Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Stability of Atoms
The Periodic Table - Formation of Cations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of atomic stability
- Describe how atoms achieve stability
- Appreciate the role of valence electrons in stability

- Discuss with peers the stability of atoms
- Research on the octet rule
- Explain why atoms lose or gain electrons

How do atoms achieve stability?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing stable configurations
- Periodic table
- Drawing materials

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Formation of Anions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term anion
- Explain how anions are formed
- Draw diagrams showing anion formation

- Predict anion formation from electron arrangement
- Draw diagrams showing gain of electrons
- Practise writing electron configuration of anions

What are anions and how are they formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Electron Arrangement of Ions (s and p notation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write electron arrangement of ions using s and p notation
- Compare electron configuration of atoms and their ions
- Show interest in representing ionic structures

- Write electron arrangement of ions using s and p notation
- Compare electron configuration before and after ion formation
- Present findings on ionic electron configurations

How do we represent the electron configuration of ions?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Charts showing ionic configurations

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Definition of Valency
The Periodic Table - Oxidation Numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term valency
- Determine valency from electron configuration
- Relate valency to group number

- Discuss with peers the relationship between valency and oxidation number
- Infer valency from electron arrangement
- Practise determining valency of elements

What is valency and how is it determined?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Charts showing valencies
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Variable Oxidation Numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Write different oxidation states of transition metals
- Appreciate the versatility of some elements

- Discuss elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Research on oxidation states of iron and copper
- Practise naming compounds using Roman numerals

Why do some elements have variable oxidation numbers?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Charts showing oxidation states

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Common Radicals and Their Valencies
The Periodic Table - Writing Chemical Formulae (Simple Compounds)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term radical
- Identify common radicals and their valencies
- Show interest in learning about compound ions

- Discuss the meaning of radicals
- Research on common radicals and their charges
- Create a table of common radicals

What are radicals and why are they important in Chemistry?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing common radicals
- Internet access
- Periodic table
- Charts showing compound formulae

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Writing Chemical Formulae (Compounds with Radicals)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write formulae of compounds containing radicals
- Apply brackets correctly when writing formulae
- Show accuracy in writing chemical formulae

- Practise writing formulae of compounds with radicals
- Write formulae of hydroxides, sulphates, and carbonates
- Verify formulae using total charges

How do we write formulae of compounds containing radicals?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing radicals
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Problem-solving tasks

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Naming Compounds from Formulae
The Periodic Table - Introduction to Chemical Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Name compounds from their chemical formulae
- Apply IUPAC naming conventions
- Appreciate systematic nomenclature in Chemistry

- Practise naming compounds from formulae
- Apply IUPAC naming rules
- Match formulae with correct names

How do we name compounds from their chemical formulae?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- IUPAC naming charts
- Periodic table
- Charts showing chemical equations
- Internet access

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Balancing Chemical Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of conservation of mass
- Balance simple chemical equations
- Show accuracy in balancing equations

- Discuss the law of conservation of mass
- Practise balancing chemical equations
- Verify balanced equations by counting atoms

Why must chemical equations be balanced?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Worksheets on balancing equations
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Problem-solving tasks - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Balancing Equations (Practice)
Chemical Bonding - Why Atoms Bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Balance equations involving various types of reactions
- Write balanced equations from word descriptions
- Develop confidence in writing chemical equations

- Write balanced chemical equations for simple reactions
- Convert word equations to balanced symbol equations
- Present solutions to peers for verification

How do we balance different types of chemical equations?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Worksheets
- Periodic table
- Periodic table
- Charts showing atomic stability

- Written exercises - Peer assessment - Problem-solving tasks

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Types of Chemical Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Formation of Ionic Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Sodium Chloride

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of chemical bonds
- Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
- Appreciate the diversity of chemical bonding

- Brainstorm on different types of chemical bonds
- Watch videos on types of chemical bonds
- Create a comparison chart of bond types

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on chemical bonding
- Internet access
- Animations on ionic bonding
- Periodic table
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing NaCl formation

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Magnesium Oxide
Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Calcium Chloride
Chemical Bonding - Properties of Ionic Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ionic bond formation in magnesium oxide
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for MgO
- Appreciate the role of valence electrons in ionic bonding

- Discuss ionic bond formation in MgO
- Draw dot and cross diagrams showing electron transfer
- Compare ionic bonding in NaCl and MgO

How does ionic bonding occur in magnesium oxide?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Periodic table
- Charts showing CaCl₂ formation
- Samples of ionic compounds
- Laboratory equipment

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Giant Ionic Structures

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain electrical conductivity of ionic compounds
- Distinguish conductivity in solid and molten states
- Show interest in investigating ionic properties

- Carry out experiments to test conductivity of ionic compounds
- Compare conductivity in solid, molten, and aqueous states
- Record and discuss observations

Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Sodium chloride
- Conductivity apparatus
- Digital devices
- Animations on ionic structures
- Models of ionic crystals

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Modelling Ionic Structures
Chemical Bonding - Formation of Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct models of ionic structures
- Use locally available materials to represent ionic crystals
- Show creativity in modelling chemical structures

- Use locally available materials to model NaCl structure
- Construct 3D models showing ion arrangement
- Display and explain models to peers

How can we represent the structure of ionic compounds using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Beads of different colours
- Digital devices
- Animations on covalent bonding
- Periodic table

- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Single Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe single covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for molecules with single bonds
- Show accuracy in representing covalent molecules

- Discuss single covalent bond formation in H₂, Cl₂, and HCl
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for simple molecules
- Present diagrams to peers for discussion

What is a single covalent bond and how is it represented?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing covalent bonds

- Written exercises - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Water and Ammonia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe covalent bonding in water and ammonia
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for H₂O and NH₃
- Appreciate molecular shapes in covalent compounds

- Discuss covalent bond formation in water
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for H₂O and NH₃
- Compare bonding in water and ammonia

How are covalent bonds formed in water and ammonia molecules?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Molecular models

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Methane
Chemical Bonding - Double Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe covalent bonding in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Relate bonding to carbon's tetravalency

- Discuss covalent bond formation in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Research on the tetrahedral shape of methane

How is the covalent bonding in methane formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Molecular models
- Charts showing double bonds

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Triple Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe triple covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagram for nitrogen molecule
- Appreciate the strength of multiple bonds

- Discuss triple covalent bond formation in N₂
- Draw dot and cross diagram for N₂
- Compare single, double, and triple covalent bonds

How is the triple bond in nitrogen formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing triple bonds

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Dative (Coordinate) Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Physical Properties of Simple Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define dative or coordinate bonding
- Explain how dative bonds are formed
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond formation

- Discuss the formation of dative bonds
- Research on examples of dative bonding
- Draw diagrams showing dative bond in ammonium ion

What is a dative bond and how is it formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Internet access
- Samples of covalent compounds
- Laboratory equipment

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Covalent Compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain electrical conductivity of covalent compounds
- Describe why most covalent compounds do not conduct electricity
- Show interest in comparing ionic and covalent properties

- Carry out experiments to test conductivity of covalent compounds
- Compare conductivity of ionic and covalent substances
- Record and discuss observations

Why do most covalent compounds not conduct electricity?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Covalent compounds (sugar, ethanol)
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Introduction to Giant Covalent Structures
Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Diamond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define giant covalent structures
- Distinguish between simple and giant covalent structures
- Appreciate the unique properties of giant covalent substances

- Discuss with peers the meaning of giant covalent structures
- Research on examples of giant covalent substances
- Compare simple molecular and giant covalent structures

What are giant covalent structures?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of diamond and graphite
- Internet access
- Diamond samples or models
- Animations on diamond structure

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Graphite

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of graphite
- Explain the properties of graphite based on its structure
- Compare structures of diamond and graphite

- Research on the layered structure of graphite
- Watch animations on graphite structure
- Discuss why graphite is soft and conducts electricity

Why does graphite conduct electricity while diamond does not?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Graphite samples (pencil lead)
- Animations on graphite structure

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Silicon(IV) Oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Explain properties of SiO₂ based on its structure
- Appreciate the applications of silicon dioxide

- Research on the structure of silicon(IV) oxide
- Discuss the tetrahedral arrangement in SiO₂
- Investigate uses of silicon dioxide

What is the structure of silicon(IV) oxide and what are its properties?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Sand samples
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Modelling Giant Covalent Structures
Chemical Bonding - Formation of Metallic Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct models of giant covalent structures
- Use locally available materials to model diamond and graphite
- Show creativity in representing molecular structures

- Use locally available materials to model diamond structure
- Construct models showing graphite layers
- Display and compare models of different structures

How can we represent giant covalent structures using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks and balls
- Digital devices
- Animations on metallic bonding
- Metal samples

- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Atomic Size (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Ionic Size (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Ionisation Energy (Groups I and II)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the trend in atomic size down Group I and II
- Explain why atomic radius increases down a group
- Show interest in understanding periodic trends

- Discuss in groups the trends in atomic size
- Research on factors affecting atomic radius
- Plot graphs showing atomic radius trends

How does atomic size vary down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Charts showing ionic radii
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Melting and Boiling Points (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group I Elements
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group II Elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in melting and boiling points down Groups I and II
- Explain factors affecting melting points of metals
- Appreciate patterns in physical properties

- Research on melting and boiling points of Group I and II elements
- Plot graphs showing melting point trends
- Discuss factors affecting melting points

How do melting and boiling points vary down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of lithium, sodium, potassium
- Safety equipment
- Samples of magnesium, calcium

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Oxygen
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Water
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with oxygen
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with oxygen
- Observe safety precautions during experiments

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group I metals with oxygen
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkali metals react with oxygen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Sodium, potassium samples
- Safety equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with acids
- Appreciate the high reactivity of alkali metals

- Discuss reaction of alkali metals with dilute acids
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Research on safety concerns with this reaction

Why is the reaction of alkali metals with acids dangerous?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with oxygen
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with oxygen
- Compare reactivity with Group I metals

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with oxygen
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with oxygen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium ribbon
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Water
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with water
- Compare reactions with cold water and steam
- Write equations for reactions of Group II metals with water

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with cold water
- Investigate reaction of magnesium with steam
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with water and steam?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium, calcium samples
- Safety equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with dilute acids
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with acids
- Collect and test the gas produced

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with dilute acids
- Collect and test for hydrogen gas
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with dilute acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Magnesium ribbon

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation