Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain
Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define tensile stress and strain
- Calculate stress and strain using formulas
- Solve numerical problems

- Discuss the meaning of tensile stress and strain
- Use mathematical formulae: Stress=F/A, Strain=ΔL/Lo
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify Hooke's Law through experiments
- Determine the elastic limit
- Calculate spring constant from graphs

- Carry out experiments to verify Hooke's Law
- Record data in tables
- Plot and analyze graphs

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Springs
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus
Mechanical Properties - Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain modulus of elasticity
- Calculate Young's Modulus using Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to determine modulus of elasticity
- Use the formula Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Masses
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on mechanical properties
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of stress, strain and elasticity

- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of temperature
- Identify units of temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
- Relate temperature to hotness and coldness

- Discuss with peers the meaning of temperature
- Place hands in warm and cold water to feel temperature differences
- Record observations

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how bimetallic devices work
- Demonstrate bimetallic strip operation
- Relate bimetallic strips to thermostats

- Construct a simple bimetallic strip
- Heat the strip and observe bending
- Discuss applications in thermostats

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how thermocouples work
- Describe resistive temperature devices
- Appreciate modern temperature measurement

- Use print/non-print media to search for information on thermocouples and RTDs
- Discuss how they measure temperature
- Present findings

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain linear expansivity
- Compare expansion rates of different metals
- Calculate linear expansivity

- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion of different metals (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Compare expansion using a pointer
- Record observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Heat source
- Pointer
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in liquids
- Demonstrate liquid expansion using flask and tube
- Explain why glass breaks with sudden temperature changes

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion in liquids
- Heat colored water in flask with tube
- Observe liquid level changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain anomalous expansion of water
- Investigate water behavior from 0°C to 4°C
- Relate anomalous expansion to ice formation and aquatic life

- Carry out activities to demonstrate anomalous expansion of water
- Plot graph of water level against temperature
- Discuss importance to aquatic life

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe expansion joints in steam pipes
- Explain why expansion gaps are needed
- Appreciate thermal expansion considerations in engineering

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications of thermal expansion
- Discuss expansion joints in pipes
- Present findings

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain expansion gaps in railway lines
- Describe thermal expansion in steel bridges
- Appreciate expansion considerations in construction

- Discuss expansion gaps in railway lines
- Explain bridge design with rollers
- Use digital media to view examples

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force
Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points
Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Screw
- Table

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load
Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify energy transformations in vehicles
- Explain chemical to mechanical energy conversion
- Appreciate safety measures in vehicles

- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicle components
- Identify energy transformations
- Discuss safety precautions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Pictures

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave properties including rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
- Identify examples of wave properties in everyday life
- Relate wave properties to real-life applications such as mirrors, lenses and sound systems

- Brainstorm on what was learnt in Grade 9 about waves
- Use digital devices or reference books to search for the meaning of wave properties
- Copy and complete a table showing wave properties and their applications
- Present findings on properties of waves in a class discussion

How do wave properties affect our daily experiences with light and sound?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of reflection
- Demonstrate reflection of waves using different shaped barriers
- Relate wave reflection to everyday applications like mirrors, periscopes and acoustic design

- Generate plane waves and observe reflection off straight barriers
- Measure and compare angles of incidence and reflection
- Observe reflection patterns using concave and convex barriers
- Sketch wave patterns before and after reflection

How does the shape of a barrier affect the reflection pattern of waves?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Metal barriers with gaps

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain constructive and destructive interference
- Demonstrate interference patterns using two spherical dippers
- Connect interference to noise-cancelling headphones and hologram technology

- Attach two spherical dippers to the vibrator
- Observe alternating bright and dark bands formed
- Sketch wave patterns labelling regions of constructive and destructive interference
- Discuss applications of interference in everyday life

What causes some regions to have louder sound while others are quieter when two speakers play the same tone?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Ripple tank
- Two spherical dippers
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive expressions for frequencies in closed and open pipes
- Differentiate between harmonics produced in closed and open pipes
- Connect vibrating air columns to wind instruments like flutes and clarinets

- Blow air across closed and open pipes and listen to sounds produced
- Compare pitch differences between closed and open pipes
- Discuss why closed pipes produce only odd harmonics
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in pipes

Why do closed pipes produce only odd harmonics while open pipes produce all harmonics?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe
- Ruler

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves
Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain resonance and its conditions
- Describe how FM radio waves carry sound information
- Connect resonance to tuning musical instruments and FM to radio broadcasting

- Set up a glass tube in water with a tuning fork to demonstrate resonance
- Adjust air column length to find resonance point
- Tune an FM radio receiver to different stations
- Research how FM radio waves carry sound information

How does a radio receiver select and play a specific FM station?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms used in radioactivity including atom, nuclide, half-life and radioisotope
- Explain factors that determine nuclear stability
- Connect radioactivity concepts to medical imaging and carbon dating

- Use digital devices or reference books to find meanings of radioactivity terms
- Discuss atomic number, mass number and isotopes
- Explain nuclear stability and background radiation
- Share findings on terminology in class discussion

What makes some atomic nuclei stable while others are unstable?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha, beta and gamma decay
- Balance mass numbers and atomic numbers in nuclear equations
- Connect nuclear decay to energy production in nuclear power plants

- Learn the three main types of radioactive decay
- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay (e.g., Uranium-238 to Thorium-234)
- Write nuclear equations for beta decay
- Practise balancing nuclear equations

How do unstable nuclei transform to achieve stability through radioactive decay?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how photographic emulsions detect radiation
- Describe how a leaf electroscope detects radiation
- Connect radiation detection to radiation badges worn by hospital workers

- Observe demonstration of photographic plate detection
- Construct a simple electroscope and observe discharge near radioactive material
- Discuss how ionisation affects charge on foil strips
- Compare detection methods and their applications

How do photographic plates and electroscopes indicate the presence of radiation?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation