Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Early Attempts at Classification
The Periodic Table - Mendeleev's Periodic Table

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe early attempts to classify elements
- Explain Döbereiner's triads and Newlands' octaves
- Appreciate the evolution of element classification

- Brainstorm on the historical development of the periodic table
- Research on Döbereiner's triads
- Discuss Newlands' law of octaves

How did scientists first attempt to organize elements?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing early classifications
- Internet access
- Charts showing Mendeleev's table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Modern Periodic Table
The Periodic Table - Understanding Groups
The Periodic Table - Understanding Periods
The Periodic Table - Arranging First 20 Elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the modern periodic table
- Explain the basis of modern classification
- Appreciate the systematic arrangement of elements

- Discuss the modern periodic table
- Compare classification by atomic mass versus atomic number
- Identify key features of the modern periodic table

How is the modern periodic table organized?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table chart
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Coloured periodic table
- Drawing materials

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Alkali Metals (Group I)
The Periodic Table - Alkaline Earth Metals (Group II)
The Periodic Table - Halogens (Group VII)
The Periodic Table - Noble Gases (Group VIII)
The Periodic Table - Transition Elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements in Group I
- Describe common properties of alkali metals
- Appreciate the similarity in properties within a group

- Identify elements in Group VIII
- Explain why noble gases are chemically inert
- Relate stability to electron configuration

- Identify the chemical families in the periodic table
- Research on properties of alkali metals
- Discuss why alkali metals are stored in oil

- Research on properties of noble gases
- Discuss why noble gases are unreactive
- Investigate uses of noble gases

What are alkali metals and what are their common properties?
Why are noble gases chemically unreactive?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table chart
- Digital devices
- Videos on alkali metals
- Internet access
- Videos on halogens
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table chart
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Samples of transition metal compounds

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Stability of Atoms
The Periodic Table - Formation of Cations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of atomic stability
- Describe how atoms achieve stability
- Appreciate the role of valence electrons in stability

- Discuss with peers the stability of atoms
- Research on the octet rule
- Explain why atoms lose or gain electrons

How do atoms achieve stability?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing stable configurations
- Periodic table
- Drawing materials

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Formation of Anions
The Periodic Table - Electron Arrangement of Ions (s and p notation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term anion
- Explain how anions are formed
- Draw diagrams showing anion formation

- Predict anion formation from electron arrangement
- Draw diagrams showing gain of electrons
- Practise writing electron configuration of anions

What are anions and how are they formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Periodic table
- Periodic table
- Charts showing ionic configurations

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Definition of Valency
The Periodic Table - Oxidation Numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term valency
- Determine valency from electron configuration
- Relate valency to group number

- Discuss with peers the relationship between valency and oxidation number
- Infer valency from electron arrangement
- Practise determining valency of elements

What is valency and how is it determined?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Charts showing valencies
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Variable Oxidation Numbers
The Periodic Table - Common Radicals and Their Valencies
The Periodic Table - Writing Chemical Formulae (Simple Compounds)
The Periodic Table - Writing Chemical Formulae (Compounds with Radicals)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Write different oxidation states of transition metals
- Appreciate the versatility of some elements

- Write formulae of simple binary compounds
- Apply valency in writing formulae
- Appreciate the systematic naming of compounds

- Discuss elements with variable oxidation numbers
- Research on oxidation states of iron and copper
- Practise naming compounds using Roman numerals

- Practise writing formulae of compounds using valencies
- Apply the criss-cross method
- Write formulae of oxides and chlorides

Why do some elements have variable oxidation numbers?
How do we write chemical formulae using valencies?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Charts showing oxidation states
- Charts showing common radicals
- Internet access
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Charts showing compound formulae
- Charts showing radicals
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation
- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Naming Compounds from Formulae
The Periodic Table - Introduction to Chemical Equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Name compounds from their chemical formulae
- Apply IUPAC naming conventions
- Appreciate systematic nomenclature in Chemistry

- Practise naming compounds from formulae
- Apply IUPAC naming rules
- Match formulae with correct names

How do we name compounds from their chemical formulae?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- IUPAC naming charts
- Periodic table
- Charts showing chemical equations
- Internet access

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

The Periodic Table - Balancing Chemical Equations
The Periodic Table - Balancing Equations (Practice)
Chemical Bonding - Why Atoms Bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of conservation of mass
- Balance simple chemical equations
- Show accuracy in balancing equations

- Discuss the law of conservation of mass
- Practise balancing chemical equations
- Verify balanced equations by counting atoms

Why must chemical equations be balanced?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Worksheets on balancing equations
- Periodic table
- Worksheets
- Periodic table
- Charts showing atomic stability

- Written exercises - Problem-solving tasks - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Types of Chemical Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Formation of Ionic Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Sodium Chloride
Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Magnesium Oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of chemical bonds
- Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds
- Appreciate the diversity of chemical bonding

- Brainstorm on different types of chemical bonds
- Watch videos on types of chemical bonds
- Create a comparison chart of bond types

What are the different types of chemical bonds?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on chemical bonding
- Internet access
- Animations on ionic bonding
- Periodic table
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing NaCl formation

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Ionic Bonding in Calcium Chloride
Chemical Bonding - Properties of Ionic Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Ionic Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Giant Ionic Structures
Chemical Bonding - Modelling Ionic Structures
Chemical Bonding - Formation of Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ionic bond formation in calcium chloride
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for CaCl₂
- Demonstrate understanding of bonding ratios

- Construct models of ionic structures
- Use locally available materials to represent ionic crystals
- Show creativity in modelling chemical structures

- Discuss ionic bond formation in CaCl₂
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for calcium chloride
- Explain why the ratio is 1:2 in CaCl₂

- Use locally available materials to model NaCl structure
- Construct 3D models showing ion arrangement
- Display and explain models to peers

Why does calcium chloride have the formula CaCl₂?
How can we represent the structure of ionic compounds using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing CaCl₂ formation
- Samples of ionic compounds
- Laboratory equipment
- Laboratory equipment
- Sodium chloride
- Conductivity apparatus
- Animations on ionic structures
- Models of ionic crystals
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Beads of different colours
- Digital devices
- Animations on covalent bonding
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions
- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Single Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Water and Ammonia

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe single covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for molecules with single bonds
- Show accuracy in representing covalent molecules

- Discuss single covalent bond formation in H₂, Cl₂, and HCl
- Draw dot and cross diagrams for simple molecules
- Present diagrams to peers for discussion

What is a single covalent bond and how is it represented?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing covalent bonds
- Molecular models

- Written exercises - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent Bonding in Methane
Chemical Bonding - Double Covalent Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe covalent bonding in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Relate bonding to carbon's tetravalency

- Discuss covalent bond formation in methane
- Draw dot and cross diagram for CH₄
- Research on the tetrahedral shape of methane

How is the covalent bonding in methane formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Molecular models
- Charts showing double bonds

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Triple Covalent Bonds
Chemical Bonding - Dative (Coordinate) Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe triple covalent bond formation
- Draw dot and cross diagram for nitrogen molecule
- Appreciate the strength of multiple bonds

- Discuss triple covalent bond formation in N₂
- Draw dot and cross diagram for N₂
- Compare single, double, and triple covalent bonds

How is the triple bond in nitrogen formed?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Drawing materials
- Charts showing triple bonds
- Internet access

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Physical Properties of Simple Covalent Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Electrical Conductivity of Covalent Compounds
Chemical Bonding - Introduction to Giant Covalent Structures
Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Diamond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of simple covalent compounds
- Explain low melting and boiling points of covalent compounds
- Relate properties to weak intermolecular forces

- Define giant covalent structures
- Distinguish between simple and giant covalent structures
- Appreciate the unique properties of giant covalent substances

- Research on properties of covalent compounds
- Compare properties of ionic and covalent compounds
- Investigate physical states of covalent substances

- Discuss with peers the meaning of giant covalent structures
- Research on examples of giant covalent substances
- Compare simple molecular and giant covalent structures

Why do simple covalent compounds have low melting and boiling points?
What are giant covalent structures?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of covalent compounds
- Laboratory equipment
- Laboratory equipment
- Covalent compounds (sugar, ethanol)
- Conductivity apparatus
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Samples of diamond and graphite
- Internet access
- Diamond samples or models
- Animations on diamond structure

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical assessment
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Graphite
Chemical Bonding - Structure and Properties of Silicon(IV) Oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of graphite
- Explain the properties of graphite based on its structure
- Compare structures of diamond and graphite

- Research on the layered structure of graphite
- Watch animations on graphite structure
- Discuss why graphite is soft and conducts electricity

Why does graphite conduct electricity while diamond does not?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Graphite samples (pencil lead)
- Animations on graphite structure
- Sand samples
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Modelling Giant Covalent Structures
Chemical Bonding - Formation of Metallic Bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct models of giant covalent structures
- Use locally available materials to model diamond and graphite
- Show creativity in representing molecular structures

- Use locally available materials to model diamond structure
- Construct models showing graphite layers
- Display and compare models of different structures

How can we represent giant covalent structures using models?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Locally available materials
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks and balls
- Digital devices
- Animations on metallic bonding
- Metal samples

- Practical assessment - Project work - Peer assessment

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Trends in Atomic Size (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Ionic Size (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Ionisation Energy (Groups I and II)
Periodicity - Trends in Melting and Boiling Points (Groups I and II)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the trend in atomic size down Group I and II
- Explain why atomic radius increases down a group
- Show interest in understanding periodic trends

- Discuss in groups the trends in atomic size
- Research on factors affecting atomic radius
- Plot graphs showing atomic radius trends

How does atomic size vary down Groups I and II?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Charts showing ionic radii
- Periodic table
- Data tables

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group I Elements
Periodicity - Physical Properties of Group II Elements
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Oxygen
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Water
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Chlorine
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkali Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of alkali metals
- Carry out experiments to investigate properties of Group I elements
- Observe safety when handling reactive metals

- Describe the reaction of alkali metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of Group I metals with chlorine
- Relate reactivity to position in the group

- Carry out experiments to investigate physical properties of Group I elements
- Observe and record appearance, density, and hardness
- Discuss why alkali metals are stored under oil

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group I metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

What are the physical properties of alkali metals?
How do alkali metals react with chlorine?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of lithium, sodium, potassium
- Safety equipment
- Samples of magnesium, calcium
- Sodium, potassium samples
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises
- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Oxygen
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with oxygen
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with oxygen
- Compare reactivity with Group I metals

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with oxygen
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with oxygen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Magnesium ribbon
- Safety equipment
- Magnesium, calcium samples

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Chlorine
Periodicity - Reaction of Alkaline Earth Metals with Dilute Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Write equations for reactions of alkaline earth metals with chlorine
- Show awareness of safety when handling chlorine

- Carry out experiments on reaction of Group II metals with chlorine
- Observe and record observations
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do alkaline earth metals react with chlorine?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine gas (in fume cupboard)
- Safety equipment
- Dilute HCl and H₂SO₄
- Magnesium ribbon

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical Properties of Halogens
Periodicity - Trends in Physical Properties of Halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of halogens
- Investigate appearance, smell, and physical states of halogens
- Observe safety when handling halogens

- Prepare chlorine gas and investigate its physical properties
- Observe physical properties of chlorine, bromine, and iodine
- Record appearance, smell, and physical states

What are the physical properties of halogens?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine, bromine, iodine samples
- Fume cupboard
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Water
Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Metals
Periodicity - Reaction of Chlorine with Hydrogen
Periodicity - Displacement Reactions of Halogens

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of chlorine with water
- Explain the bleaching action of chlorine water
- Write equations for the reaction

- Describe the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen
- Write equations for the reaction
- Show awareness of safety with explosive reactions

- Carry out experiments on reaction of chlorine with water
- Investigate the bleaching action of chlorine water
- Write equations for the reaction

- Discuss the reaction of chlorine with hydrogen
- Watch videos demonstrating the reaction
- Write balanced equations for the reaction

How does chlorine react with water?
How does chlorine react with hydrogen?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine water
- Litmus paper
- Iron filings, sodium
- Fume cupboard
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Videos on reactions
- Internet access
- Laboratory equipment
- Halogen solutions
- Potassium halide solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation
- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Bleaching Action of Chlorine
Periodicity - Physical Properties Across Period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the bleaching action of chlorine
- Carry out experiments to demonstrate bleaching
- Compare bleaching by chlorine and sulphur dioxide

- Carry out experiments to investigate bleaching action of chlorine
- Test bleaching on moist and dry litmus paper
- Discuss the mechanism of bleaching

How does chlorine act as a bleaching agent?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Chlorine water
- Coloured fabric/litmus paper
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Melting and Boiling Points Across Period 3
Periodicity - Reactions of Period 3 Elements with Oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in melting and boiling points across Period 3
- Explain variations in terms of structure and bonding
- Relate properties to bonding types

- Research on melting and boiling points of Period 3 elements
- Plot graphs showing trends
- Discuss reasons for the observed pattern

Why do melting and boiling points vary across Period 3?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Data tables
- Graph paper
- Laboratory equipment
- Period 3 element samples
- Safety equipment

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Physical Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of Group I, II, VII, and VIII Elements
Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Acids
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Acids in Water
Acids and Bases - Physical Properties of Acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline uses of selected elements in Groups I, II, VII, and VIII
- Relate properties to applications
- Appreciate the importance of elements in daily life

- Search for information on uses of selected elements
- Discuss applications of sodium, calcium, chlorine, and argon
- Present findings on element applications

How are elements of Groups I, II, VII, and VIII used in daily life?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing element uses
- Internet access
- Samples of common acids
- Charts showing acids
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Conductivity apparatus
- Charts showing acid properties
- Safety equipment

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metals
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydrogen Carbonates
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Metal Oxides
Acids and Bases - Reaction of Acids with Hydroxides
Acids and Bases - Definition and Examples of Bases
Acids and Bases - Dissociation of Bases in Water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the reaction of acids with metals
- Write equations for reactions of acids with metals
- Collect and test for hydrogen gas

- Describe the reaction of acids with hydroxides
- Write equations for neutralisation reactions
- Appreciate the importance of neutralisation

- Carry out experiments on reactions of acids with metals
- Collect and test for the gas produced
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

- Perform experiments to investigate reactions of acids and bases with metal hydroxides
- Carry out neutralisation reactions
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How do acids react with metals?
How do acids react with metal hydroxides?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Metal samples (Mg, Zn, Fe)
- Sodium carbonate, calcium carbonate
- Sodium hydrogen carbonate
- Metal oxides (CuO, MgO)
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Sodium hydroxide solution
- Digital devices
- Samples of common bases
- Charts showing bases
- Alkali solutions
- Conductivity apparatus

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Acid-Base Indicators
Acids and Bases - Universal Indicator and pH Scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define indicators
- Identify common acid-base indicators
- Use indicators to test for acids and bases

- Conduct experiments to determine strength of acids and bases using indicators
- Test solutions with litmus, phenolphthalein, and methyl orange
- Record colour changes in different solutions

What are indicators and how do they work?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Various indicators
- Acid and base solutions
- Universal indicator
- pH chart
- Various solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Acids
Acids and Bases - Strong and Weak Bases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between strong and weak acids
- Compare pH values of strong and weak acids
- Relate strength to degree of dissociation

- Compare pH values of hydrochloric acid and ethanoic acid of same concentration
- Carry out activities to compare electrical conductivity
- Discuss the degree of dissociation in strong and weak acids

What is the difference between strong and weak acids?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- HCl and CH₃COOH solutions
- Conductivity apparatus
- NaOH and NH₃ solutions

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Oral questions

Physical Chemistry

Acids and Bases - Uses of Acids and Bases in Daily Life
Introduction to Salts - Meaning and Examples of Salts
Introduction to Salts - Normal Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline uses of acids and bases in daily life
- Relate properties of acids and bases to their applications
- Appreciate the importance of acids and bases

- Search for information on applications of acids and bases
- Discuss uses in food, medicine, cleaning, and industry
- Properly dispose of waste after experiments

How are acids and bases used in daily life?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing applications
- Internet access
- Samples of salts (table salt, fertilisers)
- Charts showing salts
- Samples of normal salts
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group presentations

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Acidic Salts
Introduction to Salts - Basic and Double Salts
Introduction to Salts - Solubility of Chlorides and Nitrates
Introduction to Salts - Solubility of Sulphates and Carbonates
Introduction to Salts - Direct Synthesis
Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Metals
Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Bases (Neutralisation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define acidic salts
- Give examples of acidic salts
- Explain the formation of acidic salts

- Describe direct synthesis method of salt preparation
- Write equations for direct synthesis reactions
- Appreciate laboratory safety during salt preparation

- Discuss with peers the meaning of acidic salts
- Identify examples of acidic salts
- Write equations showing formation of acidic salts

- Carry out experiments to prepare salts by direct synthesis
- React iron with chlorine to form iron(III) chloride
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

What are acidic salts and how are they formed?
How are salts prepared by direct synthesis?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Digital devices
- Charts showing salt types
- Internet access
- Laboratory equipment
- Various chlorides and nitrates
- Distilled water
- Various sulphates and carbonates
- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Iron filings
- Chlorine gas
- Dilute acids
- Metal samples (Zn, Mg)
- Alkali solutions

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions
- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Reaction of Acids with Carbonates and Hydrogen Carbonates
Introduction to Salts - Precipitation Reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare salts by reacting acids with carbonates
- Write equations for the reactions
- Collect and identify products formed

- Carry out experiments to prepare salts from carbonates
- React dilute acid with sodium carbonate
- Write balanced equations for the reactions

How are salts prepared from carbonates and hydrogen carbonates?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Dilute acids
- Carbonates and hydrogen carbonates
- Soluble salt solutions
- Filter paper and funnel

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Hygroscopic Salts
Introduction to Salts - Deliquescent Salts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define hygroscopic salts
- Identify examples of hygroscopic salts
- Explain the behaviour of hygroscopic salts in air

- Carry out experiments to investigate behaviour of salts in air
- Expose different salts to atmosphere and observe changes
- Record observations on hygroscopic behaviour

What are hygroscopic salts and how do they behave in air?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Samples of hygroscopic salts
- Watch glasses
- Samples of deliquescent salts

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Physical Chemistry

Introduction to Salts - Efflorescent Salts
Introduction to Salts - Applications of Salts in Daily Life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define efflorescent salts
- Identify examples of efflorescent salts
- Explain the loss of water of crystallisation

- Carry out experiments to investigate efflorescent behaviour
- Expose washing soda to air and observe changes
- Discuss the concept of water of crystallisation

What are efflorescent salts and why do they lose water?

- Chemistry Learner's Book
- Laboratory equipment
- Washing soda crystals
- Watch glasses
- Digital devices
- Charts showing salt applications
- Internet access

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation