Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Ductility and malleability
Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and brittleness

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate ductility in materials
- Demonstrate malleability in materials
- Appreciate these properties in wire and sheet making

- Carry out activities to demonstrate ductility by stretching wires
- Demonstrate malleability by hammering metals
- Compare different materials

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 32-34
- Copper wire
- Aluminum foil
- Hammer
- Safety goggles
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 34-36
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Chalk
- Glass pieces

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Other properties
Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain strength, hardness and stiffness
- Demonstrate these properties using materials
- Appreciate importance in construction and engineering

- Define tensile stress and strain
- Calculate stress and strain using formulas
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to demonstrate strength, hardness and stiffness
- Compare different materials
- Discuss applications
- Discuss the meaning of tensile stress and strain
- Use mathematical formulae: Stress=F/A, Strain=ΔL/Lo
- Solve numerical problems

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?
Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 36-38
- Various materials
- Nails
- Wooden blocks
- Metal pieces
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests
- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law
Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain Hooke's Law
- Verify Hooke's Law experimentally
- Relate extension to applied force

- Carry out activities to demonstrate Hooke's Law using springs
- Plot graphs of force against extension
- Determine spring constant

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain modulus of elasticity
- Calculate Young's Modulus using Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to determine modulus of elasticity
- Use the formula Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Masses
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications
Mechanical Properties - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of temperature
- Identify units of temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
- Relate temperature to hotness and coldness

- Describe liquid expansion devices
- Explain how mercury and alcohol thermometers work
- Compare properties of thermometric liquids

- Discuss with peers the meaning of temperature
- Place hands in warm and cold water to feel temperature differences
- Record observations
- Carry out activities to measure temperature using mercury and alcohol thermometers
- Observe liquid expansion in thermometers
- Compare the two thermometers

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how thermocouples work
- Describe resistive temperature devices
- Appreciate modern temperature measurement

- Use print/non-print media to search for information on thermocouples and RTDs
- Discuss how they measure temperature
- Present findings

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how infrared thermometers work
- Use infrared thermometer to measure temperature
- Appreciate non-contact temperature measurement

- Take turns using infrared thermometer to measure forehead temperature
- Compare readings
- Discuss applications

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Pointer
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how bimetallic strips work
- Explain applications in thermostats and fire alarms
- Appreciate use in electrical devices

- Demonstrate bending of bimetallic strips when heated
- Discuss applications in thermostats
- Explain use in electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Heat source
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in liquids
- Demonstrate liquid expansion using flask and tube
- Explain why glass breaks with sudden temperature changes

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion in liquids
- Heat colored water in flask with tube
- Observe liquid level changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Heat source
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in gases
- Demonstrate gas expansion using balloon and bottle
- Relate gas expansion to hot air balloons

- Describe expansion joints in steam pipes
- Explain why expansion gaps are needed
- Appreciate thermal expansion considerations in engineering

- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion in gases
- Attach balloon to bottle and place in hot/cold water
- Observe balloon size changes
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications of thermal expansion
- Discuss expansion joints in pipes
- Present findings

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?
Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water
- Ice
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain slack in overhead wires
- Describe thermostats in electrical devices
- Appreciate thermal expansion in everyday devices

- Discuss thermal expansion in electrical wires
- Explain how thermostats work
- Relate to electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors
Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force
Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings
- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests
- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe torque and couple in turning objects
- Calculate torque using Torque = Force × Distance
- Relate to steering wheels and screwdrivers

- Carry out activities to demonstrate couple using wooden strip and spring balances
- Compare single force with couple
- Discuss applications

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Spring balances
- Screw
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life
Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load
Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

- Explain mechanical advantage as Load/Effort
- Explain velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency

- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output
- Discuss the meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Use mathematical relationships
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Pictures of levers

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests
- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how wheel and axle works
- Calculate VR = radius of wheel/radius of axle
- Relate to winches and door knobs

- Investigate wheel and axle using rod and handle
- Apply force at different positions
- Calculate VR and MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Weights
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type
- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations
- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review
Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on energy, work, power and machines
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of all topics

- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the parts of a ripple tank and state their functions
- Set up a ripple tank for wave demonstration
- Connect wave patterns observed in a ripple tank to natural phenomena like water waves at the beach

- Observe a ripple tank and its components
- Label key parts of the ripple tank
- Copy and complete a table showing parts and functions of a ripple tank
- Fill the tank with water and test wave generation

What role does each part of a ripple tank play in demonstrating wave behaviour?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain refraction as bending of waves due to change in speed
- Demonstrate refraction of waves in a ripple tank
- Connect refraction to how lenses work in eyeglasses, cameras and microscopes

- Place rectangular plastic sheets to create shallow water regions
- Observe how wave speed and direction change at boundaries
- Sketch wave patterns showing refraction
- Discuss why sound travels farther at night than during the day

Why do waves bend when they move from one medium to another?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Ripple tank
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Metal barriers with gaps
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Two spherical dippers

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings
Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how stationary waves are formed from two progressive waves
- Identify nodes and antinodes in stationary waves
- Connect stationary waves to musical instruments like guitars and violins

- Derive expressions for frequencies in closed and open pipes
- Differentiate between harmonics produced in closed and open pipes
- Connect vibrating air columns to wind instruments like flutes and clarinets

- Stretch a rubber band and pluck to observe stationary wave patterns
- Identify regions of highest amplitude (antinodes) and zero amplitude (nodes)
- Vary tension and observe changes in wave pattern
- Discuss properties of stationary waves

- Blow air across closed and open pipes and listen to sounds produced
- Compare pitch differences between closed and open pipes
- Discuss why closed pipes produce only odd harmonics
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in pipes

How do nodes and antinodes form in a stationary wave?
Why do closed pipes produce only odd harmonics while open pipes produce all harmonics?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves
Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain resonance and its conditions
- Describe how FM radio waves carry sound information
- Connect resonance to tuning musical instruments and FM to radio broadcasting

- Set up a glass tube in water with a tuning fork to demonstrate resonance
- Adjust air column length to find resonance point
- Tune an FM radio receiver to different stations
- Research how FM radio waves carry sound information

How does a radio receiver select and play a specific FM station?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms used in radioactivity including atom, nuclide, half-life and radioisotope
- Explain factors that determine nuclear stability
- Connect radioactivity concepts to medical imaging and carbon dating

- Use digital devices or reference books to find meanings of radioactivity terms
- Discuss atomic number, mass number and isotopes
- Explain nuclear stability and background radiation
- Share findings on terminology in class discussion

What makes some atomic nuclei stable while others are unstable?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha, beta and gamma decay
- Balance mass numbers and atomic numbers in nuclear equations
- Connect nuclear decay to energy production in nuclear power plants

- Learn the three main types of radioactive decay
- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay (e.g., Uranium-238 to Thorium-234)
- Write nuclear equations for beta decay
- Practise balancing nuclear equations

How do unstable nuclei transform to achieve stability through radioactive decay?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how photographic emulsions detect radiation
- Describe how a leaf electroscope detects radiation
- Connect radiation detection to radiation badges worn by hospital workers

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

- Observe demonstration of photographic plate detection
- Construct a simple electroscope and observe discharge near radioactive material
- Discuss how ionisation affects charge on foil strips
- Compare detection methods and their applications

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do photographic plates and electroscopes indicate the presence of radiation?
How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges
Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define an electric field and describe its properties
- Draw electric field patterns for isolated and interacting charges
- Connect electric fields to how lightning rods protect buildings

- Discuss the meaning of electric field and its properties
- Draw field patterns for isolated positive and negative charges
- Draw field patterns between like and unlike charges
- Draw field patterns between charged plates

Why do electric field lines never cross each other?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods
Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain charging by friction and contact methods
- Demonstrate charging of objects using friction and contact
- Connect charging by friction to static shocks from car doors and door handles

- Rub plastic pen with dry cloth and bring near paper pieces
- Sketch distribution of charges on rubbed materials
- Touch charged glass rod to polystyrene ball and observe charge transfer
- Discuss electron transfer in charging by contact

How does rubbing two materials together cause them to become charged?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope
Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction
Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and state functions of parts of a gold leaf electroscope
- Construct a simple electroscope using locally available materials
- Connect electroscope operation to radiation monitoring badges used by hospital workers

- Observe an electroscope and identify its main parts
- Research functions of metallic cap, metal rod, gold leaf and glass casing
- Construct a simple electroscope using paper clip, aluminium foil and plastic container
- Test the constructed electroscope with charged objects

How does each part of an electroscope contribute to detecting electric charges?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation