Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity
- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the turning effect of forces about a point
- Investigate how distance affects moment
- Relate to everyday applications like door handles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate turning effect using door and spring balance
- Apply force at different points
- Record force required and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points
Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

- Describe torque and couple in turning objects
- Calculate torque using Torque = Force × Distance
- Relate to steering wheels and screwdrivers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments
- Carry out activities to demonstrate couple using wooden strip and spring balances
- Compare single force with couple
- Discuss applications

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Spring balances
- Screw
- Table

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Pictures of tools
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Review
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on moments and equilibrium
- Apply principles to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of torque and stability

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems on moments
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts
- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?
How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment
- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy as ability to do work
- Identify different forms of energy
- Relate energy sources to renewable and non-renewable

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss different forms of energy
- Give examples of energy sources
- Classify sources as renewable or non-renewable

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify energy transformations in vehicles
- Explain chemical to mechanical energy conversion
- Appreciate safety measures in vehicles

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicle components
- Identify energy transformations
- Discuss safety precautions
- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports
- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mechanical advantage as Load/Effort
- Explain velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Use mathematical relationships
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how wheel and axle works
- Calculate VR = radius of wheel/radius of axle
- Relate to winches and door knobs

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate wheel and axle using rod and handle
- Apply force at different positions
- Calculate VR and MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Weights
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems
- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Charts

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review
Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on energy, work, power and machines
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of all topics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Writing materials

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the parts of a ripple tank and state their functions
- Set up a ripple tank for wave demonstration
- Connect wave patterns observed in a ripple tank to natural phenomena like water waves at the beach

- State the law of reflection
- Demonstrate reflection of waves using different shaped barriers
- Relate wave reflection to everyday applications like mirrors, periscopes and acoustic design

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe a ripple tank and its components
- Label key parts of the ripple tank
- Copy and complete a table showing parts and functions of a ripple tank
- Fill the tank with water and test wave generation

- Generate plane waves and observe reflection off straight barriers
- Measure and compare angles of incidence and reflection
- Observe reflection patterns using concave and convex barriers
- Sketch wave patterns before and after reflection

What role does each part of a ripple tank play in demonstrating wave behaviour?
How does the shape of a barrier affect the reflection pattern of waves?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Metal barriers with gaps

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain constructive and destructive interference
- Demonstrate interference patterns using two spherical dippers
- Connect interference to noise-cancelling headphones and hologram technology

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Attach two spherical dippers to the vibrator
- Observe alternating bright and dark bands formed
- Sketch wave patterns labelling regions of constructive and destructive interference
- Discuss applications of interference in everyday life

What causes some regions to have louder sound while others are quieter when two speakers play the same tone?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Ripple tank
- Two spherical dippers
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings
Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive expressions for fundamental frequency and overtones in vibrating strings
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in vibrating strings
- Connect vibrating strings to stringed musical instruments like guitars and pianos

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a string attached to a fixed support and pulley with masses
- Pluck the string and observe stationary wave patterns
- Measure distance between nodes and antinodes
- Calculate fundamental frequency and overtones

How does changing string tension affect the pitch of sound produced?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe

- Written assignments - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain resonance and its conditions
- Describe how FM radio waves carry sound information
- Connect resonance to tuning musical instruments and FM to radio broadcasting

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a glass tube in water with a tuning fork to demonstrate resonance
- Adjust air column length to find resonance point
- Tune an FM radio receiver to different stations
- Research how FM radio waves carry sound information

How does a radio receiver select and play a specific FM station?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the Doppler effect and its causes
- Describe how frequency changes when source approaches or recedes
- Connect Doppler effect to ambulance sirens, radar speed detection and medical ultrasound

- Define terms used in radioactivity including atom, nuclide, half-life and radioisotope
- Explain factors that determine nuclear stability
- Connect radioactivity concepts to medical imaging and carbon dating

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Watch videos demonstrating Doppler effect with sound waves
- Observe how sound changes as source moves toward or away
- Discuss real-life applications of Doppler effect
- Record observations on frequency and pitch changes

- Use digital devices or reference books to find meanings of radioactivity terms
- Discuss atomic number, mass number and isotopes
- Explain nuclear stability and background radiation
- Share findings on terminology in class discussion

Why does an ambulance siren sound different as it approaches compared to when it moves away?
What makes some atomic nuclei stable while others are unstable?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha, beta and gamma decay
- Balance mass numbers and atomic numbers in nuclear equations
- Connect nuclear decay to energy production in nuclear power plants

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Learn the three main types of radioactive decay
- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay (e.g., Uranium-238 to Thorium-234)
- Write nuclear equations for beta decay
- Practise balancing nuclear equations

How do unstable nuclei transform to achieve stability through radioactive decay?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List effects of radiation exposure on human health
- Describe safety precautions when handling radioactive materials
- Connect radiation safety to protection measures in hospitals and nuclear facilities

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research safety precautions for handling radioactive substances
- Discuss personal protective equipment needed
- Discuss proper methods for storing and disposing radioactive waste
- Create safety poster for class presentation

What safety measures must be followed to minimise radiation exposure?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Manila paper

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define half-life and use the decay formula to calculate remaining nuclides
- Plot and interpret decay curves
- Connect half-life to carbon dating of archaeological artefacts

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Demonstrate half-life using water draining from a burette
- Record time taken for different volumes to drain
- Plot decay curve and determine half-life from graph
- Calculate remaining mass after multiple half-lives

How can half-life be used to determine the age of ancient objects?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Oral questions

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material
Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges
Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics
Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

- State the law of electrostatics
- Demonstrate attraction and repulsion between charged objects
- Connect electrostatic forces to how dust clings to TV screens and plastic surfaces

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

- Suspend a charged plastic ruler and bring another charged ruler close
- Observe attraction and repulsion between similarly and oppositely charged objects
- Rub glass rod with silk and observe interaction with charged ruler
- Discuss the law of electrostatic charges

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?
What determines whether two charged objects will attract or repel each other?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation
- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain charging by induction and separation methods
- Demonstrate charging without direct contact
- Connect charging by induction to electrostatic spray painting in industries

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Bring charged polythene rod near insulated metal ball without touching
- Earth the metal ball while charged rod is near, then remove earthing
- Demonstrate charging by separation using two touching metal balls
- Sketch charge distribution during induction process

Why does the charge acquired by induction have opposite sign to the charging rod?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction
Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how to charge an electroscope by contact and induction
- Demonstrate charging and discharging an electroscope
- Connect electroscope charging to understanding how photocopiers transfer toner to paper

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Touch charged polythene rod to metallic cap and observe leaf divergence
- Discharge electroscope by touching cap and observe leaf collapse
- Charge electroscope by induction using charged rod and earthing
- Compare charges acquired by contact and induction methods

Why does the electroscope leaf diverge when the cap is touched by a charged object?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation