Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition of work
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Calculating work done
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy and its forms
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Definition and calculation of power

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define work as product of force and displacement
- State the SI unit of work as joule
- Differentiate between work done and no work done like pushing a wall versus pushing a wheelbarrow

- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Measure work done experimentally
- Apply work calculations to lifting luggage, climbing stairs and pulling carts

- Discuss scenarios where work is done and not done
- Calculate work done in lifting and pushing objects
- Relate work to force and displacement
- Measure force and distance to calculate work done
- Solve numerical problems on work
- Discuss work done against gravity and friction

When do we say work is done in Physics?
How much work is done when lifting a 10 kg mass through 2 metres?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 105
- Spring balance
- Metre rule
- Various objects
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 107
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule
- Stopwatch
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 108
- Various objects
- Pictures of energy sources
- Digital resources
- Stopwatch
- Calculators

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation
- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Kinetic energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gravitational potential energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Elastic potential energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define kinetic energy as energy due to motion
- Calculate kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Connect kinetic energy to moving vehicles, athletes and flowing water

- Roll toy car down ramp and calculate its kinetic energy
- Investigate how mass and velocity affect K.E
- Solve problems on kinetic energy

How does speed affect the kinetic energy of a moving object?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 112
- Toy car
- Ramp
- Stopwatch
- Measuring tape
- Beam balance
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 114
- Small weights
- Metre rule
- Beam balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 116
- Rubber bands
- Springs
- Small objects
- Paper balls

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Conservation of mechanical energy
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy transformation using a pendulum
- Connect energy conservation to swings in playgrounds and roller coasters

- Set up simple pendulum and observe energy changes
- Identify P.E and K.E at different positions
- Verify total mechanical energy is constant

What happens to energy as a pendulum swings?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 118
- Pendulum bob
- String
- Stand
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 121
- Digital resources
- Pictures of machines
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of simple machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of simple machines
- Describe applications of levers, pulleys and inclined planes
- Connect simple machines to everyday tools like scissors, wheelbarrows and ramps

- Use digital resources to search for types of simple machines
- Identify simple machines in the environment
- Classify levers into first, second and third class

How do simple machines make work easier?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 124
- Pictures of simple machines
- Examples of levers
- Inclined plane model
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 129
- Simple machines
- Spring balance
- Known masses
- Metre rule

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Levers
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Pulleys
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane and screw

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate MA and VR of levers
- Apply principle of moments to levers
- Relate lever calculations to using crowbars, scissors and wheelbarrows

- Calculate VR of pulley systems
- Investigate efficiency of pulley systems
- Connect pulley systems to cranes, flagpoles and construction hoists

- Set up different classes of levers
- Calculate MA and VR experimentally
- Solve problems on levers
- Set up single fixed and movable pulleys
- Set up block and tackle system
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency experimentally

How does the position of the fulcrum affect the mechanical advantage of a lever?
How does the number of pulleys affect the velocity ratio?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Lever apparatus
- Known masses
- Spring balance
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 131
- Pulleys
- String
- Known masses
- Spring balance
- Stand
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 134
- Inclined plane
- Screw jack
- Metre rule

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Problem-solving
- Practical assessment - Written tests - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle, gears

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate VR of wheel and axle
- Calculate VR of gear systems
- Connect wheel and axle to steering wheels and door knobs, and gears to bicycles and car gearboxes

- Demonstrate wheel and axle operation
- Calculate VR of gear systems with different teeth
- Solve problems on wheel and axle and gears

How do gears change speed and force?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 137
- Wheel and axle model
- Gear wheels
- Bicycle

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics
Waves and Optics
Waves and Optics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic machines and applications
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain working principle of hydraulic machines
- Calculate force multiplication in hydraulic systems
- Connect hydraulic machines to car brakes, car jacks and construction equipment

- Construct simple hydraulic system using syringes
- Calculate force and VR of hydraulic press
- Discuss applications in vehicles and construction
- Identify simple machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators

How do hydraulic machines multiply force?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 139
- Syringes of different sizes
- Tubing
- Water
- Pictures of hydraulic machines
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 147
- Torch
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 148
- Digital resources
- Charts showing reflection

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Project presentations

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of refraction of waves
- Demonstrate refraction using a straight object in water
- Relate refraction to why sound travels differently during day and night

- Observe how a straight object appears bent when placed in water
- Discuss how sound waves bend at the interface of cold and hot air
- Illustrate refraction of sound waves during day and night

Why does a stick appear bent in water?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 150
- Glass of water
- Straight object
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 151
- Torch
- Manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 152
- Two identical speakers
- Audio frequency generator

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating rectilinear propagation using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating reflection using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating refraction using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating diffraction using ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Demonstrating interference using ripple tank

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Set up a ripple tank to demonstrate wave properties
- Demonstrate rectilinear propagation of waves in a ripple tank
- Connect the formation of bright and dark spots to how water waves behave

- Demonstrate diffraction of waves using a ripple tank
- Investigate how aperture size affects diffraction
- Connect diffraction to how radio waves reach behind buildings

- Set up a ripple tank with all accessories
- Observe how crests appear bright and troughs appear dark
- Place two straight rods perpendicular to the vibrating bar and observe wave direction

- Place two metal barriers with an aperture in front of plane waves
- Vary the aperture size from 8 cm to 0.5 cm and observe emerging waves
- Place an obstacle in front of waves and observe diffraction around it

How do waves move in a straight line?
What factors determine the extent of wave diffraction?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 154
- Ripple tank and accessories
- Dry cell and cell holder
- White manila paper
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 156
- Ripple tank
- Straight metal reflector
- Concave and convex reflectors
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 158
- Transparent glass plate
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 159
- Ripple tank
- Two straight metal barriers
- Opaque obstacle
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 160
- Two spherical balls
- White manila paper

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Production of frequency modulated (FM) waves
Properties of Waves - Detection of frequency modulated (FM) waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of frequency modulation
- Describe methods of producing FM waves
- Connect FM to how radio stations broadcast music and news

- Use digital devices to research the meaning of FM and its production
- Discuss the difference between FM and AM
- Search for applications of frequency modulation

How are FM radio signals produced?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 161
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 162
- Radio receiver (demonstration)

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group presentations

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Formation of stationary waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of stationary waves
- Demonstrate formation of stationary waves using a tuning fork and string
- Connect stationary waves to how guitar strings produce different notes

- Fix a string to a tuning fork prong and pass over a fixed pulley
- Strike the tuning fork and observe nodes and antinodes
- Discuss how incident and reflected waves superimpose to form stationary waves

How are stationary waves formed in a vibrating string?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 163
- Tuning fork
- String
- Mass (weight)
- Fixed pulley system

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Factors affecting fundamental frequency of vibrating string
Properties of Waves - Modes of vibration in strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting fundamental frequency of a vibrating string
- Determine the relationship between frequency, tension, and length
- Relate findings to tuning musical instruments like guitars and violins

- Set up a sonometer apparatus and vary tension while keeping length constant
- Vary the length between bridges while keeping tension constant
- Discuss the mathematical relationship f = (1/2L)√(T/μ)

How do tension and length affect the frequency of a vibrating string?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 164
- Sonometer apparatus
- Weights
- Two wooden wedges
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 166
- Digital resources
- Charts showing modes of vibration

- Practical assessment - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in closed pipes
Properties of Waves - Harmonics in closed pipes
Properties of Waves - Stationary waves in open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate variation of sound with length of air column in a closed pipe
- Demonstrate resonance in a closed pipe
- Relate closed pipe resonance to how wind instruments like clarinets work

- Explain harmonics in closed pipes
- Calculate frequencies of overtones in closed pipes
- Connect closed pipe harmonics to the limited overtones in some wind instruments

- Dip a glass tube into water and hold a vibrating tuning fork over the open end
- Adjust the tube length until resonance is achieved
- Discuss the relationship between length and wavelength: L = λ/4

- Discuss the first harmonic (fundamental frequency) in closed pipes
- Calculate second and third harmonics using f = (2n-1)f₀
- Compare harmonic patterns in closed pipes with open pipes

How does the length of a closed air column affect the sound produced?
Why do closed pipes only produce odd harmonics?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 167
- Glass tube
- Glass jar with water
- Tuning fork
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 168
- Digital resources
- Charts showing harmonics
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 169
- Charts showing open pipe harmonics

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Meaning of Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of Doppler effect
- Describe how sound frequency changes with relative motion
- Connect Doppler effect to the changing pitch of an ambulance siren

- Discuss the scenario of a blind man detecting vehicle movement by sound
- Explain why the pitch of a siren increases when approaching and decreases when receding
- Research the discovery of Doppler effect by Christian Doppler

Why does the pitch of a siren change as an ambulance passes by?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 173
- Digital resources
- Audio recordings of approaching vehicles

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating Doppler effect
Properties of Waves - Applications of Doppler effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate Doppler effect using sound sources and ropes
- Observe changes in wavelength when source moves towards or away from observer
- Relate the demonstration to how radar speed guns measure vehicle speed

- Move an audio frequency generator towards and away from a stationary observer
- Use a rope to show compression and stretching of waves
- Discuss how wavelength decreases when source approaches and increases when receding

How does the movement of a sound source affect the waves detected by an observer?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 174
- Audio frequency generator
- Rope or spiral spring
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 175
- Digital resources
- Charts showing Doppler applications

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Meaning of radioactivity and related terms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of radioactivity and related terms
- Define nuclear stability, half-life, nuclide, and radioisotope
- Relate radioactivity to smoke detectors and medical treatments

- Use digital resources to search for meanings of radioactivity terms
- Discuss the meaning of radioactive decay, background radiation, and nucleotide
- Share findings with classmates for peer review

What is radioactivity and why do some atoms decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 178
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Stability of isotopes and atomic structure
Radioactivity - Types of radiations (alpha, beta, gamma)
Radioactivity - Properties of alpha and beta particles

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain atomic structure in relation to radioactivity
- Describe how neutron-proton ratio affects nuclear stability
- Connect isotope stability to carbon dating of archaeological artifacts

- Describe properties of alpha and beta particles
- Compare penetrating power, ionizing ability, and speed of alpha and beta particles
- Connect alpha radiation properties to smoke detector operation

- Discuss the composition of atoms: protons, neutrons, and electrons
- Explain why a 1:1 neutron-proton ratio leads to stability
- Illustrate unstable nuclides using diagrams

- Discuss penetrating power: alpha stopped by paper, beta by aluminium
- Compare ionizing power: alpha highest, beta moderate
- Explain deflection in electric and magnetic fields

How does the neutron-proton ratio affect nuclear stability?
Why are alpha particles more ionizing but less penetrating than beta particles?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 180
- Digital resources
- Charts showing atomic structure
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 181
- Charts showing radiation types

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 182
- Digital resources
- Charts comparing radiation properties

- Written tests - Oral questions - Diagram labelling
- Written tests - Oral questions - Comparison tables

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Properties of gamma rays and comparison of radiations
Radioactivity - Alpha decay and nuclear equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe properties of gamma rays
- Compare all three types of radiations using charts and diagrams
- Relate gamma ray properties to their use in X-ray imaging and cancer treatment

- Discuss gamma ray properties: no charge, no mass, highest penetration
- Make charts comparing penetrating power, ionizing effect, and field deflection
- Use diagrams to illustrate effect of magnetic and electric fields on radiations

Why are gamma rays not deflected by electric or magnetic fields?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 183
- Digital resources
- Charts and diagrams
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 186
- Periodic table

- Chart making - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Beta decay and gamma decay equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write nuclear equations for beta and gamma decay
- Explain how beta decay changes a neutron to a proton
- Relate beta decay to carbon-14 dating of organic materials

- Discuss beta decay: neutron changes to proton and electron
- Write nuclear equation for carbon-14 decaying to nitrogen-14
- Explain gamma decay as energy release without change in mass or atomic number

How do beta and gamma decay differ from alpha decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 187
- Digital resources
- Periodic table

- Written tests - Problem-solving exercises - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Uranium-238 decay series
Radioactivity - Detection using electroscope and GM tube

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Trace the uranium-238 natural decay series
- Write nuclear equations for chain decay reactions
- Connect decay series to geological dating of rocks

- Study the uranium-238 decay chain from U-238 to stable Pb-206
- Identify types of radiations emitted at each stage
- Write nuclear equations for each step in the decay series

How does uranium-238 eventually become stable lead-206?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 188
- Charts showing decay series
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 189
- Electroscope
- Diagrams of GM tube

- Chart interpretation - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Cloud chambers and nuclear emulsion plates
Radioactivity - Meaning and demonstration of half-life
Radioactivity - Calculating half-life using graphs and formula

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe detection using expansion and diffusion cloud chambers
- Explain the use of nuclear emulsion plates
- Relate cloud chamber tracks to identifying different radiation types

- Explain the meaning of half-life
- Demonstrate half-life concept using water draining from a burette
- Relate half-life to how long radioactive waste remains dangerous

- Discuss the operation of expansion and diffusion cloud chambers
- Observe track patterns for alpha, beta, and gamma radiations
- Explain how nuclear emulsion plates record particle tracks

- Define half-life as time for half the radioactive atoms to decay
- Perform water drainage experiment to simulate radioactive decay
- Plot a graph of volume against time and determine half-life

How do cloud chambers make radiation tracks visible?
How long does it take for half of a radioactive sample to decay?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 190
- Diagrams of cloud chambers
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 193
- Burette
- Retort stand
- Stop clock
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 195
- Graph paper
- Scientific calculators

- Diagram interpretation - Written tests - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Significance and applications of half-life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the significance of half-life in various fields
- Describe applications in medicine, environment, and nuclear power
- Relate half-life to planning cancer treatment doses and nuclear waste storage

- Discuss significance in nuclear medicine and carbon dating
- Explain importance in nuclear waste management
- Research applications in pharmacokinetics and safety regulations

Why is understanding half-life important in medicine and nuclear power?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 197
- Digital resources
- Physics reference books

- Research presentations - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Nuclear fission and chain reactions
Radioactivity - Nuclear fusion and applications
Radioactivity - Applications in medicine and industry

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of nuclear fission
- Describe chain reactions in nuclear fission
- Relate nuclear fission to electricity generation in nuclear power plants

- Describe applications of radioactivity in medicine and industry
- Explain how gamma rays treat cancer and sterilize equipment
- Relate industrial applications to detecting pipe leaks and measuring thickness

- Discuss how uranium-235 splits when bombarded with neutrons
- Explain how chain reactions release enormous energy
- Differentiate controlled reactions in reactors from uncontrolled reactions in bombs

- Discuss medical applications: cancer treatment, sterilization, imaging
- Explain industrial uses: detecting pipe bursts, thickness measurement, flaw detection
- Research use of radioactive tracers in various fields

How do nuclear power plants generate electricity from fission?
How is radioactivity used to treat cancer and detect pipe leaks?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 198
- Diagrams of chain reactions
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 199
- Diagrams showing fusion

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 200
- Diagrams showing applications
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Diagram interpretation - Oral questions
- Research presentations - Written tests - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity - Applications in agriculture and archaeology
Radioactivity - Hazards of radiation and safety precautions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of radioactivity in agriculture and archaeology
- Explain carbon dating principles
- Relate radioactive tracers to studying plant fertilizer absorption

- Discuss carbon dating for determining age of fossils and artifacts
- Explain use of radioactive tracers in agriculture
- Calculate ages using carbon-14 decay principles

How do scientists use carbon dating to determine the age of fossils?

- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 200
- Digital resources
- Charts on carbon dating
- Spotlight Physics Grade 10 pg. 201
- Safety signs
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Origin of charges in a material
The law of electrostatics
Methods of charging conductors - Induction and Contact

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define electric charge and state its SI unit
- Describe the atomic structure and origin of charges in materials
- Relate static electricity to everyday experiences like clothes clinging after tumble drying

- Discuss with peers the origin of charges on materials (atom, nucleus, neutrons, protons and electrons)
- Use digital resources to search for information on atomic structure
- Perform experiments to demonstrate generation of static charges through rubbing plastic pen on woolen cloth

How do materials acquire electric charges?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 205
- Plastic pen, woolen cloth
- Small pieces of paper
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 207
- Balloons, woolen cloth
- Thread, retort stands
- Metre rule
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 208
- Metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Connecting wire for earthing

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Electricity and Magnetism

Methods of charging conductors - Separation and charge distribution
Electric field patterns
The electroscope - Structure, charging and discharging

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe charging by separation method
- Illustrate charge distribution on conductors of various shapes
- Connect charge concentration at sharp points to lightning rod design

- Carry out activities to charge two spheres by separation method
- Discuss how charge distributes on spherical, pear-shaped and irregular conductors
- Draw diagrams showing charge distribution on different shaped conductors

Why does charge concentrate at pointed ends of conductors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 211
- Two metallic spheres on insulated stands
- Charged rods
- Charts showing charge distribution
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 214
- Charts showing electric field patterns
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 216
- Gold-leaf electroscope
- Charged polythene and glass rods
- Conical flask, aluminium foil, metal spoon

- Observation - Written assignments - Diagram assessment

Electricity and Magnetism

Uses of electroscope
Applications - Spray painting, precipitators and photocopiers
Applications - Lightning arrestors and safety measures
Applications - Touch screens, fingerprinting and capacitors
Current and potential difference

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe uses of an electroscope
- Demonstrate testing for presence, type and quantity of charge
- Apply electroscope principles to quality control testing in manufacturing

- Explain electrostatic applications in touch screens and fingerprinting
- Describe the role of electrostatics in capacitors
- Connect capacitive touch technology to everyday smartphone use

- Perform experiments to test for presence of charge on a body
- Determine the type of charge using a charged electroscope
- Measure relative quantity of charge
- Test conducting and insulating properties of materials
- Discuss the principle behind capacitive touch screens
- Research on electrostatic fingerprinting and live scanning
- Explain how capacitors in electronic devices use electrostatic principles
- Explore air purifiers and other applications

How can an electroscope determine the type of charge on a body?
How do smartphones detect finger touches using electrostatics?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 219
- Gold-leaf electroscope
- Various charged materials
- Conductors and insulators for testing
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 221
- Charts and diagrams
- Digital resources
- Videos on spray painting
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 223
- Pictures of lightning arrestors
- Charts on safety measures
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 225
- Smartphones and tablets
- Digital resources
- Charts on touch screen technology
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 228
- Dry cells, cell holders
- Ammeter, voltmeter, bulb
- Connecting wires, switch

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests
- Oral questions - Written tests - Research presentations

Electricity and Magnetism

Electromotive force and internal resistance
Ohm's law - Verification and calculations
EMF equation and internal resistance determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define electromotive force and internal resistance
- Distinguish between EMF and terminal potential difference
- Relate internal resistance to why old batteries provide less power

- Connect voltmeters across a cell in open and closed circuits
- Compare voltmeter readings when switch is open and closed
- Discuss lost voltage and internal resistance
- Derive the relationship E = V + Ir

Why does a cell's voltage drop when connected in a circuit?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 231
- Dry cells, two voltmeters
- Known resistors, switch
- Connecting wires
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 232
- Nichrome wire, ammeter
- Voltmeter, rheostat
- Dry cells, graph paper
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 236
- Dry cells, ammeter
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written calculations

Electricity and Magnetism

Ohmic and non-ohmic conductors
Factors affecting resistance - Length and cross-sectional area
Factors affecting resistance - Temperature and resistivity
Methods of determining resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify conductors as ohmic or non-ohmic based on V-I characteristics
- Investigate V-I relationship of torch bulb, thermistor and diode
- Relate non-ohmic behaviour to why bulbs are dim when first switched on

- Investigate V-I relationship of different conductors
- Draw I-V characteristic graphs for tungsten, torch bulb, thermistor and diode
- Classify conductors based on their graphs
- Compare behaviour of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors

Why do some conductors not obey Ohm's law?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 242
- Torch bulb, thermistor
- Semiconductor diode
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 245
- Nichrome wire, metre rule
- Wires of different thickness
- Micrometer screw gauge, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 248
- Tungsten coil, beaker
- Thermometer, heat source
- Ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 251
- Metre bridge, Wheatstone bridge components
- Galvanometer, jockey
- Resistors with colour codes

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Oral questions

Electricity and Magnetism

Types of resistors and current-voltage laws
Effective resistance in series and parallel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and classify types of resistors (fixed, variable, linear, non-linear)
- Verify laws of current and voltage in series and parallel circuits
- Connect resistor types to volume controls and temperature sensors

- Study different types of resistors and their applications
- Connect bulbs in series and verify I₁ = I₂ = I₃ and V = V₁ + V₂ + V₃
- Connect bulbs in parallel and verify I = I₁ + I₂ + I₃ and V₁ = V₂ = V₃
- Discuss applications of rheostats and potentiometers

Why is current the same in series but voltage the same in parallel?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 255
- Various types of resistors
- Identical bulbs, ammeters
- Voltmeters, dry cells
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 263
- Resistors of known values
- Scientific calculators
- Circuit diagrams, worksheets

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written assignments

Electricity and Magnetism

Solving complex resistor network problems
Relationship of V, I and P - Power equations
Factors affecting heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse circuits with multiple series-parallel combinations
- Calculate current through and voltage across each resistor
- Apply circuit analysis to troubleshoot electrical faults in appliances

- Derive and apply power equations P = VI, P = I²R and P = V²/R
- Calculate power consumption of electrical devices
- Relate power ratings to energy efficiency of household appliances

- Identify series and parallel sections in complex circuits
- Calculate effective resistance step by step
- Determine current distribution in branches
- Calculate potential difference across each component
- Discuss electrical power as rate of energy conversion
- Derive power equations from P = W/t and Ohm's law
- Calculate power in circuits using different formulas
- Compare power ratings of various appliances

How do we analyse circuits with both series and parallel resistors?
What is the relationship between voltage, current and power?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 267
- Complex circuit diagrams
- Scientific calculators
- Worksheets with problems
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 270
- Scientific calculators
- Power rating labels from appliances
- Worksheets
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 273
- Heating coils, beaker
- Thermometer, stopwatch
- Ammeter, voltmeter, rheostat

- Written calculations - Circuit analysis - Oral questions
- Written calculations - Oral questions - Problem-solving tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Applications of heating effect of electric current

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of heating effect in electrical appliances
- Explain the working of electric heaters, kettles, iron boxes and fuses
- Relate heating applications to safe and efficient use of electrical devices at home

- Research on electrical appliances that use heating effect
- Classify appliances as heating devices, kitchenware or lighting devices
- Discuss the working of electric iron, kettle, heater and filament lamp
- Explain the function and selection of appropriate fuses

How is the heating effect of electric current applied in household appliances?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 277
- Pictures of electrical appliances
- Fuses of different ratings
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Research presentations

Electricity and Magnetism

Power rating and electrical energy calculations
Conductors, semiconductors, insulators and superconductors
Distinguishing materials using energy band theory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Interpret power ratings on electrical appliances
- Calculate electrical energy consumption using E = Pt
- Apply energy calculations to reduce electricity bills at home

- Read and interpret power ratings on appliance labels
- Calculate energy consumed in joules and kilowatt-hours
- Calculate cost of running appliances using electricity tariffs
- Discuss energy-saving practices

How do we calculate the cost of running electrical appliances?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 278
- Power rating labels
- Scientific calculators
- Electricity tariff information
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 282
- Models of atomic structures
- Charts showing material classification
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 284
- Charts showing energy bands
- Digital resources
- Drawing materials

- Written calculations - Oral questions - Problem-solving tests

Electricity and Magnetism

Effect of temperature on conductors and semiconductors
Intrinsic semiconductors and doping
N-type and p-type semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of temperature on resistance of conductors and semiconductors
- Plot and interpret R-T graphs for different materials
- Relate temperature effects to thermistor use in temperature sensors and fire alarms

- Set up circuit with tungsten coil in water bath
- Heat water and record resistance at different temperatures
- Plot R-T graph showing resistance increase for metals
- Replace with thermistor and observe resistance decrease with temperature
- Discuss concept of superconductivity at very low temperatures

Why does resistance increase with temperature for metals but decrease for semiconductors?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 286
- Tungsten coil, thermistor
- Beaker, thermometer
- Heat source, ammeter, voltmeter
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 288
- Charts showing doping process
- Digital resources
- Models of crystal structures
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 289
- Diagrams of crystal lattice
- Charts showing n-type and p-type formation
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Graph plotting - Comparative analysis

Electricity and Magnetism
Environmental and Space Physics

Applications of conductors and insulators
Applications of semiconductors and superconductors
Application of conductors and insulators in car wiring system
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Greenhouse effect and climate change in the environment
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Physical drivers of climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Factors leading to greenhouse effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of conductors in electrical wiring, lightning protection and electronics
- Describe applications of insulators in electrical safety and thermal protection
- Relate conductor and insulator applications to safe electrical installations in homes

- Define greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change
- Demonstrate the greenhouse effect using simple apparatus
- Connect the greenhouse effect to everyday observations like hot car interiors on sunny days

- Research on applications of conductors (copper wiring, lightning arrestors, electronic circuits)
- Discuss applications of insulators (wire coating, socket casings, thermal insulation)
- Explain why electrical cables have copper core with plastic/rubber coating
- Identify conductors and insulators in household items

- Discuss with peers the meaning of greenhouse effect, greenhouse gases, global warming and climate change
- Carry out activities using plastic bottles/jars and thermometers to demonstrate greenhouse effect
- Use digital resources to search for information on greenhouse effect and climate change

Why are both conductors and insulators essential in electrical systems?
How does the greenhouse effect influence Earth's temperature?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 292
- Samples of electrical cables
- Pictures of electrical installations
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 293
- Electronic components
- Pictures of semiconductor devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book pg. 294
- Car wiring diagrams
- Samples of automotive cables
- Digital resources
- Resource persons (mechanics)
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 297
- Clear plastic bottles/jars
- Thermometers
- Plastic wrap
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 298
- Charts showing greenhouse effect
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 299
- Pictures of industrial activities

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Agricultural and livestock contributions
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Role of ozone layer
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Ozone depletion and climate change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how agricultural practices contribute to greenhouse effect
- Analyse the role of livestock farming in methane production
- Relate agricultural activities in local farms to greenhouse gas emissions

- Discuss how livestock farming releases methane and fertilizer use produces nitrous oxide
- Use digital resources to search for information on agricultural contributions to greenhouse effect
- Share findings with classmates for peer learning

How do farming activities contribute to climate change?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 300
- Charts showing greenhouse gas sources
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 301
- Diagrams of ozone layer
- Digital resources
- Charts on ozone depletion

- Group discussions - Oral questions - Written tests

Environmental and Space Physics

Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Strategies for mitigating climate change
Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change - Effects of climate change on environment
Introduction to Space Physics - Big Bang Theory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify strategies for reducing greenhouse gas emissions
- Explain how renewable energy and reforestation help mitigate climate change
- Connect tree planting initiatives in schools to carbon dioxide reduction

- Use digital resources to search for mitigating factors against climate change
- Discuss the role of renewable energy, reforestation and energy efficiency in reducing emissions
- Analyse pictures showing various mitigation strategies

What can individuals and communities do to reduce climate change effects?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 302
- Pictures of renewable energy sources
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 305
- Pictures showing climate change effects
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 308
- Charts on Big Bang Theory

- Group discussions - Oral questions - Project work

Environmental and Space Physics

Introduction to Space Physics - Stars, planets and satellites
Introduction to Space Physics - Asteroids, comets, meteors and galaxies
Introduction to Space Physics - Space exploration methods and telescopy
Introduction to Space Physics - Motion of planets around the sun
Introduction to Space Physics - Careers in space exploration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define celestial bodies and give examples
- Classify celestial bodies as stars, planets and satellites
- Relate the sun as a star to the light and heat we receive daily

- Study photos of celestial bodies in space
- Discuss the characteristics of stars, planets and satellites
- Use digital resources to search for types of celestial bodies

What celestial bodies can you observe in the night sky?

- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 309
- Photos of celestial bodies
- Digital devices
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 311
- Pictures of comets and galaxies
- Digital resources
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 312
- Lenses, manila paper, glue
- Pictures of telescopes
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 316
- Models of solar system
- Charts on Kepler's laws
- Spotlight Physics Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 318
- Career charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests