Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Introduction
Mechanical Properties - Ductility and malleability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mechanical properties of materials
- Identify different properties like ductility and malleability
- Relate properties to material selection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the mechanical properties of locally available materials
- Examine different materials
- Record observations

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 31-32
- Various materials (paper, chalk, metal)
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 32-34
- Copper wire
- Aluminum foil
- Hammer
- Safety goggles

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and brittleness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate elasticity in materials
- Demonstrate brittleness in materials
- Relate these properties to real-life applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate elasticity using rubber bands
- Demonstrate brittleness using chalk
- Discuss observations

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 34-36
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Chalk
- Glass pieces

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Other properties
Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain
Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain strength, hardness and stiffness
- Demonstrate these properties using materials
- Appreciate importance in construction and engineering

- Define tensile stress and strain
- Calculate stress and strain using formulas
- Solve numerical problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate strength, hardness and stiffness
- Compare different materials
- Discuss applications
- Discuss the meaning of tensile stress and strain
- Use mathematical formulae: Stress=F/A, Strain=ΔL/Lo
- Solve numerical problems

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?
Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 36-38
- Various materials
- Nails
- Wooden blocks
- Metal pieces
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests
- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify Hooke's Law through experiments
- Determine the elastic limit
- Calculate spring constant from graphs

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to verify Hooke's Law
- Record data in tables
- Plot and analyze graphs

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Springs
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain modulus of elasticity
- Calculate Young's Modulus using Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to determine modulus of elasticity
- Use the formula Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Masses
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications
Mechanical Properties - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of temperature
- Identify units of temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
- Relate temperature to hotness and coldness

- Describe liquid expansion devices
- Explain how mercury and alcohol thermometers work
- Compare properties of thermometric liquids

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of temperature
- Place hands in warm and cold water to feel temperature differences
- Record observations
- Carry out activities to measure temperature using mercury and alcohol thermometers
- Observe liquid expansion in thermometers
- Compare the two thermometers

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how bimetallic devices work
- Demonstrate bimetallic strip operation
- Relate bimetallic strips to thermostats

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Construct a simple bimetallic strip
- Heat the strip and observe bending
- Discuss applications in thermostats

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how infrared thermometers work
- Use infrared thermometer to measure temperature
- Appreciate non-contact temperature measurement

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Take turns using infrared thermometer to measure forehead temperature
- Compare readings
- Discuss applications

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain linear expansivity
- Compare expansion rates of different metals
- Calculate linear expansivity

- Investigate thermal expansion in liquids
- Demonstrate liquid expansion using flask and tube
- Explain why glass breaks with sudden temperature changes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion of different metals (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Compare expansion using a pointer
- Record observations
- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion in liquids
- Heat colored water in flask with tube
- Observe liquid level changes

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?
Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Heat source
- Pointer
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain anomalous expansion of water
- Investigate water behavior from 0°C to 4°C
- Relate anomalous expansion to ice formation and aquatic life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate anomalous expansion of water
- Plot graph of water level against temperature
- Discuss importance to aquatic life

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe expansion joints in steam pipes
- Explain why expansion gaps are needed
- Appreciate thermal expansion considerations in engineering

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications of thermal expansion
- Discuss expansion joints in pipes
- Present findings

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain expansion gaps in railway lines
- Describe thermal expansion in steel bridges
- Appreciate expansion considerations in construction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss expansion gaps in railway lines
- Explain bridge design with rollers
- Use digital media to view examples

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain slack in overhead wires
- Describe thermostats in electrical devices
- Appreciate thermal expansion in everyday devices

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss thermal expansion in electrical wires
- Explain how thermostats work
- Relate to electrical appliances
- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?
How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors
Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the turning effect of forces about a point
- Investigate how distance affects moment
- Relate to everyday applications like door handles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate turning effect using door and spring balance
- Apply force at different points
- Record force required and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points
Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments
- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Screw
- Table

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving
- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life
Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on moments and equilibrium
- Apply principles to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of torque and stability

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems on moments
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions
- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions
- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

- Explain mechanical advantage as Load/Effort
- Explain velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output
- Discuss the meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Use mathematical relationships
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests
- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how wheel and axle works
- Calculate VR = radius of wheel/radius of axle
- Relate to winches and door knobs

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate wheel and axle using rod and handle
- Apply force at different positions
- Calculate VR and MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Weights
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems
- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Pictures
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions
- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave properties including rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
- Identify examples of wave properties in everyday life
- Relate wave properties to real-life applications such as mirrors, lenses and sound systems

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Brainstorm on what was learnt in Grade 9 about waves
- Use digital devices or reference books to search for the meaning of wave properties
- Copy and complete a table showing wave properties and their applications
- Present findings on properties of waves in a class discussion

How do wave properties affect our daily experiences with light and sound?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain rectilinear propagation of waves
- Demonstrate rectilinear propagation using a ripple tank
- Connect rectilinear propagation to shadow formation and pinhole cameras

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a ripple tank with bar and ball dippers
- Generate straight and circular waves and observe their propagation
- Sketch wave patterns and label direction of travel
- Discuss applications of rectilinear propagation

Why do waves travel in straight lines perpendicular to the wavefront?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Bar and ball dippers
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings
Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffraction as bending of waves around obstacles or through gaps
- Demonstrate diffraction using a ripple tank
- Relate diffraction to hearing sound around corners and Wi-Fi signal distribution

- Derive expressions for fundamental frequency and overtones in vibrating strings
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in vibrating strings
- Connect vibrating strings to stringed musical instruments like guitars and pianos

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Position metal barriers with gaps in the ripple tank
- Observe wave spreading after passing through gaps of different sizes
- Observe diffraction around obstacles and at edges
- Sketch diffraction patterns and discuss applications

- Set up a string attached to a fixed support and pulley with masses
- Pluck the string and observe stationary wave patterns
- Measure distance between nodes and antinodes
- Calculate fundamental frequency and overtones

How does the size of an opening affect the amount of wave diffraction?
How does changing string tension affect the pitch of sound produced?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers with gaps
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Two spherical dippers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Written assignments - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain resonance and its conditions
- Describe how FM radio waves carry sound information
- Connect resonance to tuning musical instruments and FM to radio broadcasting

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a glass tube in water with a tuning fork to demonstrate resonance
- Adjust air column length to find resonance point
- Tune an FM radio receiver to different stations
- Research how FM radio waves carry sound information

How does a radio receiver select and play a specific FM station?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the Doppler effect and its causes
- Describe how frequency changes when source approaches or recedes
- Connect Doppler effect to ambulance sirens, radar speed detection and medical ultrasound

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Watch videos demonstrating Doppler effect with sound waves
- Observe how sound changes as source moves toward or away
- Discuss real-life applications of Doppler effect
- Record observations on frequency and pitch changes

Why does an ambulance siren sound different as it approaches compared to when it moves away?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the nature, charge and mass of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
- Compare penetrating power and ionising effects of the three radiations
- Connect radiation properties to their use in smoke detectors and medical treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study cards showing properties of alpha, beta and gamma emissions
- Discuss nature, charge and mass of each radiation type
- Compare penetrating power and ionising effects
- Summarise properties on manila paper for presentation

Why is alpha radiation most dangerous inside the body but least dangerous outside?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain decay series as a sequence of radioactive decays
- Trace the uranium-238 decay series to lead-206
- Connect decay series to geological dating of rocks and minerals

- Explain how photographic emulsions detect radiation
- Describe how a leaf electroscope detects radiation
- Connect radiation detection to radiation badges worn by hospital workers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe and copy the Uranium-238 decay chart
- Identify radioactive emissions at each stage
- Write nuclear equations for decay steps in the series
- Present findings on decay series to class

- Observe demonstration of photographic plate detection
- Construct a simple electroscope and observe discharge near radioactive material
- Discuss how ionisation affects charge on foil strips
- Compare detection methods and their applications

Why does uranium-238 undergo multiple decays before becoming stable lead-206?
How do photographic plates and electroscopes indicate the presence of radiation?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Periodic table
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation
- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation