Business and Its Environment

Production - Factors of production (Capital and entrepreneurship)
Production - Types of costs in a production unit (Fixed and variable costs)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain capital and entrepreneurship as factors of production
- Describe how all factors of production work together
- Recognize the role of entrepreneurs in organizing production

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information on capital and entrepreneurship
- Discuss examples of capital goods and entrepreneur roles
- Present on how factors combine in production

How do entrepreneurs organize the factors of production?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 118
- Pictures of capital goods
- Reference materials
- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 119
- Cost classification charts
- Case scenarios

- Oral presentation - Written questions - Group discussion

Business and Its Environment

Production - Types of costs (Total, marginal and average costs)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define total cost, marginal cost and average cost
- Calculate different types of costs in production
- Apply cost calculations when planning personal projects

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information on total, marginal and average costs
- Compute types of costs using given data
- Discuss cost calculations for a chair factory

How do you calculate the total cost of production?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 120
- Calculators
- Cost calculation worksheets

- Calculation exercises - Written questions - Peer assessment

Business and Its Environment

Production - Computing types of costs in production
Production - Division of labour and specialisation
Production - Advantages and disadvantages of division of labour and specialisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compute fixed costs, variable costs and total costs
- Calculate average cost per unit of production
- Use cost information to make pricing decisions

- Define division of labour and specialisation
- Distinguish between division of labour and specialisation
- Specialize in tasks where personal strengths lie

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Practice computing costs using business scenarios
- Calculate costs for Sarah's bakery
- Present cost calculations to class

- Search for information on division of labour and specialisation
- Discuss meanings and differences
- Analyse Bilha's presentation on advantages and disadvantages

How do you calculate the cost of producing one item?
What is the difference between division of labour and specialisation?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 122
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 124
- Comparison charts
- Digital resources
- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 126
- Debate guidelines
- Chart materials

- Calculation exercises - Oral presentation - Written assignment
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussion

Business and Its Environment

Production - Roles and responsibilities of a producer to consumer

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the roles of a producer to consumers
- Describe responsibilities of producers in ensuring quality and safety
- Expect quality products and honest information from businesses

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Read and analyse case study on Chap Chap Posho Mill
- Role play functions of producer to consumer
- Discuss roles like creating goods, ensuring quality and setting prices

What responsibilities do producers have towards their customers?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 128
- Case study: Chap Chap Posho Mill
- Role play props

- Case study analysis - Role play observation - Written questions

Business and Its Environment

Production - Designing an appropriate label for a product

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of product labelling
- Design an appropriate label for a product
- Read product labels to make informed purchasing decisions

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss functions of labelling (identification, information, safety)
- Use available resources to design a product label
- Present designed labels to class

What information should be included on a product label?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 131
- Sample product labels
- Design materials

- Label design exercise - Oral presentation - Peer assessment

Business and Its Environment

Production - Creating product labels with required information
Consumer Satisfaction - Meaning and importance of consumer satisfaction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Include all required information on a product label
- Create complete product labels following guidelines
- Check product labels for important information before buying

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Design labels including product name, ingredients and expiry date
- Review and improve designed labels
- Present final product labels

Why is the expiry date important on a product label?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 133
- Label templates
- Marking pens and materials
- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 137
- Pictures of customer interactions
- Digital resources

- Label completion - Written assignment - Portfolio assessment

Business and Its Environment

Consumer Satisfaction - Benefits of consumer satisfaction to businesses
Consumer Satisfaction - Terms and conditions for supply of goods and services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse benefits of consumer satisfaction to businesses
- Explain how satisfaction leads to customer loyalty and referrals
- Recommend good businesses to friends and family

- Define terms and conditions in supply of goods
- Identify terms and conditions such as payment terms and warranties
- Read terms and conditions before making purchases

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Brainstorm importance of consumer satisfaction
- Discuss repeat purchases, positive word of mouth and loyalty
- Present on benefits of satisfied customers

- Search for information on terms and conditions
- Study invoice and warranty images
- Discuss payment terms, delivery, returns and guarantees

How does customer satisfaction help a business grow?
What terms and conditions should you check before buying a product?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 139
- Case studies
- Charts on customer benefits

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 140
- Sample invoices and warranties
- Digital resources

- Oral presentation - Written assignment - Peer assessment
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Document analysis

Business and Its Environment

Consumer Satisfaction - Understanding warranties, refunds and consumer rights
Consumer Satisfaction - Remedies for consumer satisfaction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain warranties, refunds and consumer responsibilities
- Analyse different terms and conditions in business transactions
- Assert consumer rights when products are faulty

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Watch video clips on terms and conditions
- Discuss warranties, refunds and limitation of liability
- Present on consumer rights and responsibilities

What should you do if a product you bought is faulty?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 142
- Video clips
- Consumer rights materials
- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 143
- Case study: Jane's laptop
- Role play props

- Video analysis - Oral presentation - Written questions

Business and Its Environment

Consumer Satisfaction - Proactive and reactive strategies for customer satisfaction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain proactive strategies for preventing customer dissatisfaction
- Describe reactive strategies for solving customer problems
- Communicate concerns politely when products disappoint

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information on proactive and reactive remedies
- Discuss offering quality, training staff and solving issues quickly
- Present on strategies for customer satisfaction

How can businesses prevent customer complaints?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 145
- Strategy charts
- Reference materials

- Oral presentation - Written questions - Group discussion

Business and Its Environment
Government and Global Influence in Business

Consumer Satisfaction - Carrying out customer satisfaction survey
Public Finance - Meaning and components of public finance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a questionnaire for customer satisfaction survey
- Carry out a simple customer satisfaction survey
- Use feedback to improve personal service to others

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Prepare questionnaire to collect data on consumer satisfaction
- Distribute and collect survey responses
- Analyse findings and present report

How do businesses find out if their customers are satisfied?

- MASTER Business Studies Learner's Book pg. 147
- Survey questionnaires
- Data analysis templates
- Master Business Studies pg. 150
- Digital resources
- Internet access

- Survey implementation - Report presentation - Written assignment

Government and Global Influence in Business

Public Finance - Sources of public finance
Public Finance - Meaning and importance of taxation
Public Finance - Principles of taxation
Public Finance - Requirements for tax compliance in Kenya
Public Finance - Tax exemption in Kenya
Public Finance - Types of custom duties in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of public finance in Kenya
- Explain different ways through which the government collects revenue
- Link government revenue sources to services enjoyed in daily life

- Explain the requirements for tax compliance in Kenya
- Describe the process of registering with KRA
- Apply knowledge of tax compliance to personal future responsibilities

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Brainstorm different ways through which the government collects revenue
- Search from relevant textbooks for information about sources of public finance
- Present findings on sources of public finance in class

- Search using the internet or relevant books for the requirements for tax compliance in Kenya
- Discuss and share the requirements for tax compliance
- Study KRA posters and identify information passed

What is the role of taxation in economic development?

- Master Business Studies pg. 153
- Digital resources
- Mind maps
- Master Business Studies pg. 154
- Flash cards
- Master Business Studies pg. 155
- Reference books
- Master Business Studies pg. 157
- Digital resources
- KRA posters
- iTax portal images
- Master Business Studies pg. 159
- Reference books
- Master Business Studies pg. 161
- Resource person

- Oral questions - Observation
- Oral questions - Written assignments

Government and Global Influence in Business

Public Finance - Trends and ethical issues in taxation
International Trade - Meaning and classification of international trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Evaluate the trends in taxation in Kenya
- Identify ethical issues in taxation
- Relate ethical tax practices to responsible citizenship

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital devices or print media to search for information on trends in taxation in Kenya
- Read and analyse case studies on ethical issues in taxation
- Write an article on the importance of taxation and present during clubs and societies

What is the role of taxation in economic development?

- Master Business Studies pg. 162
- Digital resources
- Case study extracts
- Master Business Studies pg. 168
- Charts

- Oral questions - Portfolio assessment

Government and Global Influence in Business

International Trade - Balance of trade and balance of payment
International Trade - Advantages of international trade
International Trade - Disadvantages of international trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define balance of trade and balance of payment
- Differentiate between balance of trade and balance of payment
- Relate trade balance to a country's economic health

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use available digital devices or relevant books to search for the meaning of balance of trade and balance of payment
- Discuss findings with group members
- Present findings to classmates

What are the benefits of international trade?

- Master Business Studies pg. 171
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Master Business Studies pg. 172
- Reference books
- Master Business Studies pg. 173

- Oral questions - Observation

Government and Global Influence in Business

International Trade - Terms of sale in international trade
International Trade - Digital applications in international trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms of sale in international trade
- Explain LOCO, FOR, DD and FAS terms of sale
- Apply terms of sale to pricing of imported goods

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Find out from the internet or relevant print materials information on the terms of sale used in international trade
- Write down and explain the terms found from the search
- Discuss findings in groups

What are the benefits of international trade?

- Master Business Studies pg. 174
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Master Business Studies pg. 175
- Reference books
- Master Business Studies pg. 177
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Government and Global Influence in Business

International Trade - Local products for export

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify local products that can be developed for export
- Prepare questionnaires to collect data on local products
- Connect local agricultural products to export opportunities

- Map local products that can be developed for export
- Analyse survey findings on local products
- Relate local crafts and products to income generation through export

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Prepare questionnaires to collect data on local products
- Carry out a survey in the community on local products that can be developed for export
- Discuss the outcomes of the survey

- Analyse questionnaires from the survey
- Interpret results and identify local products with strong potential for export
- Present results to classmates

What are the benefits of international trade?

- Master Business Studies pg. 178
- Survey tools
- Questionnaires

- Master Business Studies pg. 178
- Survey tools
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Project work assessment
- Oral questions - Portfolio assessment

Government and Global Influence in Business
Financial Records in Business
Financial Records in Business

International Trade - Importance of international trade to an economy
Business Transactions - Meaning and types of business transactions
Business Transactions - Cash and credit transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Summarize the importance of international trade in an economy
- Evaluate the role of international trade in economic development
- Relate international trade to Kenya's economic growth and development

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the importance of international trade in an economy
- Share experiences on how international trade affects daily life
- Present findings to other groups in class

What are the benefits of international trade?

- Master Business Studies pg. 179
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Master Business Studies pg. 180
- Internet access
- Master Business Studies pg. 181
- Case study extracts

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Financial Records in Business

Business Transactions - Methods of payment for goods and services
Business Transactions - Advantages and disadvantages of payment methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify methods used in making payments for goods and services
- Explain cash, cheque and mobile payment methods
- Relate payment methods to personal experiences when buying goods

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures showing methods of making payment for goods and services
- Search from the internet or relevant textbooks the methods used in making payments
- Role play different methods used in making payments

Which are the methods used in making payment for goods and services?

- Master Business Studies pg. 182
- Digital resources
- Pictures and photographs
- Master Business Studies pg. 183
- Charts
- Master Business Studies pg. 185

- Oral questions - Observation

Financial Records in Business

Effects of Business Transactions - Statement of financial position
Effects of Business Transactions - Effects of liability transactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define statement of financial position
- Identify components of a statement of financial position
- Relate statement of financial position to personal wealth calculation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Remind peers the meaning, other name and components of a statement of financial position
- Calculate capital from given assets and liabilities
- Prepare a simple statement of financial position

How do business transactions affect the statement of financial position of a business?

- Master Business Studies pg. 189
- Digital resources
- Worked examples
- Master Business Studies pg. 192
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Financial Records in Business

Effects of Business Transactions - Effects of capital transactions
Effects of Business Transactions - Computing effects of transactions
Effects of Business Transactions - Adjustments to statement of financial position
Effects of Business Transactions - Preparing statement of financial position after adjustments
Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Meaning and importance of source documents
Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Types of source documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse effects of capital transactions on the statement of financial position
- Explain how owner investment, drawings, profits and losses affect capital
- Link capital changes to growth or decline of family businesses

- Prepare a statement of financial position after adjustments
- Determine the net worth of a business after adjustments
- Apply statement preparation skills to assess business financial health

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss transactions that affect the amount of capital
- State the effects of owner investment, drawings, profits and losses on capital
- Present findings to classmates

- Draw a statement of financial position to determine the net worth of a business after adjustments
- Present work to classmates
- Write summary notes on preparing statement of financial position

How do business transactions affect the statement of financial position of a business?

- Master Business Studies pg. 193
- Digital resources
- Worked examples
- Master Business Studies pg. 195
- Calculators
- Master Business Studies pg. 199
- Master Business Studies pg. 200
- Digital resources
- Worked examples
- Master Business Studies pg. 205
- Sample source documents
- Master Business Studies pg. 209
- Sample receipts and invoices

- Oral questions - Observation
- Oral questions - Portfolio assessment

Financial Records in Business

Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Types of source documents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify credit notes and debit notes as source documents
- Explain the purpose of credit notes and debit notes in business
- Connect credit and debit notes to returns and adjustments in business

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search from the internet or relevant textbooks for information on credit notes and debit notes
- Study samples of credit notes and debit notes
- Present findings to other groups in class

What are the source documents used in bookkeeping?

- Master Business Studies pg. 210
- Digital resources
- Sample credit and debit notes
- Master Business Studies pg. 211
- Sample documents

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Financial Records in Business

Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Types of books of original entry
Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Sales journal
Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Sales returns journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of books of original entry
- Explain the purpose of each book of original entry
- Connect books of original entry to organized business record keeping

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search from the internet or relevant textbooks for information about the types of books of original entry
- Brainstorm and present on the types of books of original entry
- Make summary notes on the types of books of original entry

Why are the books of original entry important in bookkeeping?

- Master Business Studies pg. 212
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Master Business Studies pg. 213
- Worked examples
- Master Business Studies pg. 215

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Financial Records in Business

Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Purchases journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw the format of a purchases journal
- Record business transactions in a purchases journal
- Relate purchases journal to tracking credit purchases from suppliers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search from the internet or relevant textbooks the format of a purchases journal
- Record given credit purchases transactions in a purchases journal
- Present work to classmates

Why are the books of original entry important in bookkeeping?

- Master Business Studies pg. 217
- Digital resources
- Worked examples

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Financial Records in Business

Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Purchases returns journal
Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Cash receipts journal
Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - Cash payments journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw the format of a purchases returns journal
- Record business transactions in a purchases returns journal
- Connect purchases returns journal to tracking goods returned to suppliers

- Draw the format of a cash receipts journal
- Record business transactions in a cash receipts journal
- Relate cash receipts journal to tracking money received by businesses

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search from the internet or relevant textbooks the format of a purchases returns journal
- Record given transactions in a purchases returns journal
- Discuss work with group members

- Search from relevant textbooks for information on how to record business transactions in a cash receipts journal
- Record given transactions in a cash receipts journal
- Discuss work in groups

Why are the books of original entry important in bookkeeping?

- Master Business Studies pg. 219
- Digital resources
- Worked examples
- Master Business Studies pg. 222
- Digital resources
- Worked examples
- Master Business Studies pg. 224

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Financial Records in Business

Source Documents and Books of Original Entry - General journal

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw the format of a general journal
- Record business transactions in a general journal
- Apply general journal skills to record non-routine business transactions

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search from relevant textbooks for information on how to record business transactions in a general journal
- Record transactions involving purchase and sale of fixed assets on credit, and opening entries
- Discuss work with group members

Why are the books of original entry important in bookkeeping?

- Master Business Studies pg. 226
- Digital resources
- Worked examples

- Oral questions - Portfolio assessment