Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Formation of Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Single Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define covalent bonding
- Explain how covalent bonds are formed
- Relate covalent bonding to electron sharing

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the formation of covalent bonds
- Research on electron sharing between atoms
- Compare covalent and ionic bond formation

How are covalent bonds formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Animations on covalent bonding
- Periodic table
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing covalent bonds

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Water and Ammonia
Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Methane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe covalent bonding in water and ammonia
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for H₂O and NH₃
- Appreciate molecular shapes in covalent compounds

- Describe covalent bonding in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Relate bonding to carbon's tetravalency

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss covalent bond formation in water
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for H₂O and NH₃
- Compare bonding in water and ammonia

- Discuss covalent bond formation in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Research on the tetrahedral shape of methane

How are covalent bonds formed in water and ammonia molecules?
How is the covalent bonding in methane formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Molecular models

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation
- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Double Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Triple Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe double covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for molecules with double bonds
- Distinguish between single and double bonds

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss double covalent bond formation in O₂ and CO₂
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for O₂ and CO₂
- Compare single and double covalent bonds

What is a double covalent bond and how does it differ from a single bond?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing double bonds
- Charts showing triple bonds

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Dative (Coordinate) Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dative or coordinate bonding
- Explain how dative bonds are formed
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond formation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the formation of dative bonds
- Research on examples of dative bonding
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond in ammonium ion

What is a dative bond and how is it formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Physical Properties of Simple Covalent Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of simple covalent compounds
- Explain low melting and boiling points of covalent compounds
- Relate properties to weak intermolecular forces

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research on properties of covalent compounds
- Compare properties of ionic and covalent compounds
- Investigate physical states of covalent substances

Why do simple covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of covalent compounds
- Laboratory equipment
- Laboratory equipment
- Covalent compounds (sugar, ethanol)
- Conductivity apparatus

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Introduction to Giant Covalent Structures
Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Diamond
Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Graphite

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define giant covalent structures
- Distinguish between simple and giant covalent structures
- Appreciate the unique properties of giant covalent substances

- Describe the structure of diamond
- Explain the properties of diamond based on its structure
- Relate diamond's hardness to its bonding

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss with peers the meaning of giant covalent structures
- Research on examples of giant covalent substances
- Compare simple molecular and giant covalent structures

- Research on the structure of diamond
- Watch animations on diamond's tetrahedral structure
- Discuss why diamond is extremely hard

What are giant covalent structures?
Why is diamond the hardest natural substance?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of diamond and graphite
- Internet access
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Diamond samples or models
- Animations on diamond structure
- Graphite samples (pencil lead)
- Animations on graphite structure

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Silicon(IV) Oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Explain properties of SiO₂ based on its structure
- Appreciate the applications of silicon dioxide

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research on the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Discuss the tetrahedral arrangement in SiO₂
- Investigate uses of silicon dioxide

What is the structure of silicon(IV) oxide and what are its properties?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Sand samples
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Modelling Giant Covalent Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct models of giant covalent structures
- Use locally available materials to model diamond and graphite
- Show creativity in representing molecular structures

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use locally available materials to model diamond structure
- Construct models showing graphite layers
- Display and compare models of different structures

How can we represent giant covalent structures using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks and balls

- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Formation of Metallic Bonds
Periodicity - Trends in Atomic Size (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Ionic Size (Groups I and II)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define metallic bonding
- Explain how metallic bonds are formed
- Relate metallic bonding to properties of metals

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the formation of metallic bonds
- Research on the sea of electrons model
- Watch animations on metallic bonding

How are metallic bonds formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Animations on metallic bonding
- Metal samples
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Charts showing ionic radii
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Ionisation Energy (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Melting and Boiling Points (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group I Elements
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group II Elements
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Oxygen
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ionisation energy
- Describe the trend in ionisation energy down Groups I and II
- Relate ionisation energy to atomic radius

- Describe physical properties of alkaline earth metals
- Carry out experiments to investigate properties of Group II elements
- Compare properties of Groups I and II elements

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the meaning of ionisation energy
- Research on trends in ionisation energy
- Plot graphs showing ionisation energy trends

- Carry out experiments to investigate physical properties of Group II elements
- Observe and record appearance, density, and hardness
- Compare physical properties of Groups I and II

Why does ionisation energy decrease down Groups I and II?
How do physical properties of Group II elements compare to Group I?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Data tables
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of lithium, sodium, potassium
- Safety equipment
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of magnesium, calcium
- Safety equipment
- Sodium, potassium samples

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with chlorine
- Relate reactivity to position in the group

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group I metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkali metals react with chlorine?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Dilute Acids
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with acids
- Appreciate the high reactivity of alkali metals

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Research on safety concerns with this reaction

Why is the reaction of alkali metals with acids dangerous?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium ribbon
- Safety equipment

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with water
- Compare reactions with cold water and steam
- Write equations for reactions of Group II metals with water

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with cold water
- Investigate reaction of magnesium with steam
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with water and steam?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium, calcium samples
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Chlorine
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Dilute Acids
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with chlorine
- Show awareness of safety when handling chlorine

- Describe physical properties of halogens
- Investigate appearance, smell, and physical states of halogens
- Observe safety when handling halogens

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

- Prepare chlorine gas and investigate its physical properties
- Observe physical properties of chlorine, bromine, and iodine
- Record appearance, smell, and physical states

How do alkaline earth metals react with chlorine?
What are the physical properties of halogens?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Magnesium ribbon

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine, bromine, iodine samples
- Fume cupboard

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Physical Properties of Halogens
Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in physical properties down Group VII
- Explain the trend in melting and boiling points
- Relate trends to molecular size

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss trends in physical properties of halogens
- Plot graphs showing melting and boiling point trends
- Research on solubility of halogens in water

How do physical properties of halogens change down the group?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine water
- Litmus paper

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of chlorine with metals
- Write equations for reactions of chlorine with metals
- Appreciate the reactivity of halogens

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments on reaction of chlorine with metals
- Observe reaction of heated iron with chlorine
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How does chlorine react with metals?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Iron filings, sodium
- Fume cupboard

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Hydrogen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen
- Write equations for the reaction
- Show awareness of safety with explosive reactions

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen
- Watch videos demonstrating the reaction
- Write balanced equations for the reaction

How does chlorine react with hydrogen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Displacement Reactions of Halogens
Periodicity - Bleaching Action of Chlorine
Periodicity - Physical Properties Across Period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain displacement reactions of halogens
- Carry out experiments on halogen displacement
- Relate displacement to reactivity series

- Describe trends in physical properties across Period 3
- Explain trends in atomic size and ionisation energy
- Appreciate periodic trends

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out displacement reactions of halogens
- Add chlorine water to potassium bromide and iodide solutions
- Record colour changes and write equations

- Discuss trends in physical properties across Period 3
- Plot graphs showing atomic radius and ionisation energy trends
- Research on electronegativity trends

Why can chlorine displace bromine and iodine from their salts?
How do physical properties change across Period 3?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Halogen solutions
- Potassium halide solutions
- Chlorine water
- Coloured fabric/litmus paper

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation
- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Melting and Boiling Points Across Period 3
Periodicity - Reactions of Period 3 Elements with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in melting and boiling points across Period 3
- Explain variations in terms of structure and bonding
- Relate properties to bonding types

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research on melting and boiling points of Period 3 elements
- Plot graphs showing trends
- Discuss reasons for the observed pattern

Why do melting and boiling points vary across Period 3?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper
- Laboratory equipment
- Period 3 element samples
- Safety equipment

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of Group I, II, VII, and VIII Elements
Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline uses of selected elements in Groups I, II, VII, and VIII
- Relate properties to applications
- Appreciate the importance of elements in daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Search for information on uses of selected elements
- Discuss applications of sodium, calcium, chlorine, and argon
- Present findings on element applications

How are elements of Groups I, II, VII, and VIII used in daily life?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing element uses
- Internet access
- Samples of common acids
- Charts showing acids

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Acids in Water
Acids and Bases - Physical Properties of Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the dissociation of acids in water
- Write dissociation equations for common acids
- Relate acidity to hydrogen ion concentration

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate dissociation of acids in water
- Discuss the role of hydrogen ions in acidity
- Write dissociation equations for HCl, H₂SO₄, and HNO₃

How do acids behave when dissolved in water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Conductivity apparatus
- Digital devices
- Charts showing acid properties
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metals
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydrogen Carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metal Oxides
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydroxides
Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of acids with metals
- Write equations for reactions of acids with metals
- Collect and test for hydrogen gas

- Describe the reaction of acids with metal oxides
- Write equations for reactions of acids with metal oxides
- Identify the products of neutralisation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments on reactions of acids with metals
- Collect and test for the gas produced
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

- Perform experiments to investigate reactions of acids with metal oxides
- React dilute acid with copper(II) oxide
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with metals?
How do acids react with metal oxides?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Metal samples (Mg, Zn, Fe)
- Sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Metal oxides (CuO, MgO)
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Digital devices
- Samples of common bases
- Charts showing bases

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Bases in Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the dissociation of bases in water
- Write dissociation equations for common bases
- Relate basicity to hydroxide ion concentration

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate dissociation of bases in water
- Discuss the role of hydroxide ions in basicity
- Write dissociation equations for NaOH, KOH, and NH₃

How do bases behave when dissolved in water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Alkali solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Acid-Base Indicators
Acids and Bases - Universal Indicator and pH Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define indicators
- Identify common acid-base indicators
- Use indicators to test for acids and bases

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Conduct experiments to determine strength of acids and bases using indicators
- Test solutions with litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange
- Record colour changes in different solutions

What are indicators and how do they work?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Various indicators
- Acid and base solutions
- Universal indicator
- pH chart
- Various solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between strong and weak acids
- Compare pH values of strong and weak acids
- Relate strength to degree of dissociation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Compare pH values of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid of same concentration
- Carry out activities to compare electrical conductivity
- Discuss the degree of dissociation in strong and weak acids

What is the difference between strong and weak acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- HCl and CH₃COOH solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Bases
Acids and Bases - Uses of Acids and Bases in Daily Life
Introduction to Salts - Meaning and Examples of Salts
Introduction to Salts - Normal Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between strong and weak bases
- Compare pH values of strong and weak bases
- Relate strength to degree of dissociation

- Outline uses of acids and bases in daily life
- Relate properties of acids and bases to their applications
- Appreciate the importance of acids and bases

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Compare pH values of sodium hydroxide and ammonia solution of same concentration
- Carry out activities to compare electrical conductivity
- Discuss the degree of dissociation in strong and weak bases

- Search for information on applications of acids and bases
- Discuss uses in food, medicine, cleaning, and industry
- Properly dispose of waste after experiments

What is the difference between strong and weak bases?
How are acids and bases used in daily life?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- NaOH and NH₃ solutions
- Conductivity apparatus
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing applications
- Internet access
- Samples of salts (table salt, fertilisers)
- Charts showing salts
- Samples of normal salts
- Periodic table

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Acidic Salts
Introduction to Salts - Basic and Double Salts
Introduction to Salts - Solubility of Chlorides and Nitrates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define acidic salts
- Give examples of acidic salts
- Explain the formation of acidic salts

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss with peers the meaning of acidic salts
- Identify examples of acidic salts
- Write equations showing formation of acidic salts

What are acidic salts and how are they formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing salt types
- Internet access
- Laboratory equipment
- Various chlorides and nitrates
- Distilled water

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Solubility of Sulphates and Carbonates
Introduction to Salts - Direct Synthesis
Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine solubility of sulphates and carbonates in water
- Classify sulphates and carbonates as soluble or insoluble
- Apply solubility rules to predict salt solubility

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments to determine solubility of sulphates in water
- Test solubility of various carbonates
- Create a solubility table for common salts

Which sulphates and carbonates are soluble in water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Various sulphates and carbonates
- Distilled water
- Iron filings
- Chlorine gas
- Dilute acids
- Metal samples (Zn, Mg)

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Bases (Neutralisation)
Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare salts by neutralisation
- Write equations for neutralisation reactions
- Apply titration technique in salt preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments to prepare salts by neutralisation
- React dilute acid with alkali using indicator
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How are salts prepared by neutralisation?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Alkali solutions
- Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Precipitation Reactions
Introduction to Salts - Hygroscopic Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare insoluble salts by precipitation
- Write ionic equations for precipitation reactions
- Apply solubility rules in precipitation

- Define hygroscopic salts
- Identify examples of hygroscopic salts
- Explain the behaviour of hygroscopic salts in air

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments to prepare insoluble salts by precipitation
- Mix solutions to form precipitates
- Write balanced ionic equations for precipitation reactions

- Carry out experiments to investigate behaviour of salts in air
- Expose different salts to atmosphere and observe changes
- Record observations on hygroscopic behaviour

How are insoluble salts prepared by precipitation?
What are hygroscopic salts and how do they behave in air?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Soluble salt solutions
- Filter paper and funnel

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of hygroscopic salts
- Watch glasses

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Deliquescent Salts
Introduction to Salts - Efflorescent Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define deliquescent salts
- Identify examples of deliquescent salts
- Distinguish between hygroscopic and deliquescent salts

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Carry out experiments to investigate deliquescent behaviour
- Expose calcium chloride and sodium hydroxide to air
- Compare hygroscopic and deliquescent salts

What are deliquescent salts and how do they differ from hygroscopic salts?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of deliquescent salts
- Watch glasses
- Washing soda crystals

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Applications of Salts in Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline uses of salts in various industries
- Discuss effects of excessive use of inorganic fertilisers
- Appreciate the importance of salts in daily life

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss with peers applications of salts in agriculture, food, medicine, and industry
- Search for information on effects of inorganic fertilisers on environment
- Discuss mitigation measures for environmental challenges

How are salts used in daily life and what are the environmental concerns?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing salt applications
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations