Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the turning effect of forces about a point
- Investigate how distance affects moment
- Relate to everyday applications like door handles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate turning effect using door and spring balance
- Apply force at different points
- Record force required and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe torque and couple in turning objects
- Calculate torque using Torque = Force × Distance
- Relate to steering wheels and screwdrivers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate couple using wooden strip and spring balances
- Compare single force with couple
- Discuss applications

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Spring balances
- Screw
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on moments and equilibrium
- Apply principles to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of torque and stability

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems on moments
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy as ability to do work
- Identify different forms of energy
- Relate energy sources to renewable and non-renewable

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss different forms of energy
- Give examples of energy sources
- Classify sources as renewable or non-renewable

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify energy transformations in vehicles
- Explain chemical to mechanical energy conversion
- Appreciate safety measures in vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicle components
- Identify energy transformations
- Discuss safety precautions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mechanical advantage as Load/Effort
- Explain velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Use mathematical relationships
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how wheel and axle works
- Calculate VR = radius of wheel/radius of axle
- Relate to winches and door knobs

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate wheel and axle using rod and handle
- Apply force at different positions
- Calculate VR and MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Weights
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on energy, work, power and machines
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of all topics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave properties including rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
- Identify examples of wave properties in everyday life
- Relate wave properties to real-life applications such as mirrors, lenses and sound systems

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Brainstorm on what was learnt in Grade 9 about waves
- Use digital devices or reference books to search for the meaning of wave properties
- Copy and complete a table showing wave properties and their applications
- Present findings on properties of waves in a class discussion

How do wave properties affect our daily experiences with light and sound?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain rectilinear propagation of waves
- Demonstrate rectilinear propagation using a ripple tank
- Connect rectilinear propagation to shadow formation and pinhole cameras

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a ripple tank with bar and ball dippers
- Generate straight and circular waves and observe their propagation
- Sketch wave patterns and label direction of travel
- Discuss applications of rectilinear propagation

Why do waves travel in straight lines perpendicular to the wavefront?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Bar and ball dippers
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain refraction as bending of waves due to change in speed
- Demonstrate refraction of waves in a ripple tank
- Connect refraction to how lenses work in eyeglasses, cameras and microscopes

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Place rectangular plastic sheets to create shallow water regions
- Observe how wave speed and direction change at boundaries
- Sketch wave patterns showing refraction
- Discuss why sound travels farther at night than during the day

Why do waves bend when they move from one medium to another?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Ripple tank
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Metal barriers with gaps

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain constructive and destructive interference
- Demonstrate interference patterns using two spherical dippers
- Connect interference to noise-cancelling headphones and hologram technology

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Attach two spherical dippers to the vibrator
- Observe alternating bright and dark bands formed
- Sketch wave patterns labelling regions of constructive and destructive interference
- Discuss applications of interference in everyday life

What causes some regions to have louder sound while others are quieter when two speakers play the same tone?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Ripple tank
- Two spherical dippers
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive expressions for fundamental frequency and overtones in vibrating strings
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in vibrating strings
- Connect vibrating strings to stringed musical instruments like guitars and pianos

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a string attached to a fixed support and pulley with masses
- Pluck the string and observe stationary wave patterns
- Measure distance between nodes and antinodes
- Calculate fundamental frequency and overtones

How does changing string tension affect the pitch of sound produced?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler

- Written assignments - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive expressions for frequencies in closed and open pipes
- Differentiate between harmonics produced in closed and open pipes
- Connect vibrating air columns to wind instruments like flutes and clarinets

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Blow air across closed and open pipes and listen to sounds produced
- Compare pitch differences between closed and open pipes
- Discuss why closed pipes produce only odd harmonics
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in pipes

Why do closed pipes produce only odd harmonics while open pipes produce all harmonics?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe
- Ruler

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain resonance and its conditions
- Describe how FM radio waves carry sound information
- Connect resonance to tuning musical instruments and FM to radio broadcasting

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a glass tube in water with a tuning fork to demonstrate resonance
- Adjust air column length to find resonance point
- Tune an FM radio receiver to different stations
- Research how FM radio waves carry sound information

How does a radio receiver select and play a specific FM station?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the Doppler effect and its causes
- Describe how frequency changes when source approaches or recedes
- Connect Doppler effect to ambulance sirens, radar speed detection and medical ultrasound

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Watch videos demonstrating Doppler effect with sound waves
- Observe how sound changes as source moves toward or away
- Discuss real-life applications of Doppler effect
- Record observations on frequency and pitch changes

Why does an ambulance siren sound different as it approaches compared to when it moves away?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the nature, charge and mass of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
- Compare penetrating power and ionising effects of the three radiations
- Connect radiation properties to their use in smoke detectors and medical treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study cards showing properties of alpha, beta and gamma emissions
- Discuss nature, charge and mass of each radiation type
- Compare penetrating power and ionising effects
- Summarise properties on manila paper for presentation

Why is alpha radiation most dangerous inside the body but least dangerous outside?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha, beta and gamma decay
- Balance mass numbers and atomic numbers in nuclear equations
- Connect nuclear decay to energy production in nuclear power plants

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Learn the three main types of radioactive decay
- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay (e.g., Uranium-238 to Thorium-234)
- Write nuclear equations for beta decay
- Practise balancing nuclear equations

How do unstable nuclei transform to achieve stability through radioactive decay?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List effects of radiation exposure on human health
- Describe safety precautions when handling radioactive materials
- Connect radiation safety to protection measures in hospitals and nuclear facilities

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research safety precautions for handling radioactive substances
- Discuss personal protective equipment needed
- Discuss proper methods for storing and disposing radioactive waste
- Create safety poster for class presentation

What safety measures must be followed to minimise radiation exposure?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the working principle of a Geiger-Muller counter
- Explain how cloud chambers make radiation tracks visible
- Connect radiation detectors to nuclear safety monitoring and scientific research

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research how Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber work
- Identify characteristics of tracks from alpha, beta and gamma radiations
- Discuss advantages and limitations of each detection method
- Present findings on detection methods

How does a Geiger-Muller counter convert radiation into measurable signals?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material
Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the structure of an atom and origin of electric charges
- Describe how materials become positively or negatively charged
- Connect static electricity to everyday experiences like getting shocked after walking on carpet

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the origin of charges on materials (atom, nucleus, protons, neutrons, electrons)
- Perform experiments rubbing balloons on woollen cloth
- Observe attraction and repulsion of charged objects
- Discuss SI unit of charge and law of electrostatics

How do objects become electrically charged through the transfer of electrons?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Oral questions - Observation - Practical assessment

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics
Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of electrostatics
- Demonstrate attraction and repulsion between charged objects
- Connect electrostatic forces to how dust clings to TV screens and plastic surfaces

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Suspend a charged plastic ruler and bring another charged ruler close
- Observe attraction and repulsion between similarly and oppositely charged objects
- Rub glass rod with silk and observe interaction with charged ruler
- Discuss the law of electrostatic charges

What determines whether two charged objects will attract or repel each other?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain charging by induction and separation methods
- Demonstrate charging without direct contact
- Connect charging by induction to electrostatic spray painting in industries

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Bring charged polythene rod near insulated metal ball without touching
- Earth the metal ball while charged rod is near, then remove earthing
- Demonstrate charging by separation using two touching metal balls
- Sketch charge distribution during induction process

Why does the charge acquired by induction have opposite sign to the charging rod?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope
Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and state functions of parts of a gold leaf electroscope
- Construct a simple electroscope using locally available materials
- Connect electroscope operation to radiation monitoring badges used by hospital workers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe an electroscope and identify its main parts
- Research functions of metallic cap, metal rod, gold leaf and glass casing
- Construct a simple electroscope using paper clip, aluminium foil and plastic container
- Test the constructed electroscope with charged objects

How does each part of an electroscope contribute to detecting electric charges?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe uses of an electroscope in testing for charges
- Use an electroscope to test presence, type and quantity of charge
- Connect electroscope uses to quality control testing in manufacturing industries

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use electroscope to test for presence of charge on objects
- Determine type of charge by observing leaf behaviour with known charges
- Compare quantity of charge by degree of leaf divergence
- Test conductivity of different materials using electroscope

How can an electroscope be used to determine both the presence and type of charge?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation