Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Dissociation of acids in aqueous solutions
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of bases in aqueous solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dissociation of acids in water
- Demonstrate dissociation of acids in aqueous solutions
- Relate dissociation of acids to everyday substances like vinegar and lemon juice

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss with peers the meaning of dissociation of acids in water
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate dissociation of dilute hydrochloric acid
- Record observations on release of hydrogen ions (H⁺)

How do acids behave when dissolved in water?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 164
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Test tubes
- pH indicator paper
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 166
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Red and blue litmus paper
- Test tubes

- Observation - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Properties of acids
Acids and Bases - Properties of bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the physical properties of acids
- Identify acids based on their characteristics
- Relate properties of acids to food preservation using citric acid and vinegar

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss with peers the properties of acids (sour taste, effect on litmus paper, pH values)
- Classify acids as organic and mineral acids
- Identify common acids found at home and in the laboratory

What are the characteristic properties of acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 166
- Samples of acids
- pH indicator paper
- Blue litmus paper
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 167
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Baking soda
- Soap solution
- Red litmus paper
- Phenolphthalein

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of dilute acids with metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction between dilute acids and metals
- Carry out experiments on acid-metal reactions
- Relate acid-metal reactions to corrosion of metallic structures and pipes

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Measure dilute hydrochloric acid and add zinc powder
- Observe effervescence and test gas produced using burning splint
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

What products are formed when acids react with metals?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 169
- Zinc powder
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Test tubes
- Wooden splints
- Rubber corks

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Confirmatory test for hydrogen gas
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal oxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Perform the confirmatory test for hydrogen gas
- Record observations accurately
- Connect hydrogen gas production to industrial processes like welding

- Describe reactions of acids with hydrogen carbonates
- Perform the confirmatory test for carbon (IV) oxide
- Connect the reaction to baking powder action in bread and cakes

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Collect hydrogen gas produced from acid-metal reactions
- Test the gas using a burning splint
- Record the pop sound observation
- Write equations for reactions of different metals with acids

- Add dilute nitric (V) acid to sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Collect and test gas produced using limewater
- Observe white precipitate formation
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How can hydrogen gas be identified in the laboratory?
How is carbon (IV) oxide gas tested in the laboratory?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 170
- Dilute sulphuric acid
- Magnesium ribbon
- Test tubes
- Wooden splints
- Delivery tubes
- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 170
- Sodium carbonate
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Calcium hydroxide
- Delivery tubes
- Test tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 171
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Calcium hydroxide
- Test tubes
- Delivery tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 172
- Magnesium oxide
- pH paper
- Beakers
- Bunsen burner

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe reactions of acids with metal hydroxides
- Demonstrate neutralisation using indicators
- Connect neutralisation to antacid medication for treating stomach acidity

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Add dilute sulphuric (VI) acid to sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein
- Observe colour change from pink to colourless
- Write balanced equations for the neutralisation reaction

How do indicators show the end point of neutralisation?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 173
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Dilute sulphuric (VI) acid
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Beakers
- Measuring cylinders

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe reactions of acids with metal hydroxides
- Demonstrate neutralisation using indicators
- Connect neutralisation to antacid medication for treating stomach acidity

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Add dilute sulphuric (VI) acid to sodium hydroxide with phenolphthalein
- Observe colour change from pink to colourless
- Write balanced equations for the neutralisation reaction

How do indicators show the end point of neutralisation?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 173
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Dilute sulphuric (VI) acid
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Beakers
- Measuring cylinders

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Universal indicator and pH scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the pH scale and its use
- Determine pH values using universal indicator
- Relate pH values to water quality testing and swimming pool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Prepare solutions of various acids and bases
- Add universal indicator to each solution
- Compare colours with pH scale chart
- Record pH values and classify solutions

What does the pH scale measure?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 175
- Universal indicator
- pH scale chart
- Various acid and base solutions
- Test tubes
- Droppers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and weak acids
Acids and Bases - Strong and weak bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between strong and weak acids
- Classify acids based on their pH values
- Connect acid strength to battery acid (strong) versus citrus fruits (weak)

- Differentiate between strong and weak bases
- Classify bases based on their pH values
- Relate base strength to drain cleaners (strong) versus baking soda (weak)

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Test 0.1 M hydrochloric acid and 0.1 M ethanoic acid using universal indicator
- Compare pH values of strong and weak acids
- Discuss degree of dissociation in strong and weak acids

- Test 0.1 M sodium hydroxide and 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide using universal indicator
- Compare pH values of strong and weak bases
- Discuss characteristics of strong and weak bases

Why do strong acids have lower pH values than weak acids?
How can strong and weak bases be distinguished?

- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 175
- 0.1 M hydrochloric acid
- 0.1 M ethanoic acid
- Universal indicator
- pH scale chart
- Test tubes

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 176
- 0.1 M sodium hydroxide
- 0.1 M ammonium hydroxide
- Universal indicator
- pH scale chart
- Test tubes

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Electrical conductivity of acids and bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare electrical conductivity of strong and weak acids and bases
- Set up circuits to test conductivity
- Connect conductivity to car battery technology and industrial electrochemistry

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up electrical circuits with bulb, dry cell and electrodes
- Test conductivity of strong and weak acids and bases
- Compare brightness of bulb in different solutions
- Record and discuss observations

Why do strong acids and bases conduct electricity better than weak ones?

- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 176
- Dry cells
- Bulbs with holders
- Connecting wires
- Nails/electrodes
- Various acid and base solutions

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Uses of acids in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the uses of acids in various sectors
- Search for information on industrial applications of acids
- Relate acids to food preservation, fertiliser production and metal cleaning

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information on uses of acids using print or digital materials
- Discuss uses in food industry, manufacturing and cleaning
- Prepare charts showing applications of acids

How are acids useful in our daily lives?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 178
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Chart papers
- Markers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Project assessment

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Uses of acids in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the uses of acids in various sectors
- Search for information on industrial applications of acids
- Relate acids to food preservation, fertiliser production and metal cleaning

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information on uses of acids using print or digital materials
- Discuss uses in food industry, manufacturing and cleaning
- Prepare charts showing applications of acids

How are acids useful in our daily lives?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 178
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Chart papers
- Markers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Project assessment

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Uses of bases in day-to-day life
Introduction to Salts - Meaning and formation of salts
Introduction to Salts - Normal salts
Introduction to Salts - Acid salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline the uses of bases in various sectors
- Identify applications of bases in agriculture and construction
- Connect bases to soap making, cement production and soil treatment

- Describe normal salts and their properties
- Identify examples of normal salts
- Connect normal salts to common table salt and fertilisers like potassium nitrate

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss uses of bases in cleaning, food industry and construction
- Carry out soil pH testing activity
- Discuss role of calcium oxide in neutralising acidic soils
- Make natural citrus cleaner using vinegar and citrus peels

- Discuss characteristics of normal salts (no replaceable hydrogen, pH of 7)
- Identify cations and anions in normal salts
- Write formulae of normal salts (NaCl, KNO₃, CaSO₄)
- Test solutions of normal salts with litmus paper

How are bases applied in agriculture and industry?
What are normal salts and their characteristics?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 179
- Soil samples
- pH paper
- Litmus paper
- Vinegar
- Citrus peels
- Digital resources
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 181
- Samples of salts (sodium chloride, copper sulphate)
- Charts showing neutralisation equations
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 182
- Samples of normal salts
- Litmus paper
- Test tubes
- Distilled water
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 183
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- pH paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Basic and double salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe basic salts and double salts
- Identify examples of basic and double salts
- Connect double salts to alum used in water purification and dyeing

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss characteristics of basic salts (contain hydroxide ions, pH greater than 7)
- Discuss double salts (two different cations or anions)
- Write formulae of double salts
- Categorise provided salt samples into types

What distinguishes basic salts and double salts from other types?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 184
- Samples of basic and double salts
- Potassium aluminium sulphate (alum)
- Litmus paper
- pH paper

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Soluble and insoluble salts
Introduction to Salts - Solubility rules

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define soluble and insoluble salts
- Carry out experiments to determine solubility of salts
- Relate solubility to water treatment and removal of hardness in water

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Place spatulaful of different salts in beakers with distilled water
- Stir and observe dissolution
- Warm mixtures and observe changes
- Record observations and classify salts as soluble or insoluble

How can soluble salts be distinguished from insoluble salts?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 185
- Copper (II) sulphate
- Copper (II) carbonate
- Distilled water
- Beakers
- Bunsen burner
- Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 185
- Solubility table charts
- Various salt samples
- Test tubes
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation by direct synthesis
Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and metal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe preparation of salts by direct combination
- Carry out experiments on direct synthesis
- Relate direct synthesis to industrial production of iron sulphide

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Place copper metal and sulphur powder in crucible
- Heat mixture strongly and observe reaction
- Allow product to cool and examine crystals
- Write equation for reaction between copper and sulphur

How are salts prepared by direct combination of elements?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 186
- Copper metal
- Sulphur powder
- Crucible
- Bunsen burner
- Tripod stand
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 187
- Zinc powder
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Filter funnel and paper
- Evaporating dish
- Bunsen burner

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and metal oxide
Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and alkali (titration)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe preparation of salts using acid and metal oxide
- Prepare copper (II) nitrate from copper oxide and nitric acid
- Relate this neutralisation method to pharmaceutical salt production

- Describe preparation of salts using acid and alkali
- Carry out titration using phenolphthalein indicator
- Connect titration to quality control in food and pharmaceutical industries

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Warm dilute nitric (V) acid and add copper (II) oxide in excess
- Filter to remove unreacted oxide
- Evaporate filtrate to saturation
- Allow to cool and crystallise

- Measure sodium hydroxide into conical flask and add phenolphthalein
- Fill burette with dilute hydrochloric acid
- Titrate until colour changes from pink to colourless
- Evaporate and crystallise to obtain sodium chloride

What is the role of warming the acid in salt preparation?
How does phenolphthalein indicate the end point of neutralisation?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 188
- Copper (II) oxide
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Filter funnel and paper
- Evaporating dish
- Beakers

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 190
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Dilute hydrochloric acid
- Phenolphthalein
- Burette and stand
- Conical flask

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises
- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation using acid and carbonate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe preparation of salts using acid and carbonate
- Prepare sodium nitrate from sodium carbonate and nitric acid
- Relate effervescence to carbon dioxide fire extinguishers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Add sodium carbonate to dilute nitric (V) acid until no more gas bubbles
- Test gas with calcium hydroxide
- Filter, evaporate and crystallise
- Write balanced equation for the reaction

How can you tell when the reaction between acid and carbonate is complete?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 191
- Sodium carbonate
- Dilute nitric (V) acid
- Calcium hydroxide
- Filter funnel
- Evaporating dish

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation by precipitation (double decomposition)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe preparation of insoluble salts by precipitation
- Prepare lead (II) sulphate by double decomposition
- Connect precipitation to water treatment and removal of heavy metals

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Mix zinc sulphate solution with lead nitrate solution
- Observe precipitate formation
- Filter, wash and dry the precipitate
- Write ionic equations for precipitation reactions

What is double decomposition and how is it used to prepare insoluble salts?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 193
- Zinc sulphate solution
- Lead nitrate solution
- Filter funnel and paper
- Beakers
- Distilled water

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Preparation by precipitation (double decomposition)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe preparation of insoluble salts by precipitation
- Prepare lead (II) sulphate by double decomposition
- Connect precipitation to water treatment and removal of heavy metals

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Mix zinc sulphate solution with lead nitrate solution
- Observe precipitate formation
- Filter, wash and dry the precipitate
- Write ionic equations for precipitation reactions

What is double decomposition and how is it used to prepare insoluble salts?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 193
- Zinc sulphate solution
- Lead nitrate solution
- Filter funnel and paper
- Beakers
- Distilled water

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written exercises

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Hygroscopic, deliquescent and efflorescent salts
Introduction to Salts - Uses of salts and environmental impact of fertilisers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe behaviour of salts when exposed to atmosphere
- Carry out experiments to investigate salt behaviour in air
- Connect hygroscopic salts to silica gel sachets used to keep products dry

- Outline applications of salts in various sectors
- Discuss effects of inorganic fertilisers on the environment
- Relate salts to food preservation, agriculture and water pollution from fertiliser runoff

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Place samples of different salts on watch glasses
- Leave uncovered for 24 hours
- Observe and record changes in appearance
- Classify salts as hygroscopic, deliquescent or efflorescent

- Search for uses of salts in agriculture, medicine, food and glass industries
- Discuss positive and negative effects of inorganic fertilisers
- Discuss eutrophication and mitigation measures
- Present findings on sustainable use of fertilisers

How do salts behave when exposed to air?
How do salts contribute to agriculture and what are the environmental concerns?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 196
- Iron (III) chloride
- Anhydrous copper (II) sulphate
- Sodium carbonate decahydrate
- Watch glasses

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 197
- Samples of inorganic fertilisers
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts on eutrophication

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises
- Oral questions - Written assignments - Project assessment