Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition of work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define work as product of force and displacement
- State the SI unit of work as joule
- Differentiate between work done and no work done like pushing a wall versus pushing a wheelbarrow

- Discuss scenarios where work is done and not done
- Calculate work done in lifting and pushing objects
- Relate work to force and displacement

When do we say work is done in Physics?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 105
- Spring balance
- Metre rule
- Various objects

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Calculating work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy and its forms
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition and calculation of power

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Measure work done experimentally
- Apply work calculations to lifting luggage, climbing stairs and pulling carts

- Measure force and distance to calculate work done
- Solve numerical problems on work
- Discuss work done against gravity and friction

How much work is done when lifting a 10 kg mass through 2 metres?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 107
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule
- Stopwatch
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 108
- Various objects
- Pictures of energy sources
- Digital resources
- Stopwatch
- Calculators

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Kinetic energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gravitational potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Elastic potential energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define kinetic energy as energy due to motion
- Calculate kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Connect kinetic energy to moving vehicles, athletes and flowing water

- Roll toy car down ramp and calculate its kinetic energy
- Investigate how mass and velocity affect K.E
- Solve problems on kinetic energy

How does speed affect the kinetic energy of a moving object?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 112
- Toy car
- Ramp
- Stopwatch
- Measuring tape
- Beam balance
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 114
- Small weights
- Metre rule
- Beam balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 116
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Small objects
- Paper balls

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Conservation of mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy transformation using a pendulum
- Connect energy conservation to swings in playgrounds and roller coasters

- Set up simple pendulum and observe energy changes
- Identify P.E and K.E at different positions
- Verify total mechanical energy is constant

What happens to energy as a pendulum swings?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 118
- Pendulum bob
- String
- Stand
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 121
- Digital resources
- Pictures of machines
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of simple machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of simple machines
- Describe applications of levers, pulleys and inclined planes
- Connect simple machines to everyday tools like scissors, wheelbarrows and ramps

- Use digital resources to search for types of simple machines
- Identify simple machines in the environment
- Classify levers into first, second and third class

How do simple machines make work easier?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 124
- Pictures of simple machines
- Examples of levers
- Inclined plane model
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 129
- Simple machines
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate MA and VR of levers
- Apply principle of moments to levers
- Relate lever calculations to using crowbars, scissors and wheelbarrows

- Set up different classes of levers
- Calculate MA and VR experimentally
- Solve problems on levers

How does the position of the fulcrum affect the mechanical advantage of a lever?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Lever apparatus
- Known masses
- Spring balance
- Metre rule

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Pulleys
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane and screw

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate VR of pulley systems
- Investigate efficiency of pulley systems
- Connect pulley systems to cranes, flagpoles and construction hoists

- Set up single fixed and movable pulleys
- Set up block and tackle system
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency experimentally

How does the number of pulleys affect the velocity ratio?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Pulleys
- String
- Known masses
- Spring balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 134
- Inclined plane
- Screw jack
- Metre rule

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle, gears

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate VR of wheel and axle
- Calculate VR of gear systems
- Connect wheel and axle to steering wheels and door knobs, and gears to bicycles and car gearboxes

- Demonstrate wheel and axle operation
- Calculate VR of gear systems with different teeth
- Solve problems on wheel and axle and gears

How do gears change speed and force?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 137
- Wheel and axle model
- Gear wheels
- Bicycle

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic machines and applications
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain working principle of hydraulic machines
- Calculate force multiplication in hydraulic systems
- Connect hydraulic machines to car brakes, car jacks and construction equipment

- Construct simple hydraulic system using syringes
- Calculate force and VR of hydraulic press
- Discuss applications in vehicles and construction
- Identify simple machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators

How do hydraulic machines multiply force?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 139
- Syringes of different sizes
- Tubing
- Water
- Pictures of hydraulic machines
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 147
- Torch
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 148
- Digital resources
- Charts showing reflection

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Project presentations

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of refraction of waves
- Demonstrate refraction using a straight object in water
- Relate refraction to why sound travels differently during day and night

- Observe how a straight object appears bent when placed in water
- Discuss how sound waves bend at the interface of cold and hot air
- Illustrate refraction of sound waves during day and night

Why does a stick appear bent in water?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 150
- Glass of water
- Straight object
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 151
- Torch
- Manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 152
- Two identical speakers
- Audio frequency generator

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating rectilinear propagation using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating reflection using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating refraction using ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave properties
- Demonstrate rectilinear propagation of waves in a ripple tank
- Connect the formation of bright and dark spots to how water waves behave

- Set up a ripple tank with all accessories
- Observe how crests appear bright and troughs appear dark
- Place two straight rods perpendicular to the vibrating bar and observe wave direction

How do waves move in a straight line?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 154
- Ripple tank and accessories
- Dry cell and cell holder
- White manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 156
- Ripple tank
- Straight metal reflector
- Concave and convex reflectors
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 158
- Transparent glass plate

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating diffraction using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating interference using ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves using a ripple tank
- Investigate how aperture size affects diffraction
- Connect diffraction to how radio waves reach behind buildings

- Place two metal barriers with an aperture in front of plane waves
- Vary the aperture size from 8 cm to 0.5 cm and observe emerging waves
- Place an obstacle in front of waves and observe diffraction around it

What factors determine the extent of wave diffraction?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 159
- Ripple tank
- Two straight metal barriers
- Opaque obstacle
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 160
- Two spherical balls
- White manila paper

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Production of frequency modulated (FM) waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of frequency modulation
- Describe methods of producing FM waves
- Connect FM to how radio stations broadcast music and news

- Use digital devices to research the meaning of FM and its production
- Discuss the difference between FM and AM
- Search for applications of frequency modulation

How are FM radio signals produced?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Detection of frequency modulated (FM) waves
Properties of Waves - Formation of stationary waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how FM waves are detected and demodulated
- Describe applications of FM in various fields
- Relate FM detection to how radios and television sets receive signals

- Discuss demodulation methods for FM signals
- Research applications of FM in radar systems, medical imaging, and telemetry
- Present findings on FM applications to classmates

How do radios detect and convert FM signals to sound?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 162
- Digital resources
- Radio receiver (demonstration)
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 163
- Tuning fork
- String
- Mass (weight)
- Fixed pulley system

- Oral questions - Written tests - Research presentations

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Factors affecting fundamental frequency of vibrating string

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting fundamental frequency of a vibrating string
- Determine the relationship between frequency, tension, and length
- Relate findings to tuning musical instruments like guitars and violins

- Set up a sonometer apparatus and vary tension while keeping length constant
- Vary the length between bridges while keeping tension constant
- Discuss the mathematical relationship f = (1/2L)√(T/μ)

How do tension and length affect the frequency of a vibrating string?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 164
- Sonometer apparatus
- Weights
- Two wooden wedges

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Modes of vibration in strings
Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in closed pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain modes of vibration in strings
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics and overtones
- Connect harmonics to the rich sound quality of musical instruments

- Discuss fundamental frequency and how it relates to wavelength
- Calculate first and second overtones using mathematical relationships
- Use the general formula for nth overtone: fn = (n+1)f₀

What are harmonics and overtones in vibrating strings?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Charts showing modes of vibration
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 167
- Glass tube
- Glass jar with water
- Tuning fork

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem-solving exercises

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Harmonics in closed pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain harmonics in closed pipes
- Calculate frequencies of overtones in closed pipes
- Connect closed pipe harmonics to the limited overtones in some wind instruments

- Discuss the first harmonic (fundamental frequency) in closed pipes
- Calculate second and third harmonics using f = (2n-1)f₀
- Compare harmonic patterns in closed pipes with open pipes

Why do closed pipes only produce odd harmonics?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 168
- Digital resources
- Charts showing harmonics

- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in open pipes
Properties of Waves - Meaning of Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain stationary wave formation in open pipes
- Calculate fundamental frequency and overtones in open pipes
- Relate open pipe resonance to how flutes and organ pipes produce sound

- Discuss how antinodes form at both ends of an open pipe
- Calculate wavelength and frequency relationships: L = λ/2
- Compare fundamental frequencies in open and closed pipes

How do stationary waves form in open pipes?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 169
- Digital resources
- Charts showing open pipe harmonics
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 173
- Audio recordings of approaching vehicles

- Written tests - Oral questions - Problem-solving exercises

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate Doppler effect using sound sources and ropes
- Observe changes in wavelength when source moves towards or away from observer
- Relate the demonstration to how radar speed guns measure vehicle speed

- Move an audio frequency generator towards and away from a stationary observer
- Use a rope to show compression and stretching of waves
- Discuss how wavelength decreases when source approaches and increases when receding

How does the movement of a sound source affect the waves detected by an observer?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 174
- Audio frequency generator
- Rope or spiral spring

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Applications of Doppler effect
Radioactivity - Meaning of radioactivity and related terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of Doppler effect in various fields
- Explain how Doppler effect is used in astronomy, medicine, and traffic control
- Connect Doppler applications to ultrasound scans and weather forecasting

- Research applications in astronomy for measuring galaxy movements
- Discuss medical imaging applications like Doppler sonography
- Explore traffic radar and speed camera applications

How is Doppler effect used in medicine and traffic control?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 175
- Digital resources
- Charts showing Doppler applications
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 178
- Physics reference books

- Research presentations - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Stability of isotopes and atomic structure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain atomic structure in relation to radioactivity
- Describe how neutron-proton ratio affects nuclear stability
- Connect isotope stability to carbon dating of archaeological artifacts

- Discuss the composition of atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Explain why a 1:1 neutron-proton ratio leads to stability
- Illustrate unstable nuclides using diagrams

How does the neutron-proton ratio affect nuclear stability?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 180
- Digital resources
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Written tests - Oral questions - Diagram labelling

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Types of radiations (alpha, beta, gamma)
Radioactivity - Properties of alpha and beta particles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the three types of radioactive radiations
- Describe the nature and charge of alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Relate radiation types to their uses in cancer treatment and sterilization

- Discuss the composition of alpha particles (helium nucleus)
- Explain beta particles as high-energy electrons
- Describe gamma rays as electromagnetic radiation

What are the different types of radioactive emissions?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 181
- Digital resources
- Charts showing radiation types
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 182
- Charts comparing radiation properties

- Oral questions - Written tests - Chart interpretation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Properties of gamma rays and comparison of radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe properties of gamma rays
- Compare all three types of radiations using charts and diagrams
- Relate gamma ray properties to their use in X-ray imaging and cancer treatment

- Discuss gamma ray properties: no charge, no mass, highest penetration
- Make charts comparing penetrating power, ionizing effect, and field deflection
- Use diagrams to illustrate effect of magnetic and electric fields on radiations

Why are gamma rays not deflected by electric or magnetic fields?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 183
- Digital resources
- Charts and diagrams

- Chart making - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Alpha decay and nuclear equations
Radioactivity - Beta decay and gamma decay equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay
- Balance nuclear equations showing conservation of mass and charge
- Connect alpha decay to how smoke detectors use americium-241

- Discuss how alpha emission reduces nucleon number by 4 and proton number by 2
- Write nuclear equation for radium-226 decaying to radon-222
- Practice balancing nuclear equations

How do we write nuclear equations for alpha decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 186
- Digital resources
- Periodic table
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 187

- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Uranium-238 decay series

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Trace the uranium-238 natural decay series
- Write nuclear equations for chain decay reactions
- Connect decay series to geological dating of rocks

- Study the uranium-238 decay chain from U-238 to stable Pb-206
- Identify types of radiations emitted at each stage
- Write nuclear equations for each step in the decay series

How does uranium-238 eventually become stable lead-206?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 188
- Charts showing decay series
- Digital resources

- Chart interpretation - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Detection using electroscope and GM tube

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe detection of radioactive emissions using electroscope
- Explain the structure and operation of a Geiger-Müller tube
- Relate GM tube operation to radiation monitoring in nuclear power plants

- Demonstrate how a charged electroscope loses charge near a radioactive source
- Discuss the components and operation of a GM tube
- Explain how ionization produces pulses counted by a scaler

How does a Geiger-Müller tube detect radiation?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 189
- Electroscope
- Diagrams of GM tube

- Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Written tests

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Cloud chambers and nuclear emulsion plates
Radioactivity - Meaning and demonstration of half-life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe detection using expansion and diffusion cloud chambers
- Explain the use of nuclear emulsion plates
- Relate cloud chamber tracks to identifying different radiation types

- Discuss the operation of expansion and diffusion cloud chambers
- Observe track patterns for alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Explain how nuclear emulsion plates record particle tracks

How do cloud chambers make radiation tracks visible?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 190
- Diagrams of cloud chambers
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 193
- Burette
- Retort stand
- Stop clock

- Diagram interpretation - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Calculating half-life using graphs and formula

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate half-life from decay curves
- Apply the half-life formula N = N₀(½)^(T/t)
- Connect half-life calculations to determining age of archaeological samples

- Plot decay curves from given data and determine half-life
- Derive and apply the formula N = N₀(½)^(T/t)
- Solve numerical problems involving half-life calculations

How do we calculate the half-life of a radioactive substance?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 195
- Graph paper
- Scientific calculators

- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Graph interpretation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Significance and applications of half-life
Radioactivity - Nuclear fission and chain reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the significance of half-life in various fields
- Describe applications in medicine, environment, and nuclear power
- Relate half-life to planning cancer treatment doses and nuclear waste storage

- Discuss significance in nuclear medicine and carbon dating
- Explain importance in nuclear waste management
- Research applications in pharmacokinetics and safety regulations

Why is understanding half-life important in medicine and nuclear power?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 197
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 198
- Diagrams of chain reactions
- Digital resources

- Research presentations - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Nuclear fusion and applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of nuclear fusion
- Compare nuclear fusion with fission
- Relate fusion to how the sun and stars produce energy

- Discuss how light nuclei combine to form heavier nuclei
- Explain why fusion requires extremely high temperatures
- Compare energy released in fusion versus fission reactions

Why does nuclear fusion power the sun and stars?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 199
- Diagrams showing fusion
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Comparison tables - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Applications in medicine and industry
Radioactivity - Applications in agriculture and archaeology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of radioactivity in medicine and industry
- Explain how gamma rays treat cancer and sterilize equipment
- Relate industrial applications to detecting pipe leaks and measuring thickness

- Discuss medical applications: cancer treatment, sterilization, imaging
- Explain industrial uses: detecting pipe bursts, thickness measurement, flaw detection
- Research use of radioactive tracers in various fields

How is radioactivity used to treat cancer and detect pipe leaks?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 200
- Diagrams showing applications
- Digital resources
- Digital resources
- Charts on carbon dating

- Research presentations - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity - Hazards of radiation and safety precautions
Origin of charges in a material

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe hazards caused by radioactive materials
- Explain safety precautions when handling radioactive substances
- Relate safety measures to protection of workers in hospitals and nuclear facilities

- Discuss effects of radiation exposure: burns, cancer, hereditary defects
- Explain precautions: avoiding direct contact, using forceps, lead storage
- Role-play safety scenarios in radiation handling

What safety measures protect workers from radiation exposure?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 201
- Safety signs
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 205
- Plastic pen, woolen cloth
- Small pieces of paper

- Role-play assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

The law of electrostatics
Methods of charging conductors - Induction and Contact
Methods of charging conductors - Separation and charge distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of electrostatics
- Demonstrate attraction and repulsion between charged bodies
- Connect charge interactions to how dust sticks to TV screens

- Carry out activities to investigate the law of electrostatics using charged balloons
- Discuss with peers the interaction between like and unlike charges
- Record observations on charge interactions

Why do some charged objects attract while others repel?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 207
- Balloons, woolen cloth
- Thread, retort stands
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 208
- Metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Connecting wire for earthing
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 211
- Two metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged rods
- Charts showing charge distribution

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Electricity and Magnetism

Electric field patterns
The electroscope - Structure, charging and discharging
Uses of electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define electric field and draw field lines
- Sketch electric field patterns for point charges, dipoles and parallel plates
- Relate electric field patterns to how capacitors store energy in electronic devices

- Discuss with peers electric field patterns around charged particles
- Draw field patterns for positive and negative point charges
- Sketch field patterns for like charges, unlike charges and parallel plates
- Use digital media to visualize electric fields

How do electric field lines represent the force on charges?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 214
- Charts showing electric field patterns
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 216
- Gold-leaf electroscope
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Conical flask, aluminium foil, metal spoon
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 219
- Various charged materials
- Conductors and insulators for testing

- Diagram sketching - Oral questions - Written tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications - Spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers
Applications - Lightning arrestors and safety measures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain electrostatic applications in spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers
- Describe how electrostatic precipitators reduce pollution
- Relate electrostatic spray painting to even coating on car bodies

- Use print or non-print media to research applications of electrostatics
- Discuss how electrostatic spray painting ensures even paint distribution
- Explain the working of electrostatic precipitators in factories
- Describe how photocopiers use electrostatics

How does electrostatic spray painting ensure even coating?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 221
- Charts and diagrams
- Digital resources
- Videos on spray painting
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 223
- Pictures of lightning arrestors
- Charts on safety measures
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Research reports

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications - Touch screens, fingerprinting and capacitors
Current and potential difference
Electromotive force and internal resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain electrostatic applications in touch screens and fingerprinting
- Describe the role of electrostatics in capacitors
- Connect capacitive touch technology to everyday smartphone use

- Discuss the principle behind capacitive touch screens
- Research on electrostatic fingerprinting and live scanning
- Explain how capacitors in electronic devices use electrostatic principles
- Explore air purifiers and other applications

How do smartphones detect finger touches using electrostatics?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 225
- Smartphones and tablets
- Digital resources
- Charts on touch screen technology
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 228
- Dry cells, cell holders
- Ammeter, voltmeter, bulb
- Connecting wires, switch
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 231
- Dry cells, two voltmeters
- Known resistors, switch
- Connecting wires

- Oral questions - Written tests - Research presentations

Electricity and Magnetism

Ohm's law - Verification and calculations
EMF equation and internal resistance determination
Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State and verify Ohm's law experimentally
- Apply Ohm's law equation V = IR to solve problems
- Connect Ohm's law to selecting appropriate fuses for home appliances

- Set up circuit with nichrome wire, ammeter, voltmeter and rheostat
- Vary current and record corresponding voltages
- Plot graph of V against I and determine resistance from gradient
- Solve numerical problems using V = IR

What is the relationship between voltage and current for an ohmic conductor?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 232
- Nichrome wire, ammeter
- Voltmeter, rheostat
- Dry cells, graph paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 236
- Dry cells, ammeter
- Graph paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 242
- Torch bulb, thermistor
- Semiconductor diode
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written calculations

Electricity and Magnetism

Factors affecting resistance - Length and cross-sectional area
Factors affecting resistance - Temperature and resistivity
Methods of determining resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of length and cross-sectional area on resistance
- Establish relationships R ∝ L and R ∝ 1/A
- Relate wire dimensions to why thick, short cables are used for car batteries

- Set up circuit with nichrome wire on metre rule
- Measure resistance at different lengths and plot R against L
- Measure resistance of wires with different diameters
- Plot R against A and establish inverse relationship

How do length and thickness of a wire affect its resistance?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 245
- Nichrome wire, metre rule
- Wires of different thickness
- Micrometer screw gauge, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 248
- Tungsten coil, beaker
- Thermometer, heat source
- Ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 251
- Metre bridge, Wheatstone bridge components
- Galvanometer, jockey
- Resistors with colour codes

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Written conclusions

Electricity and Magnetism

Types of resistors and current-voltage laws
Effective resistance in series and parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and classify types of resistors (fixed, variable, linear, non-linear)
- Verify laws of current and voltage in series and parallel circuits
- Connect resistor types to volume controls and temperature sensors

- Study different types of resistors and their applications
- Connect bulbs in series and verify I₁ = I₂ = I₃ and V = V₁ + V₂ + V₃
- Connect bulbs in parallel and verify I = I₁ + I₂ + I₃ and V₁ = V₂ = V₃
- Discuss applications of rheostats and potentiometers

Why is current the same in series but voltage the same in parallel?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 255
- Various types of resistors
- Identical bulbs, ammeters
- Voltmeters, dry cells
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 263
- Resistors of known values
- Scientific calculators
- Circuit diagrams, worksheets

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Electricity and Magnetism

Solving complex resistor network problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse circuits with multiple series-parallel combinations
- Calculate current through and voltage across each resistor
- Apply circuit analysis to troubleshoot electrical faults in appliances

- Identify series and parallel sections in complex circuits
- Calculate effective resistance step by step
- Determine current distribution in branches
- Calculate potential difference across each component

How do we analyse circuits with both series and parallel resistors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 267
- Complex circuit diagrams
- Scientific calculators
- Worksheets with problems

- Written calculations - Circuit analysis - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Relationship of V, I and P - Power equations
Factors affecting heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive and apply power equations P = VI, P = I²R and P = V²/R
- Calculate power consumption of electrical devices
- Relate power ratings to energy efficiency of household appliances

- Discuss electrical power as rate of energy conversion
- Derive power equations from P = W/t and Ohm's law
- Calculate power in circuits using different formulas
- Compare power ratings of various appliances

What is the relationship between voltage, current and power?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 270
- Scientific calculators
- Power rating labels from appliances
- Worksheets
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 273
- Heating coils, beaker
- Thermometer, stopwatch
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat

- Written calculations - Oral questions - Problem-solving tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications of heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of heating effect in electrical appliances
- Explain the working of electric heaters, kettles, iron boxes and fuses
- Relate heating applications to safe and efficient use of electrical devices at home

- Research on electrical appliances that use heating effect
- Classify appliances as heating devices, kitchenware or lighting devices
- Discuss the working of electric iron, kettle, heater and filament lamp
- Explain the function and selection of appropriate fuses

How is the heating effect of electric current applied in household appliances?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 277
- Pictures of electrical appliances
- Fuses of different ratings
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Research presentations

Electricity and Magnetism

Power rating and electrical energy calculations
Conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors
Distinguishing materials using energy band theory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Interpret power ratings on electrical appliances
- Calculate electrical energy consumption using E = Pt
- Apply energy calculations to reduce electricity bills at home

- Read and interpret power ratings on appliance labels
- Calculate energy consumed in joules and kilowatt-hours
- Calculate cost of running appliances using electricity tariffs
- Discuss energy-saving practices

How do we calculate the cost of running electrical appliances?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 278
- Power rating labels
- Scientific calculators
- Electricity tariff information
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 282
- Models of atomic structures
- Charts showing material classification
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 284
- Charts showing energy bands
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials

- Written calculations - Oral questions - Problem-solving tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Effect of temperature on conductors and semiconductors
Intrinsic semiconductors and doping
N-type and p-type semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of temperature on resistance of conductors and semiconductors
- Plot and interpret R-T graphs for different materials
- Relate temperature effects to thermistor use in temperature sensors and fire alarms

- Set up circuit with tungsten coil in water bath
- Heat water and record resistance at different temperatures
- Plot R-T graph showing resistance increase for metals
- Replace with thermistor and observe resistance decrease with temperature
- Discuss concept of superconductivity at very low temperatures

Why does resistance increase with temperature for metals but decrease for semiconductors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 286
- Tungsten coil, thermistor
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 288
- Charts showing doping process
- Digital resources
- Models of crystal structures
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 289
- Diagrams of crystal lattice
- Charts showing n-type and p-type formation
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Comparative analysis

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications of conductors and insulators
Applications of semiconductors and superconductors
Application of conductors and insulators in car wiring system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of conductors in electrical wiring, lightning protection and electronics
- Describe applications of insulators in electrical safety and thermal protection
- Relate conductor and insulator applications to safe electrical installations in homes

- Research on applications of conductors (copper wiring, lightning arrestors, electronic circuits)
- Discuss applications of insulators (wire coating, socket casings, thermal insulation)
- Explain why electrical cables have copper core with plastic/rubber coating
- Identify conductors and insulators in household items

Why are both conductors and insulators essential in electrical systems?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 292
- Samples of electrical cables
- Pictures of electrical installations
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 293
- Electronic components
- Pictures of semiconductor devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 294
- Car wiring diagrams
- Samples of automotive cables
- Digital resources
- Resource persons (mechanics)

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Greenhouse effect and climate change in the environment
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Physical drivers of climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Factors leading to greenhouse effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change
- Demonstrate the greenhouse effect using simple apparatus
- Connect the greenhouse effect to everyday observations like hot car interiors on sunny days

- Discuss with peers the meaning of greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change
- Carry out activities using plastic bottles/jars and thermometers to demonstrate greenhouse effect
- Use digital resources to search for information on greenhouse effect and climate change

How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth's temperature?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 297
- Clear plastic bottles/jars
- Thermometers
- Plastic wrap
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 298
- Charts showing greenhouse effect
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 299
- Pictures of industrial activities

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Agricultural and livestock contributions
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Ozone depletion and climate change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how agricultural practices contribute to greenhouse effect
- Analyse the role of livestock farming in methane production
- Relate agricultural activities in local farms to greenhouse gas emissions

- Discuss how livestock farming releases methane and fertilizer use produces nitrous oxide
- Use digital resources to search for information on agricultural contributions to greenhouse effect
- Share findings with classmates for peer learning

How do farming activities contribute to climate change?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 300
- Charts showing greenhouse gas sources
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 301
- Diagrams of ozone layer
- Digital resources
- Charts on ozone depletion

- Group discussions - Oral questions - Written tests

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Strategies for mitigating climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change on environment
Introduction to Space Physics - Big Bang Theory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- Explain how renewable energy and reforestation help mitigate climate change
- Connect tree planting initiatives in schools to carbon dioxide reduction

- Use digital resources to search for mitigating factors against climate change
- Discuss the role of renewable energy, reforestation and energy efficiency in reducing emissions
- Analyse pictures showing various mitigation strategies

What can individuals and communities do to reduce climate change effects?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 302
- Pictures of renewable energy sources
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 305
- Pictures showing climate change effects
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 308
- Charts on Big Bang Theory

- Group discussions - Oral questions - Project work

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Stars, planets and satellites
Introduction to Space Physics - Asteroids, comets, meteors and galaxies
Introduction to Space Physics - Space exploration methods and telescopy
Introduction to Space Physics - Motion of planets around the sun
Introduction to Space Physics - Careers in space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define celestial bodies and give examples
- Classify celestial bodies as stars, planets and satellites
- Relate the sun as a star to the light and heat we receive daily

- Study photos of celestial bodies in space
- Discuss the characteristics of stars, planets and satellites
- Use digital resources to search for types of celestial bodies

What celestial bodies can you observe in the night sky?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 309
- Photos of celestial bodies
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 311
- Pictures of comets and galaxies
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 312
- Lenses, manila paper, glue
- Pictures of telescopes
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 316
- Models of solar system
- Charts on Kepler's laws
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 318
- Career charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests