Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity
- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force
Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points
Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Screw
- Table

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life
Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load
Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests
- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy as ability to do work
- Identify different forms of energy
- Relate energy sources to renewable and non-renewable

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss different forms of energy
- Give examples of energy sources
- Classify sources as renewable or non-renewable

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved
- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type
- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations
- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review
Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on energy, work, power and machines
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of all topics

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of reflection
- Demonstrate reflection of waves using different shaped barriers
- Relate wave reflection to everyday applications like mirrors, periscopes and acoustic design

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Generate plane waves and observe reflection off straight barriers
- Measure and compare angles of incidence and reflection
- Observe reflection patterns using concave and convex barriers
- Sketch wave patterns before and after reflection

How does the shape of a barrier affect the reflection pattern of waves?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Metal barriers with gaps

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain constructive and destructive interference
- Demonstrate interference patterns using two spherical dippers
- Connect interference to noise-cancelling headphones and hologram technology

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Attach two spherical dippers to the vibrator
- Observe alternating bright and dark bands formed
- Sketch wave patterns labelling regions of constructive and destructive interference
- Discuss applications of interference in everyday life

What causes some regions to have louder sound while others are quieter when two speakers play the same tone?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Ripple tank
- Two spherical dippers
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes
Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves
Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive expressions for frequencies in closed and open pipes
- Differentiate between harmonics produced in closed and open pipes
- Connect vibrating air columns to wind instruments like flutes and clarinets

- Explain the Doppler effect and its causes
- Describe how frequency changes when source approaches or recedes
- Connect Doppler effect to ambulance sirens, radar speed detection and medical ultrasound

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Blow air across closed and open pipes and listen to sounds produced
- Compare pitch differences between closed and open pipes
- Discuss why closed pipes produce only odd harmonics
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in pipes

- Watch videos demonstrating Doppler effect with sound waves
- Observe how sound changes as source moves toward or away
- Discuss real-life applications of Doppler effect
- Record observations on frequency and pitch changes

Why do closed pipes produce only odd harmonics while open pipes produce all harmonics?
Why does an ambulance siren sound different as it approaches compared to when it moves away?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment
- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how alpha, beta and gamma radiations behave in electric and magnetic fields
- Draw diagrams showing deflection of radiations in fields
- Connect radiation deflection to particle accelerators and mass spectrometers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Draw bar charts comparing penetrating power and ionising effects
- Draw diagrams showing deflection in electric and magnetic fields
- Discuss why gamma rays are not deflected
- Present charts to class for peer learning

Why are alpha and beta particles deflected in opposite directions in electric and magnetic fields?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Markers

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how photographic emulsions detect radiation
- Describe how a leaf electroscope detects radiation
- Connect radiation detection to radiation badges worn by hospital workers

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Observe demonstration of photographic plate detection
- Construct a simple electroscope and observe discharge near radioactive material
- Discuss how ionisation affects charge on foil strips
- Compare detection methods and their applications

How do photographic plates and electroscopes indicate the presence of radiation?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material
Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics
Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods
Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope
Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction
Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of electrostatics
- Demonstrate attraction and repulsion between charged objects
- Connect electrostatic forces to how dust clings to TV screens and plastic surfaces

- Explain how charges distribute on conductors of different shapes
- Draw charge distribution on spherical, wedge-shaped and pear-shaped conductors
- Connect charge concentration at points to lightning conductors and Van de Graaff generators

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Suspend a charged plastic ruler and bring another charged ruler close
- Observe attraction and repulsion between similarly and oppositely charged objects
- Rub glass rod with silk and observe interaction with charged ruler
- Discuss the law of electrostatic charges

- Research charge distribution on different shaped conductors
- Draw diagrams showing charge distribution on spherical, wedge-shaped, pear-shaped and sharp conductors
- Discuss why charges concentrate at pointed ends
- Present findings on charge distribution to class

What determines whether two charged objects will attract or repel each other?
Why do charges concentrate at the pointed ends of conductors?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

In groups, learners are guided to:

- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation