Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Stability of Atoms
The Periodic Table - Formation of Cations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of atomic stability
- Describe how atoms achieve stability
- Appreciate the role of valence electrons in stability

- Discuss with peers the stability of atoms
- Research on the octet rule
- Explain why atoms lose or gain electrons

How do atoms achieve stability?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing stable configurations
- Periodic table
- Drawing materials

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Formation of Anions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term anion
- Explain how anions are formed
- Draw diagrams showing anion formation

- Predict anion formation from electron arrangement
- Draw diagrams showing gain of electrons
- Practise writing electron configuration of anions

What are anions and how are they formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Electron Arrangement of Ions (s and p notation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write electron arrangement of ions using s and p notation
- Compare electron configuration of atoms and their ions
- Show interest in representing ionic structures

- Write electron arrangement of ions using s and p notation
- Compare electron configuration before and after ion formation
- Present findings on ionic electron configurations

How do we represent the electron configuration of ions?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Charts showing ionic configurations

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Definition of Valency
The Periodic Table - Oxidation Numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term valency
- Determine valency from electron configuration
- Relate valency to group number

- Discuss with peers the relationship between valency and oxidation number
- Infer valency from electron arrangement
- Practise determining valency of elements

What is valency and how is it determined?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Charts showing valencies
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Variable Oxidation Numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Write different oxidation states of transition metals
- Appreciate the versatility of some elements

- Discuss elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Research on oxidation states of iron and copper
- Practise naming compounds using Roman numerals

Why do some elements have variable oxidation numbers?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Charts showing oxidation states

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Common Radicals and Their Valencies
The Periodic Table - Writing Chemical Formulae (Simple Compounds)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term radical
- Identify common radicals and their valencies
- Show interest in learning about compound ions

- Discuss the meaning of radicals
- Research on common radicals and their charges
- Create a table of common radicals

What are radicals and why are they important in Chemistry?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing common radicals
- Internet access
- Periodic table
- Charts showing compound formulae

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Writing Chemical Formulae (Compounds with Radicals)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write formulae of compounds containing radicals
- Apply brackets correctly when writing formulae
- Show accuracy in writing chemical formulae

- Practise writing formulae of compounds with radicals
- Write formulae of hydroxides, sulphates, and carbonates
- Verify formulae using total charges

How do we write formulae of compounds containing radicals?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing radicals
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Problem-solving tasks

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Naming Compounds from Formulae

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Name compounds from their chemical formulae
- Apply IUPAC naming conventions
- Appreciate systematic nomenclature in Chemistry

- Practise naming compounds from formulae
- Apply IUPAC naming rules
- Match formulae with correct names

How do we name compounds from their chemical formulae?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- IUPAC naming charts
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Introduction to Chemical Equations
The Periodic Table - Balancing Chemical Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a chemical equation
- Identify reactants and products in equations
- Appreciate the use of equations in representing reactions

- Discuss the meaning of chemical equations
- Identify components of a chemical equation
- Convert word equations to symbol equations

What is a chemical equation and what does it represent?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing chemical equations
- Internet access
- Worksheets on balancing equations
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Balancing Equations (Practice)
Chemical Bonding - Why Atoms Bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Balance equations involving various types of reactions
- Write balanced equations from word descriptions
- Develop confidence in writing chemical equations

- Write balanced chemical equations for simple reactions
- Convert word equations to balanced symbol equations
- Present solutions to peers for verification

How do we balance different types of chemical equations?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Worksheets
- Periodic table
- Periodic table
- Charts showing atomic stability

- Written exercises - Peer assessment - Problem-solving tasks

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Types of Chemical Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Formation of Ionic Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Sodium Chloride

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of chemical bonds
- Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
- Appreciate the diversity of chemical bonding

- Brainstorm on different types of chemical bonds
- Watch videos on types of chemical bonds
- Create a comparison chart of bond types

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on chemical bonding
- Internet access
- Animations on ionic bonding
- Periodic table
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing NaCl formation

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Magnesium Oxide
Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Calcium Chloride

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ionic bond formation in magnesium oxide
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for MgO
- Appreciate the role of valence electrons in ionic bonding

- Discuss ionic bond formation in MgO
- Draw dot and cross diagrams showing electron transfer
- Compare ionic bonding in NaCl and MgO

How does ionic bonding occur in magnesium oxide?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Periodic table
- Charts showing CaCl₂ formation

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Properties of Ionic Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Giant Ionic Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of ionic compounds
- Explain high melting and boiling points of ionic compounds
- Relate properties to ionic bond strength

- Research on properties of ionic compounds
- Discuss why ionic compounds have high melting points
- Carry out activities to investigate properties of NaCl

What are the characteristic properties of ionic compounds?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of ionic compounds
- Laboratory equipment
- Laboratory equipment
- Sodium chloride
- Conductivity apparatus
- Animations on ionic structures
- Models of ionic crystals

- Oral questions - Practical assessment - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Modelling Ionic Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct models of ionic structures
- Use locally available materials to represent ionic crystals
- Show creativity in modelling chemical structures

- Use locally available materials to model NaCl structure
- Construct 3D models showing ion arrangement
- Display and explain models to peers

How can we represent the structure of ionic compounds using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Beads of different colours

- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Formation of Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Single Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define covalent bonding
- Explain how covalent bonds are formed
- Relate covalent bonding to electron sharing

- Discuss the formation of covalent bonds
- Research on electron sharing between atoms
- Compare covalent and ionic bond formation

How are covalent bonds formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Animations on covalent bonding
- Periodic table
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing covalent bonds

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Water and Ammonia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe covalent bonding in water and ammonia
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for H₂O and NH₃
- Appreciate molecular shapes in covalent compounds

- Discuss covalent bond formation in water
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for H₂O and NH₃
- Compare bonding in water and ammonia

How are covalent bonds formed in water and ammonia molecules?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Molecular models

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Methane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe covalent bonding in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Relate bonding to carbon's tetravalency

- Discuss covalent bond formation in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Research on the tetrahedral shape of methane

How is the covalent bonding in methane formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Molecular models

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Double Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Triple Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe double covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for molecules with double bonds
- Distinguish between single and double bonds

- Discuss double covalent bond formation in O₂ and CO₂
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for O₂ and CO₂
- Compare single and double covalent bonds

What is a double covalent bond and how does it differ from a single bond?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing double bonds
- Charts showing triple bonds

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Dative (Coordinate) Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dative or coordinate bonding
- Explain how dative bonds are formed
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond formation

- Discuss the formation of dative bonds
- Research on examples of dative bonding
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond in ammonium ion

What is a dative bond and how is it formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Physical Properties of Simple Covalent Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of simple covalent compounds
- Explain low melting and boiling points of covalent compounds
- Relate properties to weak intermolecular forces

- Research on properties of covalent compounds
- Compare properties of ionic and covalent compounds
- Investigate physical states of covalent substances

Why do simple covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of covalent compounds
- Laboratory equipment
- Laboratory equipment
- Covalent compounds (sugar, ethanol)
- Conductivity apparatus

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Introduction to Giant Covalent Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define giant covalent structures
- Distinguish between simple and giant covalent structures
- Appreciate the unique properties of giant covalent substances

- Discuss with peers the meaning of giant covalent structures
- Research on examples of giant covalent substances
- Compare simple molecular and giant covalent structures

What are giant covalent structures?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of diamond and graphite
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Diamond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of diamond
- Explain the properties of diamond based on its structure
- Relate diamond's hardness to its bonding

- Research on the structure of diamond
- Watch animations on diamond's tetrahedral structure
- Discuss why diamond is extremely hard

Why is diamond the hardest natural substance?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Diamond samples or models
- Animations on diamond structure

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Graphite
Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Silicon(IV) Oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of graphite
- Explain the properties of graphite based on its structure
- Compare structures of diamond and graphite

- Research on the layered structure of graphite
- Watch animations on graphite structure
- Discuss why graphite is soft and conducts electricity

Why does graphite conduct electricity while diamond does not?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Graphite samples (pencil lead)
- Animations on graphite structure
- Sand samples
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Modelling Giant Covalent Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct models of giant covalent structures
- Use locally available materials to model diamond and graphite
- Show creativity in representing molecular structures

- Use locally available materials to model diamond structure
- Construct models showing graphite layers
- Display and compare models of different structures

How can we represent giant covalent structures using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks and balls

- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Formation of Metallic Bonds
Periodicity - Trends in Atomic Size (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Ionic Size (Groups I and II)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define metallic bonding
- Explain how metallic bonds are formed
- Relate metallic bonding to properties of metals

- Discuss the formation of metallic bonds
- Research on the sea of electrons model
- Watch animations on metallic bonding

How are metallic bonds formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Animations on metallic bonding
- Metal samples
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Charts showing ionic radii
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Ionisation Energy (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Melting and Boiling Points (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group I Elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define ionisation energy
- Describe the trend in ionisation energy down Groups I and II
- Relate ionisation energy to atomic radius

- Discuss the meaning of ionisation energy
- Research on trends in ionisation energy
- Plot graphs showing ionisation energy trends

Why does ionisation energy decrease down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Data tables
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of lithium, sodium, potassium
- Safety equipment

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group II Elements
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of alkaline earth metals
- Carry out experiments to investigate properties of Group II elements
- Compare properties of Groups I and II elements

- Carry out experiments to investigate physical properties of Group II elements
- Observe and record appearance, density, and hardness
- Compare physical properties of Groups I and II

How do physical properties of Group II elements compare to Group I?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of magnesium, calcium
- Safety equipment
- Sodium, potassium samples

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Water
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with cold water
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with water
- Collect and test the gas produced

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group I metals with water
- Collect and test for the gas produced
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkali metals react with water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Sodium, potassium samples
- Safety equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Dilute Acids
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with acids
- Appreciate the high reactivity of alkali metals

- Discuss reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Research on safety concerns with this reaction

Why is the reaction of alkali metals with acids dangerous?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium ribbon
- Safety equipment

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with water
- Compare reactions with cold water and steam
- Write equations for reactions of Group II metals with water

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with cold water
- Investigate reaction of magnesium with steam
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with water and steam?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium, calcium samples
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Chlorine
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with chlorine
- Show awareness of safety when handling chlorine

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with chlorine?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Magnesium ribbon

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties of Halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of halogens
- Investigate appearance, smell, and physical states of halogens
- Observe safety when handling halogens

- Prepare chlorine gas and investigate its physical properties
- Observe physical properties of chlorine, bromine, and iodine
- Record appearance, smell, and physical states

What are the physical properties of halogens?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine, bromine, iodine samples
- Fume cupboard

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Physical Properties of Halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in physical properties down Group VII
- Explain the trend in melting and boiling points
- Relate trends to molecular size

- Discuss trends in physical properties of halogens
- Plot graphs showing melting and boiling point trends
- Research on solubility of halogens in water

How do physical properties of halogens change down the group?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Water
Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of chlorine with water
- Explain the bleaching action of chlorine water
- Write equations for the reaction

- Carry out experiments on reaction of chlorine with water
- Investigate the bleaching action of chlorine water
- Write equations for the reaction

How does chlorine react with water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine water
- Litmus paper
- Iron filings, sodium
- Fume cupboard

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Hydrogen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen
- Write equations for the reaction
- Show awareness of safety with explosive reactions

- Discuss the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen
- Watch videos demonstrating the reaction
- Write balanced equations for the reaction

How does chlorine react with hydrogen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Displacement Reactions of Halogens
Periodicity - Bleaching Action of Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain displacement reactions of halogens
- Carry out experiments on halogen displacement
- Relate displacement to reactivity series

- Carry out displacement reactions of halogens
- Add chlorine water to potassium bromide and iodide solutions
- Record colour changes and write equations

Why can chlorine displace bromine and iodine from their salts?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Halogen solutions
- Potassium halide solutions
- Chlorine water
- Coloured fabric/litmus paper

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties Across Period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in physical properties across Period 3
- Explain trends in atomic size and ionisation energy
- Appreciate periodic trends

- Discuss trends in physical properties across Period 3
- Plot graphs showing atomic radius and ionisation energy trends
- Research on electronegativity trends

How do physical properties change across Period 3?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Melting and Boiling Points Across Period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in melting and boiling points across Period 3
- Explain variations in terms of structure and bonding
- Relate properties to bonding types

- Research on melting and boiling points of Period 3 elements
- Plot graphs showing trends
- Discuss reasons for the observed pattern

Why do melting and boiling points vary across Period 3?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of Period 3 Elements with Oxygen
Periodicity - Applications of Group I, II, VII, and VIII Elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe reactions of Period 3 elements with oxygen
- Write equations for the reactions
- Compare the oxides formed

- Carry out experiments on reactions of Period 3 elements with oxygen
- Burn magnesium, sulphur, and phosphorus in oxygen
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do Period 3 elements react with oxygen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Period 3 element samples
- Safety equipment
- Digital devices
- Charts showing element uses
- Internet access

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Acids
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Acids in Water
Acids and Bases - Physical Properties of Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define acids
- Identify common acids and their sources
- Show interest in learning about acids

- Discuss with peers the meaning of acids
- Identify common acids found at home and in the laboratory
- Research on natural sources of acids

What are acids and where are they found?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of common acids
- Charts showing acids
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Conductivity apparatus
- Charts showing acid properties
- Safety equipment

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metals
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydrogen Carbonates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of acids with metals
- Write equations for reactions of acids with metals
- Collect and test for hydrogen gas

- Carry out experiments on reactions of acids with metals
- Collect and test for the gas produced
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with metals?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Metal samples (Mg, Zn, Fe)
- Sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metal Oxides
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydroxides

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of acids with metal oxides
- Write equations for reactions of acids with metal oxides
- Identify the products of neutralisation

- Perform experiments to investigate reactions of acids with metal oxides
- React dilute acid with copper(II) oxide
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with metal oxides?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Metal oxides (CuO, MgO)
- Sodium hydroxide solution

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Bases
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Bases in Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define bases and alkalis
- Distinguish between bases and alkalis
- Identify common bases and their sources

- Discuss with peers the meaning of bases and alkalis
- Identify common bases found at home and in the laboratory
- Research on natural sources of bases

What are bases and how do they differ from alkalis?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of common bases
- Charts showing bases
- Laboratory equipment
- Alkali solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Acid-Base Indicators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define indicators
- Identify common acid-base indicators
- Use indicators to test for acids and bases

- Conduct experiments to determine strength of acids and bases using indicators
- Test solutions with litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange
- Record colour changes in different solutions

What are indicators and how do they work?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Various indicators
- Acid and base solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation