Scientific Investigation

Introduction to Integrated Science - What is Integrated Science?
Introduction to Integrated Science - Components of Integrated Science
Introduction to Integrated Science - Importance of science in daily life
Introduction to Integrated Science - Science in health, agriculture and industry
Introduction to Integrated Science - Science in food, textile, transport and careers
Introduction to Integrated Science - STEM pathway and career tracks at Senior School
Introduction to Integrated Science - Career opportunities related to science

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define Integrated Science as a combined study of Biology, Chemistry and Physics
- Distinguish the three components of Integrated Science using examples
- Show interest in Integrated Science as a field of study

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study a table showing how different fields of science relate to one topic and discuss the meaning of Integrated Science
- Use digital or print media to search for meanings of Biology, Chemistry and Physics
- Write short notes on the components and share for peer review

What makes Integrated Science different from studying Biology, Chemistry or Physics separately?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 2
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 3
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 5
- Household items for reference
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 7
- Personal journals
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 9
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 11
- Career pathway charts
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 12
- Manila paper, scissors, glue

- Oral questions - Observation - Peer assessment

Scientific Investigation

Laboratory Safety - Common laboratory hazards and their symbols
Laboratory Safety - Meanings and examples of hazard symbols
Laboratory Safety - Common accidents and their causes
Laboratory Safety - Preventing common laboratory accidents
Laboratory Safety - First Aid kit items and their uses
Laboratory Safety - First Aid procedures for burns, scalds and cuts
Laboratory Safety - First Aid for ingestion of harmful substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify common laboratory hazards — fire, corrosive chemicals, toxic fumes, radioactive substances and flammable materials
- Recognise and draw the symbols used to represent each hazard
- Show awareness of the importance of recognising hazard symbols before handling chemicals

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit the school laboratory wearing protective clothing and identify hazard symbols on chemical containers
- Draw at least five hazard symbols and write their meanings in exercise books
- Use a web link to search for additional information on laboratory hazard symbols and share findings

Why is it essential to recognise hazard symbols before you touch any chemical in the laboratory?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 17
- Hazard symbol charts
- Digital resources
- Protective clothing
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 18
- Household chemical containers
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 21
- Reference books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 22
- Safety rule charts
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 24
- First Aid kit
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 25
- First Aid kit materials
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 27

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Scientific Investigation

Laboratory Safety - Safety measures in the laboratory and school environment
Laboratory Safety - Importance of laboratory safety measures
Laboratory Safety - End of sub-strand assessment
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Meaning of basic science skills
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Applying basic skills in a practical activity
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Apparatus for measuring volume
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Practising use and care of volume-measuring apparatus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List safety measures observed in the laboratory and general school environment
- Explain the importance of each safety measure in preventing accidents
- Practise safety measures consistently in school and laboratory settings

- Study pictures of learners in a laboratory and identify safe and unsafe practices shown
- Write a reply letter to a learner joining the laboratory for the first time advising on safety
- Take a school environment walk and observe safety measures in classrooms, kitchen, library and school bus

Why does observing safety in the laboratory also matter in the wider school environment?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 30
- Safety posters
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 33
- Safety rule charts
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 35
- Learner exercise books
- First Aid kit
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 37
- Reference books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 39
- Filter paper, beaker, measuring cylinder, sand, water, electronic balance, funnel
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 42
- Burette, pipette, measuring cylinder, volumetric flask, graduated beaker
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 44
- Measuring cylinder, graduated beaker, burette, pipette, volumetric flask, distilled water, drying rack

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Scientific Investigation

Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Apparatus for measuring mass and weight
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Apparatus for measuring temperature and length
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Heating apparatus and parts of a Bunsen burner
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Practising use and care of the Bunsen burner
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - The light microscope and its care
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Other laboratory apparatus and their uses
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Introduction to SI units and basic quantities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify apparatus for measuring mass and weight — electronic balance, top pan balance, beam balance and spring balance
- State the use and the difference between measuring mass and measuring weight
- Show care when handling sensitive balance instruments

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify apparatus for measuring mass and weight from pictures and a laboratory visit
- Draw and name the apparatus used to measure mass and weight and write the use of each
- Practise using a spring balance by hanging a stone on a string and reading the weight

What is the difference between mass and weight, and which apparatus measures each correctly?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 50
- Electronic balance, spring balance, beam balance
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 53
- Thermometer, metre rule, tape measure, tripod stand, wire gauze, heat source
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 60
- Bunsen burner diagram chart
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 61
- Bunsen burner, tripod stand, wire gauze, beaker, tongs, matchsticks, distilled water
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 67
- Light microscope or model, labelled diagram chart
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 73
- Laboratory apparatus charts
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 75
- Electronic balance, stopwatch

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Scientific Investigation
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Measuring basic quantities using SI units
Laboratory Apparatus and Instruments - Derived quantities and consumer protection
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Introduction to acids and bases
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Classifying solutions using litmus paper
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Classifying household solutions as acidic or basic
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Preparing and using a plant extract indicator
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Physical properties of acids and bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure length of regular and curved surfaces using a metre rule and record in metres
- Measure temperature of ice cubes, lukewarm water and hot water using a thermometer and convert to kelvin
- Measure electric current in a simple circuit using an ammeter and record in amperes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Measure and record the length, width and height of a wooden block, carton box and textbook in metres
- Measure temperature of ice cubes, lukewarm water and hot water and convert readings to kelvin using K = °C + 273
- Connect a simple circuit with a dry cell, bulb, switch and ammeter and read and record current in amperes

How do you convert a temperature reading in degree Celsius to the correct SI unit of kelvin?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 79
- Metre rule, thermometer, ammeter, connecting wires, dry cell, bulb, switch
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 92
- Product packaging labels, metre rule, stopwatch
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 118
- Reference books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 119
- Lemon juice, measuring cylinder, ginger extract, fermented milk, baking powder solution, labels, test tube rack, test tubes, blue litmus papers, red litmus papers
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 120
- Orange juice, vinegar, soap solution, wood ash solution, toothpaste solution, antacid solution, fermented milk, distilled water, bleach, common salt solution, sugar solution, test tubes, droppers, test tube rack, measuring cylinder, red and blue litmus papers
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 121
- Hibiscus flowers, scalpel, mortar, pestle, propanone, filter funnel, beakers, test tubes, droppers, test tube rack, measuring cylinder, household solutions
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 123
- Fermented milk, lemon juice, ginger extract, clean spoons, digital resources

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Acids, Bases and Indicators - Investigating physical properties using litmus and corrosiveness
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Electrical conductivity of acids and bases
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Introduction to applications of acids, bases and indicators
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Discussing applications of acids and bases
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Investigating use of indicators in real life
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Indicator practical results and conclusions
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Summarising uses of acids, bases and indicators
Acids, Bases and Indicators - Uses of acids, bases and indicators flash cards

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of dilute sulphuric acid and dilute sodium hydroxide on red and blue litmus papers
- Record observations on the colour changes produced by acids and bases in litmus papers
- Appreciate the importance of handling corrosive acids and bases with protective clothing and care

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Measure 2 cm³ of dilute sulphuric acid into a test tube, dip red and blue litmus papers and record colour changes in Table 2.12
- Repeat using dilute sodium hydroxide solution and record colour changes
- Discuss and summarise the physical properties of acids and bases from all practical observations

How do the colour changes in litmus paper confirm the physical properties of an acid or a base?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 124
- Red and blue litmus papers, droppers, dilute sulphuric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide, test tubes, test tube rack, measuring cylinder, protective clothing
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 125
- Measuring cylinder, glass beaker, rubber cork, connecting wire, dry cell, switch, graphite rods, dilute sulphuric acid, dilute sodium hydroxide, distilled water
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 126
- Reference books
- Pictures of acids, bases and indicator products
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 127
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 128
- Four soil samples, electronic balance, conical flasks, droppers, filter funnel, filter paper, measuring cylinder, beaker, red and blue litmus papers
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 129
- Learner exercise books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 130
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 131
- Flash card materials — cardboard, markers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment
Living Things and the Environment

Acids, Bases and Indicators - End of sub-strand assessment
Human Reproductive System - Parts of the male reproductive system
Human Reproductive System - Parts of the female reproductive system
Human Reproductive System - Functions of the male reproductive system
Human Reproductive System - Functions of the female reproductive system
Human Reproductive System - Adolescence: meaning and onset
Human Reproductive System - Physical changes in boys during adolescence
Human Reproductive System - Physical changes in girls during adolescence
Human Reproductive System - Physical challenges during adolescence
Human Reproductive System - Social and emotional challenges during adolescence
Human Reproductive System - Managing developmental challenges

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate understanding of acids, bases and indicators across all topics — identification, preparation, physical properties, applications and uses
- Apply knowledge to classify solutions, describe properties and explain real-life uses in assessment questions
- Show confidence and accuracy when responding to written and oral assessment tasks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Group given solutions as acidic or basic using Assessment Activity 2.2 questions
- Answer questions on physical properties, litmus paper colour changes and applications of acids, bases and indicators
- Complete the self-assessment table for sub-strand 2.2 and identify areas for further review

How well can you identify, describe and explain the uses of acids, bases and indicators after completing this sub-strand?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 132
- Learner exercise books
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 135
- Charts showing male reproductive system
- Exercise books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 136
- Charts showing female reproductive system
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 137
- Charts
- Reference books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 138
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 141
- Internet access
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 142
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 143
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 144
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 145
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 146

- Written test - Oral questions - Self-assessment

Living Things and the Environment

Human Reproductive System - Developing a plan to manage challenges
Human Reproductive System - Social and reproductive implications of adolescence
Human Reproductive System - Review and assessment
Human Excretory System - Introduction to excretion
Human Excretory System - Parts of the human skin I
Human Excretory System - Functions of parts of the human skin II
Human Excretory System - Waste products from the skin and lungs
Human Excretory System - Parts of the urinary system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Develop a personal plan to manage developmental challenges during adolescence
- Include both physical and emotional management strategies
- Show responsibility in taking care of one's own health and wellbeing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collaboratively create a plan to manage developmental challenges
- Include practical daily activities such as hygiene, exercise, and seeking support
- Present and peer-review plans with classmates

What would a practical personal plan for managing adolescence look like?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 147
- Plan template
- Exercise books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 149
- Reference books
- Internet access
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 150
- Assessment papers
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 153
- Charts showing excretory organs
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 154
- Charts showing skin cross-section
- Hand lens
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 155
- Function table
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 156
- Lime water, boiling tube, straw
- Charts
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 158
- Charts showing urinary system

- Checklist - Observation

Living Things and the Environment

Human Excretory System - Functions of parts of the urinary system
Human Excretory System - External features of the kidney
Human Excretory System - Modelling the urinary system
Human Excretory System - Causes of kidney disorders
Human Excretory System - Prevention of kidney disorders
Human Excretory System - Daily log for skin and kidney health I
Human Excretory System - Daily log for skin and kidney health II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the function of each part of the urinary system
- Explain how the kidneys filter blood to produce urine
- Appreciate the importance of the urinary system in maintaining health

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Complete a table matching parts of the urinary system to their functions
- Discuss how each part contributes to the production and removal of urine
- Use the course book to verify functions

What does each part of the urinary system do?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 159
- Function table
- Reference books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 160
- Kidney charts or models
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 161
- Carton, scissors, glue, colours
- Pencil
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 163
- Internet access
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 164
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 166
- Health log template
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 167
- Exercise books

- Written assignments - Oral questions

Living Things and the Environment
Force and Energy
Force and Energy
Force and Energy
Force and Energy
Force and Energy
Force and Energy
Force and Energy
Force and Energy
Force and Energy

Human Excretory System - Healthy lifestyle for skin and kidney health
Human Excretory System - Review and assessment
Electrical Energy - Sources of electricity in the environment
Electrical Energy - Sources of electricity: generated and alternative sources
Electrical Energy - Renewable and non-renewable electricity sources
Electrical Energy - Components of a simple electrical circuit
Electrical Energy - Setting up a series circuit
Electrical Energy - Setting up a parallel circuit
Electrical Energy - Comparing series and parallel circuits
Electrical Energy - Identifying common electrical appliances
Electrical Energy - Uses and energy conversion of electrical appliances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain why a healthy lifestyle is essential for maintaining skin and kidney health
- Describe the consequences of neglecting skin and kidney health
- Appreciate the importance of a healthy lifestyle in overall wellbeing

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss the consequences of poor lifestyle choices on skin and kidneys
- Search print or digital media for information on promoting skin and kidney health
- Invite a resource person (health worker) to talk about healthy lifestyles

Why is a healthy lifestyle important for the skin and kidneys?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 169
- Reference books
- Internet access
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 170
- Assessment papers
- Exercise books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 172
- Pictures of electricity sources (charts)
- Internet access / digital media
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 173
- Diagrams of biomass and nuclear electricity production
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 174
- Classification chart
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 175
- Dry cells, connecting wires, bulb and bulb holder, switch
- Circuit diagram charts
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 176
- Two dry cells, two bulbs, two bulb holders, switch, connecting wires
- Safety guidelines
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 177
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 178
- Completed circuit diagrams
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 181
- Pictures of electrical appliances (charts)
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 182
- Appliances table

- Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Safety measures when using electrical appliances
Electrical Energy - Applying safety measures in practical scenarios
Electrical Energy - Uses of electricity in day-to-day life
Electrical Energy - Summarising uses of electrical appliances
Electrical Energy - Review and assessment
Magnetism - Introduction to magnets and types
Magnetism - Attractive property of a magnet
Magnetism - Repulsive property of a magnet

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify safety measures to observe when handling electrical appliances
- Explain the danger posed by ignoring electrical safety rules
- Show responsibility when handling electrical appliances at home and at school

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing safe and unsafe use of electrical appliances and identify which pictures show safe practices
- Read aloud a poster listing safety measures (do not insert metallic objects into sockets, switch off sockets when not in use, switch off before plugging in, call professionals for repairs)
- Write short notes on safety measures and discuss with classmates

What safety measures should be observed when using electrical appliances?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 184
- Safety posters
- Pictures of safe/unsafe practices
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 185
- Scenario cards
- Reference books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 187
- Pictures showing uses of electricity
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 188
- Table of uses
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 189
- Assessment papers
- Self-assessment table
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 192
- Bar magnet, horseshoe magnet, ring magnet
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 193
- Magnet (any type), paper, small nails
- Exercise books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 194
- Two bar magnets, string, wooden stand

- Oral questions - Checklist

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Polarity and magnetic strength
Magnetism - Directional property of a magnet
Magnetism - Basic law of magnetism
Magnetism - Classifying materials as magnetic or non-magnetic
Magnetism - Properties and socio-economic value of magnetic materials
Magnetism - Uses of magnets in day-to-day life
Magnetism - Uses of magnets: devices and personal applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate polarity and magnetic strength as properties of a magnet using iron filings
- Explain why iron filings cluster more strongly at the poles
- Show precision when conducting and recording a practical activity

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Place a bar magnet on a working table and cover it with plain paper
- Slowly sprinkle iron filings on the paper and observe that filings cluster at the ends (poles)
- Discuss polarity (the two poles: north and south) and explain why magnetic strength is greatest at the poles

Where is the magnetic strength of a magnet greatest and why?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 195
- Bar magnet, plain paper, iron filings
- Working table
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 196
- Bar magnet, thick string, wooden stand, compass
- Exercise books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 197
- Two bar magnets, thick string, wooden stand
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 198
- Bar magnet, wooden stand, assorted materials (nail, aluminium foil, needle, copper wire, leaf, wooden stick, paper, plastic ruler, staple pin, razor blade, glass rod, fork, rubber)
- Results table
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 199
- Reference books
- Internet access
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 200
- Pictures of magnetic applications
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 201
- Flash cards

- Practical work - Observation - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Applications of magnets in industry and technology
Magnetism - Applications of magnets in transport and communication
Magnetism - Review and consolidation of magnetism
Magnetism - Assessment and Strand 4 review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the applications of magnets in industry, medicine, and technology
- Explain how magnets are used for separation of mixtures, magnetic compass, and computer memory storage
- Show appreciation for the wide impact of magnets in modern industry and technology

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss applications of magnets: separation of mixtures where one component is magnetic; magnetic compass needle aligned to earth's magnetic field; small magnets in computers for memory storage
- Explain how magnets in toys make parts stick together
- Use digital or print media to search for more industrial and technological applications of magnets

How are magnets applied in industry, medicine, and technology?

- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 202
- Reference books
- Internet access
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 203
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 204
- Review question sets
- Exercise books
- Spotlight Integrated Science pg. 205
- Assessment papers
- Self-assessment table

- Oral questions - Written assignments