Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of visual programming
- Identify application areas of visual programming
- Show interest in learning about visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to search for information on visual programming
- Discuss application areas of visual programming software
- Study pictures showing mobile and web applications
- Brainstorm on uses of visual programming

What is visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Pictures of applications
- Reference materials
- Smartphones/tablets
- Examples of mobile apps

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Research notes

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain game development using visual programming
- Describe educational tools created with visual programming
- Show interest in creating applications

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss game development and educational tools
- Study examples of games and educational software
- Learn about visual programming in robotics and animation
- Watch videos on application development

What are the application areas of visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Examples of games and educational tools

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation - Research presentation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Installing and familiarising with Scratch
Visual programming - Familiarising with Scratch

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Download and install Scratch program
- Identify features of Scratch interface
- Show willingness to learn visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Follow steps to download and install Scratch
- Open and explore Scratch interface
- Identify instruction area, script area, stage and execution buttons
- Click on categories to explore commands

How do you install and use Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers/laptops
- Internet connection
- Scratch software
- Installation guide
- Computers with Scratch installed
- Digital projector
- Practice activities
- Reference guide

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating a clicker game

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create a simple clicker game using Scratch
- Select appropriate backdrop and sprite
- Show creativity in game development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Choose backdrop and sprite for the game
- Create variable for score
- Drag and drop blocks to create script
- Test the game and make improvements

How can you create a clicker game in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Sample games
- Step-by-step guide
- Project files
- Debugging guide
- Assessment rubrics

- Practical work - Observation - Portfolio - Peer assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating interactive stories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create an interactive story using Scratch
- Add characters and dialogues
- Show creativity in storytelling

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Watch video on developing stories in Scratch
- Choose backdrop and characters for story
- Make characters say something using scripts
- Add multiple characters to the story

How can you create interactive stories in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Video tutorials
- Storyboard templates

- Practical work - Portfolio - Presentations - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating interactive stories
Visual programming - Creating music

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Flip character direction in stories
- Insert text for characters to say
- Appreciate the use of visual programming in storytelling

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Position characters correctly using flip horizontal
- Insert conversation for each character using looks block
- Switch backdrops to show different parts of story
- Hide and show characters appropriately

How can characters interact in a Scratch story?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Sample stories
- Character sprites
- Backdrop images
- Speakers/headphones
- Musical instrument sprites
- Sound library

- Practical work - Observation - Creativity assessment - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating own interactive story

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Develop original interactive story
- Identify appropriate blocks for story creation
- Value creativity in programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Come up with original story
- Choose suitable backdrop and characters
- Arrange blocks logically to create story
- Run script to watch the story
- Share story with classmates

How can you create your own interactive story?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Flashcards for planning
- Story templates
- Assessment rubrics

- Practical work - Portfolio - Presentations - Peer feedback

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating animations
Visual programming - Advanced animations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create simple animations using Scratch
- Make sprites glide and move with arrow keys
- Show interest in animation development

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Choose backdrop and character for animation
- Create script to make character fly
- Create script to move sprite with arrow keys
- Add scenery that moves
- Test and refine animation

How can you create animations in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Animation examples
- Sprite library
- Tutorial videos
- Complex animation examples
- Debugging guide
- Assessment tools

- Practical work - Observation - Portfolio - Creativity assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Exploring Scratch tutorials
Visual programming - Using visual programming in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use Scratch tutorials effectively
- Learn independently using tutorials
- Show self-directed learning skills

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Click tutorials button in Scratch
- Select animation project (Animate a Name, Animate a Character)
- Follow step-by-step guide to develop animation
- Complete tutorial animation
- Share animation with classmates

How can tutorials help you learn visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Tutorial guides
- Learning journal
- Case study materials
- Examples of educational games
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Self-assessment - Portfolio - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Assessment project

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create application to solve a problem
- Apply visual programming skills learned
- Demonstrate competence in visual programming

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify a problem that can be solved using visual programming
- Design application (game, story or animation)
- Develop application using Scratch
- Test application and make improvements
- Present application to class

How can you use visual programming to solve problems?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Project planning templates
- Assessment rubrics
- Presentation tools

- Practical project - Presentations - Portfolio - Assessment rubrics

Materials for Production

Wood - Classification according to physical characteristics
Wood - Classification and characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify wood as softwood or hardwood
- Identify physical characteristics of different wood types
- Show interest in learning about wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Take a walk around school/community to identify trees
- Observe physical characteristics of each tree
- Use checklist to sort wood as softwood or hardwood
- Use print or digital media to search for types of wood

What are the types of wood available?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Wood samples
- Checklist
- Pictures of trees
- Comparison chart
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Conversion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of wood conversion
- Describe methods of wood conversion
- Show interest in wood preparation processes

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit a sawmill to observe wood conversion process
- Discuss the process of converting logs into timber
- Use print or digital media to search for conversion methods
- Study plain sawing and quarter sawing methods

Why are logs converted into timber?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Pictures of sawmills
- Diagrams showing conversion methods
- Video clips

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Conversion methods
Wood - Preparation: Seasoning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between plain sawing and quarter sawing
- Draw diagrams of conversion methods
- Value different wood preparation techniques

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study diagrams of plain sawing method
- Study diagrams of quarter sawing method
- Discuss advantages of each method
- Draw images representing each conversion method

What are the methods of wood conversion?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Drawing paper
- Diagrams of conversion
- Wood samples showing different cuts
- Reference materials
- Pictures of air seasoning
- Pictures of kiln
- Digital devices
- Video clips

- Practical work - Drawings - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Seasoning methods
Wood - Types and their uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare natural and artificial seasoning
- Explain why wood needs to be seasoned
- Show understanding of wood preparation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss advantages of each seasoning method
- Learn how moisture is reduced in timber
- Study differences between air and kiln seasoning
- Visit relevant work environment to observe seasoning

Why is it necessary to season wood?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Comparison chart
- Digital devices
- Pictures of seasoning facilities
- Reference materials
- Pictures of wood products
- Wood samples
- Matching activity cards

- Written tests - Oral questions - Field observation - Charts

Materials for Production

Wood - Uses in various trades

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of wood in construction, furniture making, and other trades
- Create charts matching wood to uses
- Appreciate versatility of wood

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use print or digital media to find uses of wood in trades
- Visit locality to explore uses of wood
- Discuss wood in construction, furniture, music, sports
- Create photomontage or chart showing uses

How is wood used in different trades?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Pictures from magazines
- Glue and scissors

- Charts/posters - Oral presentations - Written tests - Creativity assessment

Materials for Production

Wood - Importance in daily life
Wood - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of wood in daily life
- Discuss wood as renewable resource
- Show commitment to environmental conservation

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Name wooden items in environment
- Discuss importance of wood (fuel source, building material, decoration)
- Learn about carbon storage in wood
- Discuss sustainable use of wood

Why is wood important in our daily life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Wooden items
- Digital devices
- Environmental conservation posters
- Reference materials
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Wood samples

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Environmental awareness

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Classify waste materials by type
- Show awareness of waste in locality

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Walk around school compound to identify waste materials
- Study pictures showing different types of waste
- List waste materials observed
- Discìuss sources of waste materials

What waste materials are found in the environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Pictures of waste materials
- Garbage bags
- Gloves
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Lists - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Types of waste
Handling waste materials - Safe ways of handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe plastic, wood, glass, metal, electronic and construction waste
- Explain characteristics of each waste type
- Appreciate the need for proper waste management

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Identify waste materials in pictures (plastic, glass, metal, wood, electronic, construction)
- Discuss characteristics of each waste type
- Mention areas where each waste type is found
- Group waste materials by type

What are the types of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Samples of waste materials
- Classification chart
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Pictures showing waste handling
- Safety equipment
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Classification activity - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Reusing and recycling
Handling waste materials - Composting, burning and reducing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain reusing waste materials
- Explain recycling waste materials
- Value waste as a resource

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss examples of reusing waste (tins for storage, newspapers for wrapping)
- Discuss examples of recycling (paper to tissue, glass to bottles, iron to steel)
- Study pictures showing reused and recycled items
- Practice sorting waste for recycling

How can waste materials be reused and recycled?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Reusable waste items
- Recycled products
- Sorting bins
- Pictures
- Compost bin
- Pictures of waste disposal
- Digital devices
- Safety equipment

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Project

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Disposing waste safely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Practice safe disposal of waste materials
- Use appropriate personal protective equipment
- Value cleanliness and environmental health

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Collect waste materials from school compound wearing PPE
- Sort waste appropriately
- Dispose waste properly under teacher guidance
- Wash hands thoroughly after activity

How do you safely dispose of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Personal protective equipment (gloves, masks, boots)
- Garbage bags/containers
- Soap and water
- Sorting bins

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Safety compliance

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Need for proper handling
Handling waste materials - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of proper waste disposal
- Discuss benefits of waste management
- Embrace environmental responsibility

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Visit locality to learn about importance of waste management
- Discuss how proper disposal prevents contamination
- Learn about recycling reducing need for raw materials
- Discuss health benefits of proper waste management

Why is proper handling of waste materials important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing clean environments
- Reference materials
- Community visit notes
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case study materials
- Waste samples

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Field observations

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Tools used in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify holding tools used in daily life
- Describe uses of different holding tools
- Show interest in learning about tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of holding tools (pliers, clamps, tongs, clips, vice)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify holding tools
- Draw and name holding tools
- Mention where tools are found in locality

What are holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Actual holding tools
- Pictures of tools
- Drawing paper
- Digital devices

- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Selecting tools for tasks
Holding tools - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select holding tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of different types of holding tools
- Choose holding tools for different tasks
- Study scenarios requiring different holding tools
- Explain reasons for tool selection

How do you select the right holding tool for a task?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Various holding tools
- Task cards
- Selection guide
- Reference materials
- Holding tools
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Matching activity materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical selection - Observation

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Safe use of holding tools
Holding tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safe use of holding tools
- Use personal protective equipment appropriately
- Value safety when using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Search for information on safe use of holding tools
- Watch video on safe tool use
- Discuss safety measures when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of different holding tools

How can holding tools be used safely?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Digital devices
- Safety posters
- Clips, pliers, clamps
- Drawing board, paper
- Wire, wood pieces

- Observation - Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use vice to hold wood while drilling
- Use tongs to hold hot materials
- Value precision when using tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use vice to hold wood for drilling or cutting
- Use tongs to hold hot test tube or materials
- Use spanner to hold nut while tightening bolt
- Identify suitable tasks for each holding tool

How do you use vice, tongs and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Vice, tongs, spanners
- Wood pieces, nuts and bolts
- Drill (under supervision)
- PPE

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Caring for holding tools
Holding tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate care and maintenance of holding tools
- Clean and store tools properly
- Appreciate the need for tool maintenance

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures showing tool care and maintenance
- Dust off residue from tools
- Oil, grease or lubricate movable parts
- Tighten loose parts of tools

How should holding tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Cleaning rags
- Oil/grease
- Storage containers
- Word search puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Holding tools for demonstration
- Self-reflection checklist

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Tools used in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify driving tools used in daily life
- Describe characteristics of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study pictures of driving tools (hammer, screwdriver, spanner, punch, mallet)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify driving tools
- Discuss why they are called driving tools
- Mention where tools are found

What are driving tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Actual driving tools
- Pictures of tools
- Digital devices
- Tool identification chart

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Tool identification

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Selecting tools for tasks
Driving tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select driving tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Study flashcards with tasks requiring driving tools
- Choose appropriate driving tool for each task
- Give reasons for tool selection
- Discuss nature of task and user safety

How do you select the right driving tool?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Various driving tools
- Task flashcards
- Selection criteria guide
- Reference materials
- Driving tools
- Pictures showing tool use
- Digital devices
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Written tests - Task analysis - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Uses continued
Driving tools - Safe use of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of punches and spanners
- Match tools to their uses
- Value proper tool application

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss uses of punches (driving nails beyond surface)
- Discuss uses of spanners (loosening/tightening nuts and bolts)
- Watch videos on tool use
- Create table matching tools to uses

How are punches and spanners used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use hammer to drive nails
- Use mallet to drive dowels
- Show competence in using driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Practice using hammer to repair furniture
- Use mallet to drive dowels into wood pieces
- Use mallet to drive chisel while making mortise
- Observe safety precautions

How do you use hammers and mallets?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Hammers, mallets
- Nails, dowels, chisels
- Wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment

- Practical work - Observation - Skills demonstration - Safety checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Practical use continued
Driving tools - Caring for driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use punch to make holes
- Use screwdriver to tighten screws
- Value precision in tool use

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Use punch to make holes in wood or metal
- Use screwdriver to tighten loose screws
- Use spanner to tighten bolts
- Identify tasks that require driving tools

How do you use punches, screwdrivers and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches, screwdrivers, spanners
- Screws, bolts, nuts
- Wood and metal pieces
- PPE
- Driving tools
- Cleaning materials
- Storage boxes
- Maintenance guide

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of driving tools
- Complete crossword puzzle on tools
- Demonstrate understanding of driving tools

In groups, learners are guided to:
- Discuss importance of driving tools in daily life
- Complete crossword puzzle activity
- Review key concepts on driving tools
- Reflect on learning progress

Why are driving tools important in daily life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Driving tools

- Written tests - Crossword completion - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment