Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Duplet and octet rule

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the stability of atoms
- Apply duplet and octet rules
- Understand why elements react to become stable like salt formation

- Discuss with peers the stability of atoms
- Examine electron configurations of stable atoms
- Identify elements that follow duplet or octet rule

Why are some atoms stable while others are reactive?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 29
- Periodic table
- Diagrams of stable configurations

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Formation of cations
The Periodic Table - Formation of anions
The Periodic Table - Writing electron configuration of ions using s and p notation
The Periodic Table - Valency of elements
The Periodic Table - Elements with variable oxidation numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Predict the type of ion formed from electron arrangement
- Draw ionic structures of cations
- Connect cation formation to properties of metals like conductivity

- Identify elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Explain why some elements show variable valency
- Connect variable valency to rust formation (iron) and paint pigments (lead)

- Discuss how metallic atoms lose electrons
- Draw ionic structures of cations
- Write ionic equations for cation formation

- Discuss elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Examine examples like iron, copper and lead
- Practice identifying oxidation states

How do metal atoms form positive ions?
Why do some elements have more than one oxidation number?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 30
- Exercise books
- Diagrams showing ion formation
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 31
- Diagrams showing anion formation
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 32
- Periodic table
- Exercise books
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 33
- Valency charts

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 34
- Periodic table
- Examples of compounds

- Written exercises - Individual assessment - Oral questions
- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Common radicals and their valencies
The Periodic Table - Deriving formulae using valencies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define radicals and identify common radicals
- State valencies of common radicals
- Apply knowledge of radicals to understand compound names in cleaning products

- List examples of radicals and their valencies
- Discuss characteristics of radicals
- Practice identifying radicals in compounds

What are radicals and how do they combine with other elements?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 35
- Charts showing radicals
- Exercise books
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 36
- Valency charts

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Formulae of compounds with same valency
The Periodic Table - Formulae of compounds with different valencies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write formulae for compounds with elements of same valency
- Simplify chemical formulae appropriately
- Apply formula writing to common compounds like table salt (NaCl)

- Practice writing formulae for compounds with same valencies
- Simplify formulae to lowest terms
- Complete exercises on formula writing

How do we simplify chemical formulae?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 37
- Exercise books
- Worked examples
- Practice worksheets

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Formulae of compounds containing radicals
The Periodic Table - Writing word equations
The Periodic Table - Writing symbol equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write formulae for compounds containing radicals
- Apply brackets correctly for polyatomic ions
- Write formulae for fertilisers like ammonium sulphate and calcium phosphate

- Represent chemical reactions using word equations
- Identify reactants and products
- Describe reactions occurring in cooking and cleaning

- Practice writing formulae with radicals
- Use brackets for polyatomic ions when necessary
- Complete exercises on compounds with radicals

- Write word equations for simple chemical reactions
- Identify reactants and products in reactions
- Practice converting descriptions to word equations

How do we write formulae for compounds with radicals?
How do we represent chemical reactions using words?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 38
- Radical valency charts
- Exercise books
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 39
- Exercise books
- Reaction examples
- Formula charts

- Written exercises - Individual assessment - Oral questions
- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Balancing chemical equations
Chemical Bonding - Stability of atoms
Chemical Bonding - Valence electrons in bonding

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Balance chemical equations using appropriate coefficients
- Apply the law of conservation of mass
- Relate balanced equations to industrial processes like fertiliser production

- Write balanced chemical equations for simple reactions
- Practice balancing various equations
- Share solutions with classmates for review

Why must chemical equations be balanced?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 40
- Exercise books
- Practice worksheets
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 56
- Periodic table
- Diagrams of electron configurations
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 57
- Coloured pencils
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Individual assessment - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Introduction to bond types
Chemical Bonding - Formation of ionic bonds
Chemical Bonding - Drawing ionic bond diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of chemical bonds
- Classify substances by bond type
- Relate bond types to properties of common materials like salt and water

- Discuss different types of chemical bonds
- Examine various substances and predict bond types
- Categorise materials by bonding

What are the main types of chemical bonds?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 58
- Samples of different substances
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 59
- Exercise books
- Diagrams of ionic bonding
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 60
- Coloured pencils

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure of ionic lattice
Chemical Bonding - Physical properties of ionic compounds
Chemical Bonding - Formation of covalent bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of ionic lattices
- Explain the arrangement of ions in crystals
- Connect crystalline structure to salt crystals used in food preservation

- Investigate crystalline structure of sodium chloride
- Examine salt crystals using hand lens
- Discuss arrangement of ions in lattice

How are ions arranged in ionic compounds?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 61
- Sodium chloride crystals
- Hand lens
- Watch glass
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 62
- Sodium chloride
- Distilled water
- Circuit with bulb
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 66
- Modelling materials
- Diagrams of covalent bonding

- Observation - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Single, double and triple covalent bonds
Chemical Bonding - Covalent bonding in diatomic molecules
Chemical Bonding - Covalent bonding in compounds
Chemical Bonding - Formation of dative (coordinate) bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between single, double and triple covalent bonds
- Draw Lewis structures showing different bond types
- Relate bond types to gases like oxygen (double) and nitrogen (triple)

- Draw Lewis structures for covalent compounds
- Apply bonding principles to multi-atom molecules
- Relate compound structures to properties of water and carbon dioxide

- Discuss types of covalent bonds
- Draw structures for fluorine, oxygen and nitrogen molecules
- Compare bond strengths

- Draw Lewis structures for HF, H₂O, NH₃, CO₂
- Discuss bonding in each compound
- Share diagrams with peers for review

What is the difference between single, double and triple bonds?
How do we represent covalent bonding in compounds?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 67
- Exercise books
- Bond diagrams
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 68
- Coloured pencils
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 69
- Exercise books
- Molecular diagrams
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 71
- Diagrams of dative bonding

- Written exercises - Individual assessment - Oral questions
- Written exercises - Individual assessment - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Properties of simple molecular substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe simple molecular structures
- Investigate properties of molecular substances
- Relate molecular properties to everyday substances like sugar and wax

- Investigate properties of molecular substances
- Compare melting points of molecular compounds
- Discuss intermolecular forces

Why do molecular substances have low melting points?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 72
- Samples of molecular substances
- Bunsen burner

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding
Chemical Bonding - Structure and properties of diamond
Chemical Bonding - Structure and properties of graphite and silicon dioxide
Periodicity - Physical properties of alkali metals (atomic and ionic radii)
Periodicity - Physical properties of alkali metals (appearance and hardness)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between Van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds
- Explain the effect of intermolecular forces on properties
- Relate hydrogen bonding to water's unique properties essential for life

- Describe structures of graphite and silicon dioxide
- Compare properties of different giant covalent structures
- Relate graphite conductivity to pencil writing and lubricant uses

- Visualise hydrogen bonding in water
- Compare substances with different intermolecular forces
- Discuss effect on boiling points

- Build models of graphite structure
- Compare graphite and diamond properties
- Discuss structure and uses of silicon dioxide

Why does water have a higher boiling point than expected?
Why can graphite conduct electricity while diamond cannot?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 74
- Diagrams of hydrogen bonding
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 76
- Models of diamond structure
- Modelling materials
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 77
- Modelling materials
- Sand samples
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 85
- Periodic table
- Data tables
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 87
- Lithium, sodium, potassium samples
- Scalpel
- White tile

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation
- Written exercises - Project work - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical properties of alkali metals (conductivity, melting and boiling points)
Periodicity - Ionisation energy of alkali metals
Periodicity - Reaction of alkali metals with air/oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Test electrical conductivity of alkali metals
- Describe trends in melting and boiling points
- Relate conductivity to use of sodium in heat transfer systems

- Test conductivity using simple circuit
- Study data on melting and boiling points
- Explain trends in terms of metallic bonding

Why do melting points decrease down Group I?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 89
- Circuit with bulb
- Alkali metal samples
- Data tables
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 90
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 91
- Sodium metal
- Deflagrating spoon
- Gas jar of oxygen

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of alkali metals with water
Periodicity - Reaction of alkali metals with chlorine and dilute acids
Periodicity - Applications of alkali metals
Periodicity - Physical properties of alkaline earth metals (atomic and ionic radii)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reactions of alkali metals with water
- Compare reactivity down the group
- Explain why potassium reacts explosively with water

- Investigate reaction of sodium and potassium with water
- Test resulting solutions with indicators
- Write balanced equations

How do alkali metals react with water and why does reactivity increase down the group?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 93
- Sodium, potassium
- Trough with water
- Phenolphthalein
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 94
- Gas jar of chlorine
- Deflagrating spoon
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 96
- Digital devices
- Pictures of applications
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 98
- Periodic table
- Data tables

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical properties of alkaline earth metals (appearance, hardness, conductivity)
Periodicity - Physical properties of alkaline earth metals (melting points and ionisation energy)
Periodicity - Reaction of alkaline earth metals with air/oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe appearance of alkaline earth metals
- Test hardness and conductivity
- Connect magnesium's light weight to its use in aircraft alloys

- Describe trends in melting points and ionisation energy
- Compare first and second ionisation energies
- Relate ionisation energy to element reactivity in fireworks

- Observe appearance of magnesium and calcium
- Test hardness and ductility
- Test electrical conductivity

- Study data on melting and boiling points
- Investigate ionisation energy trends
- Discuss factors affecting ionisation energy

Why are alkaline earth metals harder than alkali metals?
Why do alkaline earth metals have higher ionisation energies than alkali metals?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 99
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Circuit with bulb
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 102
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 106
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Bunsen burner

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation
- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of alkaline earth metals with water and steam
Periodicity - Reaction of alkaline earth metals with chlorine and dilute acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reactions with water and steam
- Compare reactivity of magnesium and calcium
- Relate calcium hydroxide formation to lime water used in construction

- React magnesium and calcium with cold water
- React magnesium with steam
- Test gas produced and write equations

Why does magnesium react slowly with cold water but vigorously with steam?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 107
- Magnesium, calcium
- Trough
- Steam apparatus
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 110
- Magnesium ribbon
- Chlorine gas
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of alkaline earth metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of alkaline earth metals
- Relate properties to applications
- Connect calcium carbonate to cement production and antacid tablets

- Search for information on uses of alkaline earth metals
- Discuss applications of magnesium, calcium and barium
- Present findings to class

How are alkaline earth metals used in medicine and industry?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 112
- Digital devices
- Pictures of applications

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Introduction to halogens
Periodicity - Laboratory preparation of chlorine gas
Periodicity - Trends in physical properties of halogens (atomic radii, melting and boiling points)
Periodicity - Appearance, physical state and solubility of halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements in the halogen family
- Describe electron configuration of halogens
- Relate halogen reactivity to their use in water treatment and disinfectants

- Describe trends in atomic radii of halogens
- Explain trends in melting and boiling points
- Relate physical state changes to molecular size and intermolecular forces

- Determine chemical family of chlorine and fluorine
- Write electron configurations
- List other halogens

- Review atomic structure of halogens
- Study trends in physical properties
- Explain trends using intermolecular forces

Why are halogens called "salt formers"?
Why do halogens change from gas to solid down the group?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 114
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 115
- MnO₂, conc. HCl
- Round bottomed flask
- Gas jars
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 117
- Data tables
- Periodic table
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 118
- Bromine, iodine samples
- Distilled water
- Test tubes

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation
- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Electrical conductivity of halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate electrical conductivity of halogens
- Explain why halogens do not conduct electricity
- Contrast halogen non-conductivity with metal conductivity in wiring

- Test electrical conductivity of iodine crystals
- Discuss results in terms of structure
- Compare with ionic and metallic substances

Why don't halogens conduct electricity?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 120
- Iodine crystals
- Circuit with bulb
- Beaker

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Electron affinity and ion formation of halogens
Periodicity - Reaction of halogens with metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define electron affinity
- Explain trends in electron affinity down Group VII
- Relate electron affinity to halogen reactivity in forming salts

- Understand how halogen atoms form ions
- Discuss electron affinity values
- Explain trend down the group

Why does electron affinity decrease down Group VII?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 121
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 122
- Iron filings
- Chlorine gas
- Combustion tube

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of chlorine with water
Periodicity - Displacement reactions of halogens
Periodicity - Applications of halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reaction of chlorine with water
- Describe bleaching action of chlorine water
- Relate chlorine water to swimming pool disinfection

- Identify uses of halogens
- Relate properties to applications
- Connect fluoride in toothpaste to dental health protection

- Prepare chlorine water
- Test with litmus paper
- Investigate decomposition in sunlight

- Search for information on uses of halogens
- Discuss applications of F, Cl, Br and I
- Present findings to class

How does chlorine react with water and why is it used as a bleach?
How are halogens used in water treatment, medicine and industry?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 124
- Chlorine gas
- Distilled water
- Litmus paper
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 125
- Chlorine, bromine water
- KBr, KI solutions
- Test tubes

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 127
- Digital devices
- Product samples

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Introduction to noble gases
Periodicity - Trends in physical properties of noble gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify noble gases and their electron configurations
- Explain why noble gases are chemically inert
- Relate noble gas stability to their use in light bulbs and balloons

- Determine electronic configuration of noble gases
- Discuss stability of full electron shells
- List noble gas elements

Why are noble gases unreactive?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 128
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 129
- Data tables
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of noble gases
Periodicity - Introduction to Period 3 elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of noble gases
- Relate properties to applications
- Connect argon's inertness to its use in welding and light bulbs

- Search for information on uses of noble gases
- Discuss applications of He, Ne and Ar
- Present findings to class

How are noble gases used despite being unreactive?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 131
- Digital devices
- Pictures of applications
- Periodic table
- Element samples

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in atomic radii across Period 3
Periodicity - Trends in ionisation energy across Period 3
Periodicity - Trends in melting and boiling points across Period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in atomic radii across Period 3
- Explain reasons for the observed trend
- Relate atomic size to element reactivity in sodium vs chlorine

- Describe trends in ionisation energy across Period 3
- Explain factors affecting ionisation energy
- Relate ionisation energy to metallic character of sodium vs non-metallic chlorine

- Study data on atomic radii of Period 3 elements
- Plot graph of atomic radius vs atomic number
- Explain trend using nuclear charge

- Study ionisation energy data for Period 3
- Discuss trend and anomalies
- Explain using atomic structure

Why does atomic radius decrease across Period 3?
Why does ionisation energy generally increase across Period 3?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 132
- Data tables
- Graph paper
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 133
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 134
- Charts

- Written exercises - Graphical work - Oral questions
- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Electron affinity and electronegativity across Period 3
Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with oxygen (Na, Mg, Al)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define electron affinity and electronegativity
- Describe trends across Period 3
- Relate electronegativity to bond polarity in water molecules

- Discuss electron affinity trends
- Study electronegativity values across Period 3
- Explain factors affecting these properties

Why does electronegativity increase across Period 3?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 135
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 136
- Na, Mg, Al samples
- Bunsen burner
- Deflagrating spoon

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with oxygen (Si, P, S)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe reactions of Si, P and S with oxygen
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate sulphur dioxide formation to air pollution and acid rain

- Discuss reactions of silicon and phosphorus with oxygen
- Burn sulphur in oxygen
- Write balanced equations

What products form when Period 3 non-metals burn in oxygen?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 136
- Sulphur powder
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Deflagrating spoon

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with chlorine (Na, Mg, Al)
Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with chlorine (Si, P)
Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with water (Na, Mg)
Periodicity - Reaction of Period 3 elements with dilute acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reactions of Period 3 metals with chlorine
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate aluminium chloride to its use as catalyst in industry

- Investigate reactions of sodium and magnesium with water
- Compare reactivity of the two metals
- Relate sodium hydroxide formation to soap making

- React sodium, magnesium and aluminium with chlorine
- Observe products formed
- Write balanced equations

- React sodium and magnesium with cold water
- React magnesium with steam
- Write balanced equations

What happens when Period 3 metals react with chlorine?
Why does sodium react more vigorously with water than magnesium?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 137
- Na, Mg samples
- Chlorine gas
- Deflagrating spoon
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 138
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 140
- Sodium, magnesium
- Trough with water
- Phenolphthalein
- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 139
- Mg ribbon
- Dilute HCl, H₂SO₄
- Test tubes

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Comparison of trends across Period 3 and down groups

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare periodic trends across periods and down groups
- Summarise factors affecting periodic properties
- Apply periodic trends to predict element behaviour in new materials

- Compare trends across Period 3 with trends down groups
- Create summary tables of periodic trends
- Discuss patterns and exceptions

How do trends across a period differ from trends down a group?

- Front Row Chemistry Grade 10 pg. 141
- Summary charts
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Individual assessment