Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures

- Explain linear expansivity
- Compare expansion rates of different metals
- Calculate linear expansivity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations
- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion of different metals (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Compare expansion using a pointer
- Record observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Heat source
- Pointer
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests
- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how bimetallic strips work
- Explain applications in thermostats and fire alarms
- Appreciate use in electrical devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Demonstrate bending of bimetallic strips when heated
- Discuss applications in thermostats
- Explain use in electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Heat source
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in liquids
- Demonstrate liquid expansion using flask and tube
- Explain why glass breaks with sudden temperature changes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion in liquids
- Heat colored water in flask with tube
- Observe liquid level changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain anomalous expansion of water
- Investigate water behavior from 0°C to 4°C
- Relate anomalous expansion to ice formation and aquatic life

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate anomalous expansion of water
- Plot graph of water level against temperature
- Discuss importance to aquatic life

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in gases
- Demonstrate gas expansion using balloon and bottle
- Relate gas expansion to hot air balloons

- Describe expansion joints in steam pipes
- Explain why expansion gaps are needed
- Appreciate thermal expansion considerations in engineering

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion in gases
- Attach balloon to bottle and place in hot/cold water
- Observe balloon size changes
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications of thermal expansion
- Discuss expansion joints in pipes
- Present findings

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?
Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water
- Ice
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain expansion gaps in railway lines
- Describe thermal expansion in steel bridges
- Appreciate expansion considerations in construction

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss expansion gaps in railway lines
- Explain bridge design with rollers
- Use digital media to view examples

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain slack in overhead wires
- Describe thermostats in electrical devices
- Appreciate thermal expansion in everyday devices

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss thermal expansion in electrical wires
- Explain how thermostats work
- Relate to electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing
- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the turning effect of forces about a point
- Investigate how distance affects moment
- Relate to everyday applications like door handles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate turning effect using door and spring balance
- Apply force at different points
- Record force required and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments
- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving
- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe torque and couple in turning objects
- Calculate torque using Torque = Force × Distance
- Relate to steering wheels and screwdrivers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate couple using wooden strip and spring balances
- Compare single force with couple
- Discuss applications

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Spring balances
- Screw
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load
Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

- Solve problems on moments and equilibrium
- Apply principles to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of torque and stability

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability
- Solve numerical problems on moments
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports
- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

- Explain energy as ability to do work
- Identify different forms of energy
- Relate energy sources to renewable and non-renewable

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios
- Discuss different forms of energy
- Give examples of energy sources
- Classify sources as renewable or non-renewable

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests
- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify energy transformations in vehicles
- Explain chemical to mechanical energy conversion
- Appreciate safety measures in vehicles

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicle components
- Identify energy transformations
- Discuss safety precautions
- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports
- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mechanical advantage as Load/Effort
- Explain velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Use mathematical relationships
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how wheel and axle works
- Calculate VR = radius of wheel/radius of axle
- Relate to winches and door knobs

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate wheel and axle using rod and handle
- Apply force at different positions
- Calculate VR and MA
- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Weights
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests
- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review
Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

- Solve problems on energy, work, power and machines
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of all topics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment
- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment
- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the parts of a ripple tank and state their functions
- Set up a ripple tank for wave demonstration
- Connect wave patterns observed in a ripple tank to natural phenomena like water waves at the beach

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe a ripple tank and its components
- Label key parts of the ripple tank
- Copy and complete a table showing parts and functions of a ripple tank
- Fill the tank with water and test wave generation

What role does each part of a ripple tank play in demonstrating wave behaviour?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of reflection
- Demonstrate reflection of waves using different shaped barriers
- Relate wave reflection to everyday applications like mirrors, periscopes and acoustic design

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Generate plane waves and observe reflection off straight barriers
- Measure and compare angles of incidence and reflection
- Observe reflection patterns using concave and convex barriers
- Sketch wave patterns before and after reflection

How does the shape of a barrier affect the reflection pattern of waves?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffraction as bending of waves around obstacles or through gaps
- Demonstrate diffraction using a ripple tank
- Relate diffraction to hearing sound around corners and Wi-Fi signal distribution

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Position metal barriers with gaps in the ripple tank
- Observe wave spreading after passing through gaps of different sizes
- Observe diffraction around obstacles and at edges
- Sketch diffraction patterns and discuss applications

How does the size of an opening affect the amount of wave diffraction?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers with gaps
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Two spherical dippers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings
Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how stationary waves are formed from two progressive waves
- Identify nodes and antinodes in stationary waves
- Connect stationary waves to musical instruments like guitars and violins

- Derive expressions for frequencies in closed and open pipes
- Differentiate between harmonics produced in closed and open pipes
- Connect vibrating air columns to wind instruments like flutes and clarinets

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Stretch a rubber band and pluck to observe stationary wave patterns
- Identify regions of highest amplitude (antinodes) and zero amplitude (nodes)
- Vary tension and observe changes in wave pattern
- Discuss properties of stationary waves

- Blow air across closed and open pipes and listen to sounds produced
- Compare pitch differences between closed and open pipes
- Discuss why closed pipes produce only odd harmonics
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in pipes

How do nodes and antinodes form in a stationary wave?
Why do closed pipes produce only odd harmonics while open pipes produce all harmonics?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain resonance and its conditions
- Describe how FM radio waves carry sound information
- Connect resonance to tuning musical instruments and FM to radio broadcasting

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Set up a glass tube in water with a tuning fork to demonstrate resonance
- Adjust air column length to find resonance point
- Tune an FM radio receiver to different stations
- Research how FM radio waves carry sound information

How does a radio receiver select and play a specific FM station?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the Doppler effect and its causes
- Describe how frequency changes when source approaches or recedes
- Connect Doppler effect to ambulance sirens, radar speed detection and medical ultrasound

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Watch videos demonstrating Doppler effect with sound waves
- Observe how sound changes as source moves toward or away
- Discuss real-life applications of Doppler effect
- Record observations on frequency and pitch changes

Why does an ambulance siren sound different as it approaches compared to when it moves away?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms used in radioactivity including atom, nuclide, half-life and radioisotope
- Explain factors that determine nuclear stability
- Connect radioactivity concepts to medical imaging and carbon dating

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Use digital devices or reference books to find meanings of radioactivity terms
- Discuss atomic number, mass number and isotopes
- Explain nuclear stability and background radiation
- Share findings on terminology in class discussion

What makes some atomic nuclei stable while others are unstable?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how alpha, beta and gamma radiations behave in electric and magnetic fields
- Draw diagrams showing deflection of radiations in fields
- Connect radiation deflection to particle accelerators and mass spectrometers

- Explain decay series as a sequence of radioactive decays
- Trace the uranium-238 decay series to lead-206
- Connect decay series to geological dating of rocks and minerals

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Draw bar charts comparing penetrating power and ionising effects
- Draw diagrams showing deflection in electric and magnetic fields
- Discuss why gamma rays are not deflected
- Present charts to class for peer learning

- Observe and copy the Uranium-238 decay chart
- Identify radioactive emissions at each stage
- Write nuclear equations for decay steps in the series
- Present findings on decay series to class

Why are alpha and beta particles deflected in opposite directions in electric and magnetic fields?
Why does uranium-238 undergo multiple decays before becoming stable lead-206?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Periodic table
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how photographic emulsions detect radiation
- Describe how a leaf electroscope detects radiation
- Connect radiation detection to radiation badges worn by hospital workers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe demonstration of photographic plate detection
- Construct a simple electroscope and observe discharge near radioactive material
- Discuss how ionisation affects charge on foil strips
- Compare detection methods and their applications

How do photographic plates and electroscopes indicate the presence of radiation?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define half-life and use the decay formula to calculate remaining nuclides
- Plot and interpret decay curves
- Connect half-life to carbon dating of archaeological artefacts

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Demonstrate half-life using water draining from a burette
- Record time taken for different volumes to drain
- Plot decay curve and determine half-life from graph
- Calculate remaining mass after multiple half-lives

How can half-life be used to determine the age of ancient objects?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Oral questions

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges
Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics
Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods
Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define an electric field and describe its properties
- Draw electric field patterns for isolated and interacting charges
- Connect electric fields to how lightning rods protect buildings

- Explain charging by friction and contact methods
- Demonstrate charging of objects using friction and contact
- Connect charging by friction to static shocks from car doors and door handles

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Discuss the meaning of electric field and its properties
- Draw field patterns for isolated positive and negative charges
- Draw field patterns between like and unlike charges
- Draw field patterns between charged plates

- Rub plastic pen with dry cloth and bring near paper pieces
- Sketch distribution of charges on rubbed materials
- Touch charged glass rod to polystyrene ball and observe charge transfer
- Discuss electron transfer in charging by contact

Why do electric field lines never cross each other?
How does rubbing two materials together cause them to become charged?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation
- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how charges distribute on conductors of different shapes
- Draw charge distribution on spherical, wedge-shaped and pear-shaped conductors
- Connect charge concentration at points to lightning conductors and Van de Graaff generators

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research charge distribution on different shaped conductors
- Draw diagrams showing charge distribution on spherical, wedge-shaped, pear-shaped and sharp conductors
- Discuss why charges concentrate at pointed ends
- Present findings on charge distribution to class

Why do charges concentrate at the pointed ends of conductors?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction
Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how to charge an electroscope by contact and induction
- Demonstrate charging and discharging an electroscope
- Connect electroscope charging to understanding how photocopiers transfer toner to paper

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Touch charged polythene rod to metallic cap and observe leaf divergence
- Discharge electroscope by touching cap and observe leaf collapse
- Charge electroscope by induction using charged rod and earthing
- Compare charges acquired by contact and induction methods

Why does the electroscope leaf diverge when the cap is touched by a charged object?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation