Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Stress and strain
Mechanical Properties - Elasticity and Hooke's Law
Mechanical Properties - Hooke's Law experiments
Mechanical Properties - Young's Modulus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define tensile stress and strain
- Calculate stress and strain using formulas
- Solve numerical problems

- Verify Hooke's Law through experiments
- Determine the elastic limit
- Calculate spring constant from graphs

- Discuss the meaning of tensile stress and strain
- Use mathematical formulae: Stress=F/A, Strain=ΔL/Lo
- Solve numerical problems
- Carry out experiments to verify Hooke's Law
- Record data in tables
- Plot and analyze graphs

Why does a string snap easily compared to a spring?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 38-40
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 40-42
- Springs
- Masses
- Ruler
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 42-45
- Springs
- Masses (50g each)
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 45-48
- Wires
- Masses
- Micrometer screw gauge
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Mechanical Properties - Applications
Mechanical Properties - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of mechanical properties
- Relate properties to construction and manufacturing
- Appreciate material selection in engineering

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings to the class

Why is it important to study mechanical properties of materials?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 48-49
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 49
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Oral questions - Presentations - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Temperature
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Liquid in glass thermometers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of temperature
- Identify units of temperature (Celsius, Fahrenheit, Kelvin)
- Relate temperature to hotness and coldness

- Discuss with peers the meaning of temperature
- Place hands in warm and cold water to feel temperature differences
- Record observations

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 51-52
- Beakers
- Water (hot, cold, room temperature)
- Thermometers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 52-56
- Mercury thermometer
- Alcohol thermometer
- Beaker
- Hot water

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic thermometers
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Electronic temperature devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how bimetallic devices work
- Demonstrate bimetallic strip operation
- Relate bimetallic strips to thermostats

- Construct a simple bimetallic strip
- Heat the strip and observe bending
- Discuss applications in thermostats

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 56-58
- Metal strips (copper, steel)
- Heat source
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 58-61
- Digital devices
- Pictures of thermocouples
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Infrared radiators
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in solids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Linear expansivity of metals
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Bimetallic applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how infrared thermometers work
- Use infrared thermometer to measure temperature
- Appreciate non-contact temperature measurement

- Explain linear expansivity
- Compare expansion rates of different metals
- Calculate linear expansivity

- Take turns using infrared thermometer to measure forehead temperature
- Compare readings
- Discuss applications
- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion of different metals (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Compare expansion using a pointer
- Record observations

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?
Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 61-62
- Infrared thermometer
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 63-65
- Metal bar
- Ball and ring
- Heat source
- Tongs
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 65-67
- Metal rods (copper, iron, aluminum)
- Heat source
- Pointer
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67
- Bimetallic strips
- Pictures of thermostats
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Expansion in liquids
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Unusual expansion of water

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in liquids
- Demonstrate liquid expansion using flask and tube
- Explain why glass breaks with sudden temperature changes

- Carry out activities to demonstrate thermal expansion in liquids
- Heat colored water in flask with tube
- Observe liquid level changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 67-68
- Round-bottom flask
- Glass tube
- Colored water
- Heat source
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 68-70
- Ice
- Thermometer
- Flask and tube
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Gas expansion
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate thermal expansion in gases
- Demonstrate gas expansion using balloon and bottle
- Relate gas expansion to hot air balloons

- Carry out activities to demonstrate expansion in gases
- Attach balloon to bottle and place in hot/cold water
- Observe balloon size changes

Why does a glass bottle break when water in it freezes?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 70
- Plastic bottle
- Balloon
- Hot water
- Ice
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 71-72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of expansion joints
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Temperature and Thermal Expansion - Applications in construction
Temperature and Thermal Expansion - More applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain expansion gaps in railway lines
- Describe thermal expansion in steel bridges
- Appreciate expansion considerations in construction

- Discuss expansion gaps in railway lines
- Explain bridge design with rollers
- Use digital media to view examples

Why is the lid of a sufuria made wider?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Pictures of railway lines
- Pictures of bridges
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 73-74
- Pictures of thermostats
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity
- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force
Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments
Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe torque and couple in turning objects
- Calculate torque using Torque = Force × Distance
- Relate to steering wheels and screwdrivers

- Carry out activities to demonstrate couple using wooden strip and spring balances
- Compare single force with couple
- Discuss applications

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Spring balances
- Screw
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life
Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load
Moments and Equilibrium - Review
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

- Solve problems on moments and equilibrium
- Apply principles to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of torque and stability

- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability
- Solve numerical problems on moments
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output
- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests
- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how wheel and axle works
- Calculate VR = radius of wheel/radius of axle
- Relate to winches and door knobs

- Investigate wheel and axle using rod and handle
- Apply force at different positions
- Calculate VR and MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Weights
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Pictures

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts

- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review
Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

- Identify the parts of a ripple tank and state their functions
- Set up a ripple tank for wave demonstration
- Connect wave patterns observed in a ripple tank to natural phenomena like water waves at the beach

- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

- Observe a ripple tank and its components
- Label key parts of the ripple tank
- Copy and complete a table showing parts and functions of a ripple tank
- Fill the tank with water and test wave generation

How do machines make work easier?
What role does each part of a ripple tank play in demonstrating wave behaviour?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment
- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves
Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffraction as bending of waves around obstacles or through gaps
- Demonstrate diffraction using a ripple tank
- Relate diffraction to hearing sound around corners and Wi-Fi signal distribution

- Position metal barriers with gaps in the ripple tank
- Observe wave spreading after passing through gaps of different sizes
- Observe diffraction around obstacles and at edges
- Sketch diffraction patterns and discuss applications

How does the size of an opening affect the amount of wave diffraction?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers with gaps
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Two spherical dippers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes
Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive expressions for frequencies in closed and open pipes
- Differentiate between harmonics produced in closed and open pipes
- Connect vibrating air columns to wind instruments like flutes and clarinets

- Blow air across closed and open pipes and listen to sounds produced
- Compare pitch differences between closed and open pipes
- Discuss why closed pipes produce only odd harmonics
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in pipes

Why do closed pipes produce only odd harmonics while open pipes produce all harmonics?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the Doppler effect and its causes
- Describe how frequency changes when source approaches or recedes
- Connect Doppler effect to ambulance sirens, radar speed detection and medical ultrasound

- Watch videos demonstrating Doppler effect with sound waves
- Observe how sound changes as source moves toward or away
- Discuss real-life applications of Doppler effect
- Record observations on frequency and pitch changes

Why does an ambulance siren sound different as it approaches compared to when it moves away?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Reference books
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how alpha, beta and gamma radiations behave in electric and magnetic fields
- Draw diagrams showing deflection of radiations in fields
- Connect radiation deflection to particle accelerators and mass spectrometers

- Draw bar charts comparing penetrating power and ionising effects
- Draw diagrams showing deflection in electric and magnetic fields
- Discuss why gamma rays are not deflected
- Present charts to class for peer learning

Why are alpha and beta particles deflected in opposite directions in electric and magnetic fields?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Markers

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material
Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges
Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how photographic emulsions detect radiation
- Describe how a leaf electroscope detects radiation
- Connect radiation detection to radiation badges worn by hospital workers

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

- Observe demonstration of photographic plate detection
- Construct a simple electroscope and observe discharge near radioactive material
- Discuss how ionisation affects charge on foil strips
- Compare detection methods and their applications

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do photographic plates and electroscopes indicate the presence of radiation?
How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation
- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods
Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain charging by friction and contact methods
- Demonstrate charging of objects using friction and contact
- Connect charging by friction to static shocks from car doors and door handles

- Rub plastic pen with dry cloth and bring near paper pieces
- Sketch distribution of charges on rubbed materials
- Touch charged glass rod to polystyrene ball and observe charge transfer
- Discuss electron transfer in charging by contact

How does rubbing two materials together cause them to become charged?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction
Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope
Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how to charge an electroscope by contact and induction
- Demonstrate charging and discharging an electroscope
- Connect electroscope charging to understanding how photocopiers transfer toner to paper

- Touch charged polythene rod to metallic cap and observe leaf divergence
- Discharge electroscope by touching cap and observe leaf collapse
- Charge electroscope by induction using charged rod and earthing
- Compare charges acquired by contact and induction methods

Why does the electroscope leaf diverge when the cap is touched by a charged object?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Terminologies used in current electricity
Current Electricity - Relationship between potential difference and current through a conductor
Current Electricity - Ohm's Law and electrical resistance
Current Electricity - Ohmic and non-ohmic resistors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define current, potential difference, resistance and electromotive force
- State SI units for electrical quantities
- Connect electrical terms to household appliances like bulbs, heaters and phone chargers

- Use digital devices or reference books to find meanings of electrical terms
- Discuss current, potential difference, e.m.f. and internal resistance
- Identify symbols and units for electrical quantities
- Share findings on terminology in class discussion

How is electromotive force different from potential difference in an electrical circuit?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 213
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 214
- Nichrome wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Variable resistor
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 216
- Graph paper
- Calculators
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 217
- Carbon resistor
- Filament bulb

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effect of length on resistance of conductors
Current Electricity - Effect of cross-sectional area on resistance
Current Electricity - Effect of material type and temperature on resistance
Current Electricity - Relationship between e.m.f., voltage, current, resistance and internal resistance
Current Electricity - Types of resistors and resistor networks
Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using resistor colour codes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate how length affects resistance of a conductor
- Establish that resistance is directly proportional to length
- Connect length-resistance relationship to why extension cords have higher resistance

- Identify fixed and variable resistors and state their uses
- Draw symbols for different types of resistors
- Connect resistor types to volume controls in radios and dimmer switches in homes

- Set up circuit with nichrome wire mounted on scale
- Measure resistance for different lengths of wire
- Plot resistance against length graph
- Discuss the direct proportionality between length and resistance

- Identify fixed resistors (carbon) and variable resistors (rheostat, potentiometer, thermistor)
- Draw circuit symbols for each resistor type
- Discuss uses of each type of resistor
- Complete table showing resistor types, symbols and uses

Why do longer wires have higher resistance than shorter wires of the same material?
How do variable resistors help control the brightness of lights and volume of sound?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 219
- Nichrome wire (100 cm)
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 221
- Nichrome wires of different diameters
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 222
- Nichrome and copper wires
- Hot water
- Voltmeter
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 225
- Dry cell
- Variable resistor
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 227
- Various resistors
- Circuit symbol charts
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 228
- Fixed carbon resistors
- Colour code chart
- Digital multimeter

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation
- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using ammeter-voltmeter and Wheatstone bridge
Current Electricity - Measurement of resistance using metre bridge

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Explain the working principle of Wheatstone bridge
- Connect Wheatstone bridge to precision measurements in laboratory instruments

- Set up circuit to measure resistance using ammeter-voltmeter method
- Calculate resistance using R = V/I
- Set up Wheatstone bridge and balance it for zero deflection
- Calculate unknown resistance using bridge formula

Why is the Wheatstone bridge more accurate than the ammeter-voltmeter method?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 231
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Wheatstone bridge
- Galvanometer
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 233
- Metre bridge
- Known resistor
- Unknown resistor

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in series
Current Electricity - Effective resistance of resistors in parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive formula for effective resistance of resistors in series
- Calculate total resistance and voltage drops in series circuits
- Connect series circuits to Christmas lights where one faulty bulb affects all others

- Connect resistors in series with ammeter and voltmeters
- Measure total voltage and individual voltage drops
- Verify that R_total = R₁ + R₂ + R₃
- Solve numerical problems on series resistor networks

Why does adding more resistors in series increase the total resistance of a circuit?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 234
- Resistors
- Ammeter
- Voltmeters
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 237

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Current Electricity - Relationship between voltage, current and power in heating effect
Current Electricity - Applications of the heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive and apply P = VI, P = I²R and H = I²Rt
- Calculate electrical power and energy consumed
- Connect heating effect to electric kettles, heaters and toasters in homes

- Set up circuit with resistor, ammeter and voltmeter
- Record voltage and current at different settings
- Calculate power using P = VI
- Derive Joule's law of electrical heating H = I²Rt

How does the resistance of a heating element affect the amount of heat produced?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 241
- Resistor
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Rheostat
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 245
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Various electrical appliances

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Introduction to Electronics - Meaning of insulators, conductors, semiconductors and superconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Distinguishing materials using energy band theory
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of conductors with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of insulators with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Electrical behaviour of semiconductors with varying temperatures
Introduction to Electronics - Intrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Extrinsic semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Formation of n-type semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define conductors, insulators, semiconductors and superconductors
- Classify materials based on their electrical conductivity
- Connect material classification to selection of wires and insulation in electrical installations

- Investigate how temperature affects resistance of semiconductors
- Explain why semiconductor resistance decreases with temperature
- Connect semiconductor behaviour to thermistors used in temperature sensors and fire alarms

- Set up simple circuit to test conductivity of different materials
- Classify materials as conductors, insulators or semiconductors
- Research meaning of superconductors
- Discuss examples and applications of each material type

- Set up circuit with thermistor, ammeter and voltmeter
- Measure resistance at room temperature
- Heat thermistor in hot water and measure resistance
- Cool thermistor in ice water and compare values

What determines whether a material is a good conductor or insulator of electricity?
Why does the resistance of a thermistor decrease when temperature increases?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 248
- Simple circuit
- Various materials (copper, iron, wood, plastic, silicon)
- Bulb
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 250
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 253
- Copper wire
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Hot water
- Ice cubes
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 254
- Glass rod
- Light bulb
- Dry cells
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 255
- Thermistor
- Ammeter
- Voltmeter
- Hot water
- Ice cubes
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 257
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 258
- Periodic table
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 259
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation
- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism
Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Electronics - Formation of p-type semiconductors
Introduction to Electronics - Applications of conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Understanding greenhouse effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain formation of p-type semiconductors through doping
- Draw diagrams showing hole distribution in p-type materials
- Connect p-type semiconductors to the other half of diodes and transistors

- Research formation of p-type semiconductors
- Discuss addition of group III elements (boron, gallium)
- Draw germanium lattice doped with boron showing holes
- Identify holes as majority charge carriers

Why are group III elements used to create p-type semiconductors?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 260
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 261
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 263
- Two thermometers
- Clear glass jar
- Stopwatch
- Sunlight access

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Causes of greenhouse effect
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Human contribution
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain climate change in the environment
- Identify effects of climate change in local community
- Appreciate the impact of climate change on daily life

- Observe and discuss changes in weather patterns
- Interview elders about climate changes
- Document observations on water levels and vegetation

How do human actions impact climate change?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 265
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing climate change
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 267
- Pictures of human activities
- Charts
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 268
- Pictures of industries
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 269
- Charts showing ozone layer
- Internet access

- Observation - Written reports - Oral presentations

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Solutions to climate change
Introduction to Space Physics - Origin of the universe
Introduction to Space Physics - Supporting evidence
Introduction to Space Physics - Types of celestial bodies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe mitigating factors against climate change
- Explain renewable energy solutions
- Appreciate personal actions to reduce climate change impact

- Discuss ways of reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- Research renewable energy sources
- Plan personal actions to combat climate change

How do human actions impact climate change?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 271
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper
- Marker pens
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 273
- Pictures of night sky
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 275
- Balloon
- Marker
- Ruler
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 276
- Digital devices (QR code pg. 288)
- Solar system models

- Presentations - Written assignments - Project work

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Other celestial objects
Introduction to Space Physics - Observing space
Introduction to Space Physics - Space technology
Introduction to Space Physics - Planetary motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe moons, asteroids and comets
- Explain characteristics of each celestial body
- Relate celestial bodies to solar system organization

- Explain how satellites and space probes work
- Describe Kenya's Taifa-1 satellite
- Appreciate applications of satellites in daily life

- Compare characteristics of different celestial bodies
- Study pictures of moons, asteroids and comets
- Discuss unique features of each
- Research satellites and their functions
- Discuss communication and weather satellites
- Study space probes sent to planets

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 277
- Digital devices
- Pictures of celestial bodies
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 278
- Pictures of telescopes
- Internet access
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 279
- Digital devices
- Pictures of satellites
- Reference books
- Charts
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 281
- Videos on planetary motion

- Oral questions - Written tests - Presentations
- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Solar system structure
Introduction to Space Physics - History of space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Model the solar system using local materials
- Demonstrate planetary orbits
- Appreciate scale and organization of solar system

- Create model of solar system using paper balls
- Paint planets in appropriate colors
- Arrange planets in correct order with distances

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 282
- Crushed paper balls
- Paints
- Wooden strip
- Thread
- Glue
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 283
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of space missions
- Internet access

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Space-related careers
Introduction to Space Physics - Benefits of space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify careers in space exploration
- Describe roles of astronauts, engineers and scientists
- Appreciate diverse career opportunities in space science

- Simulate moon mission planning activity
- Identify careers needed for space missions
- Discuss skills required for different careers

How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 285
- Small pieces of paper
- Writing materials
- Career cards
- Digital devices
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 280
- Reference books
- Pictures of applications
- Internet access

- Group activities - Presentations - Oral questions

Environmental and Space Physics

Environmental and Space Physics - Comprehensive review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Answer questions on greenhouse effect and climate change
- Solve problems on space physics concepts
- Demonstrate understanding of environmental and space topics

- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts
- Complete assessment exercises

How do human actions impact climate change? How do we benefit from astrophysics?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 272, 287
- Exercise books
- Past papers
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-assessment