Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain Hooke's Law
- Verify Hooke's Law experimentally
- Relate extension to applied force

- Carry out activities to demonstrate Hooke's Law using springs
- Plot graphs of force against extension
- Determine spring constant

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify Hooke's Law through experiments
- Determine the elastic limit
- Calculate spring constant from graphs

- Carry out experiments to verify Hooke's Law
- Record data in tables
- Plot and analyze graphs

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Springs
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain modulus of elasticity
- Calculate Young's Modulus using Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to determine modulus of elasticity
- Use the formula Y=stress/strain
- Solve numerical problems

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Masses
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Review
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on mechanical properties
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of stress, strain and elasticity

- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe liquid expansion devices
- Explain how mercury and alcohol thermometers work
- Compare properties of thermometric liquids

- Carry out activities to measure temperature using mercury and alcohol thermometers
- Observe liquid expansion in thermometers
- Compare the two thermometers

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how bimetallic devices work
- Demonstrate bimetallic strip operation
- Relate bimetallic strips to thermostats

- Construct a simple bimetallic strip
- Heat the strip and observe bending
- Discuss applications in thermostats

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how thermocouples work
- Describe resistive temperature devices
- Appreciate modern temperature measurement

- Use print/non-print media to search for information on thermocouples and RTDs
- Discuss how they measure temperature
- Present findings

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how infrared thermometers work
- Use infrared thermometer to measure temperature
- Appreciate non-contact temperature measurement

- Take turns using infrared thermometer to measure forehead temperature
- Compare readings
- Discuss applications

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in solids
- Demonstrate expansion using ball and ring experiment
- Appreciate expansion effects on structures

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion (metal bar and gauge, ball and ring)
- Observe expansion when heated
- Discuss observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain linear expansivity
- Compare expansion rates of different metals
- Calculate linear expansivity

- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion of different metals (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Compare expansion using a pointer
- Record observations

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Heat source
- Pointer
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how bimetallic strips work
- Explain applications in thermostats and fire alarms
- Appreciate use in electrical devices

- Demonstrate bending of bimetallic strips when heated
- Discuss applications in thermostats
- Explain use in electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Heat source
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in liquids
- Demonstrate liquid expansion using flask and tube
- Explain why glass breaks with sudden temperature changes

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion in liquids
- Heat colored water in flask with tube
- Observe liquid level changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain anomalous expansion of water
- Investigate water behavior from 0°C to 4°C
- Relate anomalous expansion to ice formation and aquatic life

- Carry out activities to demonstrate anomalous expansion of water
- Plot graph of water level against temperature
- Discuss importance to aquatic life

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in gases
- Demonstrate gas expansion using balloon and bottle
- Relate gas expansion to hot air balloons

- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion in gases
- Attach balloon to bottle and place in hot/cold water
- Observe balloon size changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water
- Ice

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe expansion joints in steam pipes
- Explain why expansion gaps are needed
- Appreciate thermal expansion considerations in engineering

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications of thermal expansion
- Discuss expansion joints in pipes
- Present findings

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain slack in overhead wires
- Describe thermostats in electrical devices
- Appreciate thermal expansion in everyday devices

- Discuss thermal expansion in electrical wires
- Explain how thermostats work
- Relate to electrical appliances

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the turning effect of forces about a point
- Investigate how distance affects moment
- Relate to everyday applications like door handles

- Carry out activities to demonstrate turning effect using door and spring balance
- Apply force at different points
- Record force required and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe torque and couple in turning objects
- Calculate torque using Torque = Force × Distance
- Relate to steering wheels and screwdrivers

- Carry out activities to demonstrate couple using wooden strip and spring balances
- Compare single force with couple
- Discuss applications

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Spring balances
- Screw
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on moments and equilibrium
- Apply principles to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of torque and stability

- Solve numerical problems on moments
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy as ability to do work
- Identify different forms of energy
- Relate energy sources to renewable and non-renewable

- Discuss different forms of energy
- Give examples of energy sources
- Classify sources as renewable or non-renewable

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify energy transformations in vehicles
- Explain chemical to mechanical energy conversion
- Appreciate safety measures in vehicles

- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicle components
- Identify energy transformations
- Discuss safety precautions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mechanical advantage as Load/Effort
- Explain velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency

- Discuss the meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Use mathematical relationships
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Pictures of levers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how wheel and axle works
- Calculate VR = radius of wheel/radius of axle
- Relate to winches and door knobs

- Investigate wheel and axle using rod and handle
- Apply force at different positions
- Calculate VR and MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Weights
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review
Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on energy, work, power and machines
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of all topics

- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the parts of a ripple tank and state their functions
- Set up a ripple tank for wave demonstration
- Connect wave patterns observed in a ripple tank to natural phenomena like water waves at the beach

- Observe a ripple tank and its components
- Label key parts of the ripple tank
- Copy and complete a table showing parts and functions of a ripple tank
- Fill the tank with water and test wave generation

What role does each part of a ripple tank play in demonstrating wave behaviour?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of reflection
- Demonstrate reflection of waves using different shaped barriers
- Relate wave reflection to everyday applications like mirrors, periscopes and acoustic design

- Generate plane waves and observe reflection off straight barriers
- Measure and compare angles of incidence and reflection
- Observe reflection patterns using concave and convex barriers
- Sketch wave patterns before and after reflection

How does the shape of a barrier affect the reflection pattern of waves?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffraction as bending of waves around obstacles or through gaps
- Demonstrate diffraction using a ripple tank
- Relate diffraction to hearing sound around corners and Wi-Fi signal distribution

- Position metal barriers with gaps in the ripple tank
- Observe wave spreading after passing through gaps of different sizes
- Observe diffraction around obstacles and at edges
- Sketch diffraction patterns and discuss applications

How does the size of an opening affect the amount of wave diffraction?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers with gaps
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Two spherical dippers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions