scissors
- Hand lens
- Drinking straw
- Protective clothing

- Labelled drawings - Observation - Oral questions

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Aerobic respiration in animals
Demonstrating aerobic respiration in animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of aerobic respiration in animals
- Write the word equation for aerobic respiration
- Relate aerobic respiration to real-life activities such as how the body uses oxygen to break down food during walking, running or studying

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the process of aerobic respiration where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce energy, carbon (IV) oxide and water
- Write the word equation for aerobic respiration
- Describe the two stages of aerobic respiration: glycolysis and Kreb's cycle
- Discuss the uses of energy produced during respiration

How does the body use oxygen to break down food and release energy?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 227
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 228
- Small animal (snail or rat)
- Bell jar
- Conical flask
- Delivery tubes
- Soda lime
- Lime water
- Protective clothing

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Anaerobic respiration and oxygen debt
Factors affecting energy requirement in humans

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the process of anaerobic respiration in animals
- Explain the concept of oxygen debt
- Relate anaerobic respiration to real-life experiences such as muscle cramps and fatigue felt after sprinting or intense exercise

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss anaerobic respiration where glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to produce lactic acid and energy
- Engage in vigorous physical activity for 3 minutes and observe increased breathing rate
- Explain the concept of oxygen debt as the extra amount of oxygen needed to eliminate lactic acid
- Discuss why breathing rate remains faster after stopping intense physical exercise

Why do muscles feel fatigued and sore after vigorous physical exercise?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 229
- Stopwatch
- Playfield
- Writing materials
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 231
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation of physical activity

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Respiratory substrates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the respiratory substrates broken down during respiration
- Explain why glucose is the main respiratory substrate
- Relate respiratory substrates to real-life dietary choices such as why carbohydrate-rich foods like ugali and rice are staple energy sources in many Kenyan households

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss respiratory substrates including carbohydrates, fats and proteins
- Explain that glucose is the main respiratory substrate because it is readily broken down
- Discuss why fats provide more energy than carbohydrates but take longer to break down
- Explain that proteins are used for respiration only when carbohydrates and fats are unavailable

Which food substances are broken down to provide energy during respiration?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 232
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Calculating the respiratory quotient
Factors affecting the rate of respiration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define respiratory quotient (RQ)
- Calculate the respiratory quotient for various foods
- Relate RQ values to real-life applications such as how doctors use RQ to assess a patient's metabolic state and determine which substrates their body is burning

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the formula for calculating respiratory quotient: RQ = CO₂ produced / O₂ consumed
- Calculate the RQ for carbohydrates (RQ = 1.0), proteins (RQ = 0.9) and lipids (RQ = 0.7)
- Solve practical problems on calculating RQ
- Discuss what an RQ value of more than 1 indicates (anaerobic respiration)

How is the respiratory quotient used to determine the substrate being oxidised during respiration?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 233
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 234

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Problem-solving exercises

Anatomy and Physiology of Animals

Importance of gaseous exchange and respiration in animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of gaseous exchange and respiration in animals
- Describe how gaseous exchange and respiration support various body functions
- Relate the importance of gaseous exchange and respiration to real-life situations such as why adequate ventilation in classrooms and homes is essential for good health

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss how gaseous exchange supplies the body with oxygen used for respiration and removes carbon (IV) oxide
- Explain how respiration provides energy for physical activities, muscle contraction, growth and body temperature regulation
- Discuss how gaseous exchange ensures survival of animals in different habitats
- Share findings with peers

Why are gaseous exchange and respiration essential for the survival of animals?

- Distinction Biology Learner's Book pg. 235
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Class discussions