Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Arrangement into groups and periods
The Periodic Table - Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals
The Periodic Table - Halogens and noble gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Arrange elements into groups and periods
- Relate electron arrangement to position in periodic table
- Use the periodic table to identify elements in common materials

- Arrange the first 20 elements into groups and periods
- Discuss relationship between electron configuration and position
- Complete periodic table activities

Why are elements arranged in groups and periods?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 26
- Periodic table charts
- Exercise books
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 28
- Periodic table
- Charts showing chemical families
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Observation - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Duplet and octet rule
The Periodic Table - Formation of cations
The Periodic Table - Formation of anions
The Periodic Table - Writing electron configuration of ions using s and p notation
The Periodic Table - Valency of elements
The Periodic Table - Elements with variable oxidation numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the stability of atoms
- Apply duplet and octet rules
- Understand why elements react to become stable like salt formation

- Discuss with peers the stability of atoms
- Examine electron configurations of stable atoms
- Identify elements that follow duplet or octet rule

Why are some atoms stable while others are reactive?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 29
- Periodic table
- Diagrams of stable configurations
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 30
- Exercise books
- Diagrams showing ion formation
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 31
- Diagrams showing anion formation
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 32
- Exercise books
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 33
- Valency charts
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 34
- Examples of compounds

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Common radicals and their valencies
The Periodic Table - Deriving formulae using valencies
The Periodic Table - Formulae of compounds with same valency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define radicals and identify common radicals
- State valencies of common radicals
- Apply knowledge of radicals to understand compound names in cleaning products

- List examples of radicals and their valencies
- Discuss characteristics of radicals
- Practice identifying radicals in compounds

What are radicals and how do they combine with other elements?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 35
- Charts showing radicals
- Exercise books
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 36
- Valency charts
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 37
- Exercise books
- Worked examples

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Formulae of compounds with different valencies
The Periodic Table - Formulae of compounds containing radicals
The Periodic Table - Writing word equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write formulae for compounds with different valencies
- Apply the cross-over method correctly
- Derive formulae for compounds like carbon dioxide and sulphuric acid

- Practice writing formulae for compounds with different valencies
- Apply cross-over method systematically
- Share solutions with classmates

How do we write formulae when elements have different valencies?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 37
- Exercise books
- Practice worksheets
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 38
- Radical valency charts
- Exercise books
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 39
- Reaction examples

- Written exercises - Peer assessment - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Writing symbol equations
The Periodic Table - Balancing chemical equations
Chemical Bonding - Stability of atoms
Chemical Bonding - Valence electrons in bonding
Chemical Bonding - Introduction to bond types
Chemical Bonding - Formation of ionic bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Convert word equations to symbol equations
- Write correct chemical formulae in equations
- Represent reactions like burning magnesium and rusting of iron

- Convert word equations to symbol equations
- Apply correct formulae in equations
- Practice writing symbol equations

How do we write chemical equations using symbols?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 39
- Exercise books
- Formula charts
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 40
- Practice worksheets
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 56
- Periodic table
- Diagrams of electron configurations
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 57
- Coloured pencils
- Periodic table
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 58
- Samples of different substances
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 59
- Diagrams of ionic bonding

- Written exercises - Individual assessment - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Drawing ionic bond diagrams
Chemical Bonding - Structure of ionic lattice
Chemical Bonding - Physical properties of ionic compounds
Chemical Bonding - Formation of covalent bonds
Chemical Bonding - Single, double and triple covalent bonds
Chemical Bonding - Covalent bonding in diatomic molecules

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw Lewis structures for various ionic compounds
- Apply electron transfer principles
- Illustrate bonding in compounds like magnesium chloride and lithium sulphide

- Draw Lewis diagrams for magnesium chloride
- Draw Lewis diagrams for lithium sulphide
- Share diagrams with peers for review

How do we represent ionic bonding using diagrams?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 60
- Exercise books
- Coloured pencils
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 61
- Sodium chloride crystals
- Hand lens
- Watch glass
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 62
- Sodium chloride
- Distilled water
- Circuit with bulb
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 66
- Modelling materials
- Diagrams of covalent bonding
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bond diagrams
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 68

- Written exercises - Peer assessment - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent bonding in compounds
Chemical Bonding - Formation of dative (coordinate) bonds
Chemical Bonding - Properties of simple molecular substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw Lewis structures for covalent compounds
- Apply bonding principles to multi-atom molecules
- Relate compound structures to properties of water and carbon dioxide

- Draw Lewis structures for HF, H₂O, NH₃, CO₂
- Discuss bonding in each compound
- Share diagrams with peers for review

How do we represent covalent bonding in compounds?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 69
- Exercise books
- Molecular diagrams
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 71
- Diagrams of dative bonding
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 72
- Samples of molecular substances
- Bunsen burner

- Written exercises - Individual assessment - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding
Chemical Bonding - Structure and properties of diamond
Chemical Bonding - Structure and properties of graphite and silicon dioxide
Periodicity - Physical properties of alkali metals (atomic and ionic radii)
Periodicity - Physical properties of alkali metals (appearance and hardness)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds
- Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on properties
- Relate hydrogen bonding to water's unique properties essential for life

- Visualise hydrogen bonding in water
- Compare substances with different intermolecular forces
- Discuss effect on boiling points

Why does water have a higher boiling point than expected?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 74
- Diagrams of hydrogen bonding
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 76
- Models of diamond structure
- Modelling materials
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 77
- Modelling materials
- Sand samples
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 85
- Periodic table
- Data tables
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 87
- Lithium, sodium, potassium samples
- Scalpel
- White tile

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical properties of alkali metals (conductivity, melting and boiling points)
Periodicity - Ionisation energy of alkali metals
Periodicity - Reaction of alkali metals with air/oxygen
Periodicity - Reaction of alkali metals with water
Periodicity - Reaction of alkali metals with chlorine and dilute acids
Periodicity - Applications of alkali metals
Periodicity - Physical properties of alkaline earth metals (atomic and ionic radii)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Test electrical conductivity of alkali metals
- Describe trends in melting and boiling points
- Relate conductivity to use of sodium in heat transfer systems

- Test conductivity using simple circuit
- Study data on melting and boiling points
- Explain trends in terms of metallic bonding

Why do melting points decrease down Group I?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 89
- Circuit with bulb
- Alkali metal samples
- Data tables
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 90
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 91
- Sodium metal
- Deflagrating spoon
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 93
- Sodium, potassium
- Trough with water
- Phenolphthalein
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 94
- Gas jar of chlorine
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 96
- Digital devices
- Pictures of applications
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 98
- Periodic table

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical properties of alkaline earth metals (appearance, hardness, conductivity)
Periodicity - Physical properties of alkaline earth metals (melting points and ionisation energy)
Periodicity - Reaction of alkaline earth metals with air/oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe appearance of alkaline earth metals
- Test hardness and conductivity
- Connect magnesium's light weight to its use in aircraft alloys

- Observe appearance of magnesium and calcium
- Test hardness and ductility
- Test electrical conductivity

Why are alkaline earth metals harder than alkali metals?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 99
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Circuit with bulb
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 102
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 106
- Bunsen burner

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of alkaline earth metals with water and steam
Periodicity - Reaction of alkaline earth metals with chlorine and dilute acids
Periodicity - Applications of alkaline earth metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reactions with water and steam
- Compare reactivity of magnesium and calcium
- Relate calcium hydroxide formation to lime water used in construction

- React magnesium and calcium with cold water
- React magnesium with steam
- Test gas produced and write equations

Why does magnesium react slowly with cold water but vigorously with steam?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 107
- Magnesium, calcium
- Trough
- Steam apparatus
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 110
- Magnesium ribbon
- Chlorine gas
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 112
- Digital devices
- Pictures of applications

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Introduction to halogens
Periodicity - Laboratory preparation of chlorine gas
Periodicity - Trends in physical properties of halogens (atomic radii, melting and boiling points)
Periodicity - Appearance, physical state and solubility of halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements in the halogen family
- Describe electron configuration of halogens
- Relate halogen reactivity to their use in water treatment and disinfectants

- Determine chemical family of chlorine and fluorine
- Write electron configurations
- List other halogens

Why are halogens called "salt formers"?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 114
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 115
- MnO₂, conc. HCl
- Round bottomed flask
- Gas jars
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 117
- Data tables
- Periodic table
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 118
- Bromine, iodine samples
- Distilled water
- Test tubes

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Electrical conductivity of halogens
Periodicity - Electron affinity and ion formation of halogens
Periodicity - Reaction of halogens with metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate electrical conductivity of halogens
- Explain why halogens do not conduct electricity
- Contrast halogen non-conductivity with metal conductivity in wiring

- Test electrical conductivity of iodine crystals
- Discuss results in terms of structure
- Compare with ionic and metallic substances

Why don't halogens conduct electricity?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 120
- Iodine crystals
- Circuit with bulb
- Beaker
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 121
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 122
- Iron filings
- Chlorine gas
- Combustion tube

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of chlorine with water
Periodicity - Displacement reactions of halogens
Periodicity - Applications of halogens
Periodicity - Introduction to noble gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reaction of chlorine with water
- Describe bleaching action of chlorine water
- Relate chlorine water to swimming pool disinfection

- Prepare chlorine water
- Test with litmus paper
- Investigate decomposition in sunlight

How does chlorine react with water and why is it used as a bleach?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 124
- Chlorine gas
- Distilled water
- Litmus paper
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 125
- Chlorine, bromine water
- KBr, KI solutions
- Test tubes
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 127
- Digital devices
- Product samples
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 128
- Periodic table
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in physical properties of noble gases
Periodicity - Applications of noble gases
Periodicity - Introduction to Period 3 elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in physical properties of noble gases
- Explain trends in ionisation energy
- Relate noble gas properties to neon signs and helium balloons

- Review atomic structure of noble gases
- Study trends in atomic radii and ionisation energy
- Discuss reactivity based on electron configuration

Why do noble gases have very high ionisation energies?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 129
- Data tables
- Periodic table
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 131
- Digital devices
- Pictures of applications
- Periodic table
- Element samples

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in atomic radii across Period 3
Periodicity - Trends in ionisation energy across Period 3
Periodicity - Trends in melting and boiling points across Period 3
Periodicity - Electron affinity and electronegativity across Period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in atomic radii across Period 3
- Explain reasons for the observed trend
- Relate atomic size to element reactivity in sodium vs chlorine

- Study data on atomic radii of Period 3 elements
- Plot graph of atomic radius vs atomic number
- Explain trend using nuclear charge

Why does atomic radius decrease across Period 3?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 132
- Data tables
- Graph paper
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 133
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 134
- Charts
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 135

- Written exercises - Graphical work - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with oxygen (Na, Mg, Al)
Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with oxygen (Si, P, S)
Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with chlorine (Na, Mg, Al)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reactions of Na, Mg and Al with oxygen
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate magnesium oxide formation to its use in antacids and refractory materials

- Burn sodium, magnesium and aluminium in air
- Observe products formed
- Write word and chemical equations

What products form when Period 3 metals burn in oxygen?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 136
- Na, Mg, Al samples
- Bunsen burner
- Deflagrating spoon
- Sulphur powder
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 137
- Na, Mg samples
- Chlorine gas

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with chlorine (Si, P)
Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with water (Na, Mg)
Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with dilute acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe reactions of Si and P with chlorine
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate silicon tetrachloride to semiconductor manufacturing

- Discuss reactions of silicon and phosphorus with chlorine
- Write balanced equations
- Compare metal and non-metal chlorides

What are the products when Period 3 non-metals react with chlorine?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 138
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 140
- Sodium, magnesium
- Trough with water
- Phenolphthalein
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 139
- Mg ribbon
- Dilute HCl, H₂SO₄
- Test tubes

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry

Periodicity - Comparison of trends across Period 3 and down groups
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of acids in water
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of bases in water
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metals
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metals (continued)
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with carbonates and hydrogen carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with hydrogen carbonates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare periodic trends across periods and down groups
- Summarise factors affecting periodic properties
- Apply periodic trends to predict element behaviour in new materials

- Compare trends across Period 3 with trends down groups
- Create summary tables of periodic trends
- Discuss patterns and exceptions

How do trends across a period differ from trends down a group?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 141
- Summary charts
- Periodic table
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 143
- Distilled water
- Hydrochloric acid
- Blue and red litmus papers
- Beakers
- Stirring rod
- Sodium hydroxide
- Measuring cylinder
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 144
- Zinc granules
- Magnesium ribbon
- Iron filings
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Test tubes
- Wooden splints
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 146
- Aluminium foil
- Copper turnings
- Dilute HCl
- Dilute H₂SO₄
- Test tubes
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 147
- Sodium carbonate
- Calcium carbonate
- Lime water
- Delivery tubes
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Delivery tubes

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal hydroxides
Acids and Bases - Reaction of acids with metal oxides
Acids and Bases - Amphoteric oxides and hydroxides
Acids and Bases - Universal indicator and pH scale
Acids and Bases - Strong and weak acids
Acids and Bases - Strong and weak bases
Acids and Bases - Applications of acids and bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe neutralisation reactions between acids and metal hydroxides
- Determine the endpoint of a neutralisation reaction using indicators
- Connect the use of antacids to neutralise stomach acid to acid-base reactions

- Carry out experiments on reactions of acids with sodium hydroxide using phenolphthalein indicator
- Observe colour changes at the endpoint
- Write balanced chemical equations

What is the role of phenolphthalein in neutralisation reactions?

- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 148
- Sodium hydroxide
- Dilute HCl
- Phenolphthalein indicator
- Droppers
- Beakers
- Stirring rod
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 150
- Zinc oxide
- Copper (II) oxide
- Universal indicator
- Filter funnel and paper
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 151
- Test tubes
- Spatula
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 152
- pH chart
- Sulphuric (VI) acid
- Ethanoic acid
- Test tubes
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 153
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 154
- Ammonia solution
- Front Row Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 157
- Lemon juice
- Baking soda
- Soap solution
- Vinegar
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Written equations - Oral questions