Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of regular objects
Moments and Equilibrium - Centre of gravity of irregular objects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine the centre of gravity of regularly shaped objects
- Explain the concept of centre of gravity
- Relate centre of gravity to real-life applications like furniture design

- Determine the centre of gravity of irregularly shaped objects
- Use plumb line method
- Appreciate importance in design and balance

- Design and carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of regular objects
- Balance rectangular card on table edge
- Mark and identify centre of gravity
- Carry out activities to determine centre of gravity of irregular objects using plumb line
- Mark lines and find intersection
- Verify by balancing

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 75-76
- Rectangular cards
- Ruler
- Pen
- Table
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 76-78
- Irregular hardboard
- Plumb line
- Pins
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions
- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the states of equilibrium in bodies
- Distinguish between stable, unstable and neutral equilibrium
- Relate equilibrium states to everyday objects

- Carry out activities to demonstrate stability, instability and neutral equilibrium using Bunsen burner
- Observe object behavior when pushed
- Discuss the three states

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 78-80
- Bunsen burner
- Flat surface
- Various objects
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Stability factors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting stability of objects
- Explain how base area and centre of gravity affect stability
- Appreciate stability considerations in vehicle and building design

- Carry out activities to investigate factors affecting stability
- Use objects of different shapes and sizes
- Measure angles at which objects topple
- Discuss findings

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 80-82
- Various objects
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Weights

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Turning effect of force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of moment of a force
- Calculate moment using Moment = Force × Distance
- Relate moments to opening doors and using tools

- Discuss with peers the meaning of moment of force
- Use digital devices to search for information
- Share personal experiences of applying moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 82-84
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Demonstrating moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the turning effect of forces about a point
- Investigate how distance affects moment
- Relate to everyday applications like door handles

- Carry out activities to demonstrate turning effect using door and spring balance
- Apply force at different points
- Record force required and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 84-87
- Spring balance
- Wire
- Door
- Measuring tape

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Principle of moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Verify the principle of moments
- Explain that clockwise moments = anticlockwise moments
- Apply principle to solve problems

- Carry out activities to verify principle of moments using metre rule and weights
- Balance rule with different weights
- Record distances and calculate moments

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 87-89
- Metre rule
- Weights (50g, 100g, 200g)
- Thread
- Retort stand

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Problem solving

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Two support points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate moments about two points of support
- Calculate resultant forces at support points
- Solve numerical problems

- Carry out activities to demonstrate moments with two spring balances
- Balance plank with weights
- Calculate forces at support points

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 89-91
- Metre rule
- Spring balances
- Weights
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Torque and couple forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe torque and couple in turning objects
- Calculate torque using Torque = Force × Distance
- Relate to steering wheels and screwdrivers

- Carry out activities to demonstrate couple using wooden strip and spring balances
- Compare single force with couple
- Discuss applications

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 91-94
- Wooden strip
- Spring balances
- Screw
- Table

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Resolving forces
Moments and Equilibrium - Applications in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate resolution of forces
- Resolve forces into horizontal and vertical components
- Calculate components using F cos θ and F sin θ

- Describe applications of torque, couples and stability
- Explain use in spanners, screwdrivers and vehicles
- Appreciate stability in racing cars and buses

- Carry out activities to demonstrate resolution using pulleys and weights
- Draw parallelogram of forces
- Calculate resultant force
- Use print/non-print media to search for applications
- Discuss applications in groups
- Present findings on torque and stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 94-96
- Pulleys
- Weights
- Paper
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 96-98
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Pictures of tools
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests
- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Vehicle stability and load

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate factors affecting vehicle stability
- Relate load positioning to stability
- Appreciate safety considerations in loading vehicles

- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicles
- Discuss with garage staff about loading
- Note features contributing to stability

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 98-99
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Moments and Equilibrium - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on moments and equilibrium
- Apply principles to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of torque and stability

- Solve numerical problems on moments
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How does the stability of bodies affect the designs of their structures?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 99
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Basic concepts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of energy, work and power
- Distinguish between the three concepts
- Relate to real-life examples like lifting objects and running

- Discuss with peers the meaning of energy, work, power and machines
- Give examples from daily life
- Record definitions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 100-102
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Exercise books

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Work done

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain work as force × distance
- Calculate work done using W = F × d
- Solve numerical problems on work

- Carry out activities to demonstrate work
- Push objects across the room
- Calculate work done in different scenarios

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 102-105
- Books
- Spring balance
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Forms of energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain energy as ability to do work
- Identify different forms of energy
- Relate energy sources to renewable and non-renewable

- Discuss different forms of energy
- Give examples of energy sources
- Classify sources as renewable or non-renewable

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 105-106
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Mechanical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gravitational potential energy using PE = mgh
- Explain kinetic energy using KE = ½mv²
- Calculate potential and kinetic energy

- Drop tennis ball from different heights
- Observe energy transformation
- Calculate PE and KE using formulas

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 106-109
- Tennis ball
- Metre rule
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Energy transformations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate transformation of mechanical energy
- Explain energy changes in swinging pendulum
- Relate to real-life applications like roller coasters

- Carry out activities to demonstrate energy transformation using pendulum
- Observe potential to kinetic energy changes
- Discuss energy at different points

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 109-112
- Pendulum (mass and string)
- Retort stand
- Clamp
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Law of conservation
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Vehicle energy systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the law of conservation of energy
- Demonstrate energy conservation using experiments
- Apply conservation law to solve problems

- Identify energy transformations in vehicles
- Explain chemical to mechanical energy conversion
- Appreciate safety measures in vehicles

- Carry out experiments to demonstrate conservation (swinging pendulum, ball thrown upwards)
- Calculate total energy at different points
- Verify energy is conserved
- Visit nearby garage and observe vehicle components
- Identify energy transformations
- Discuss safety precautions

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 112-115
- Pendulum
- Ball
- Marble
- Ramp
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 115-117
- Nearby garage
- Exercise books
- Pens
- Resource persons

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests
- Observation - Oral questions - Written reports

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Rate of doing work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain power as rate of doing work
- Calculate power using P = W/t
- Solve numerical problems on power

- Carry out activities to measure power (running up stairs)
- Calculate work done and time taken
- Determine power output

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 117-119
- Stopwatch
- Metre rule
- Weighing scale
- Staircase
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - MA, VR and efficiency

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mechanical advantage as Load/Effort
- Explain velocity ratio and efficiency
- Calculate MA, VR and efficiency

- Discuss the meaning of MA, VR and efficiency
- Use mathematical relationships
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 119-122
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Exercise books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Types of levers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe levers and their types
- Explain principle of moments in levers
- Calculate VR and MA of levers

- Search for information on levers
- Identify different classes of levers
- Calculate VR = effort arm/load arm

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 122-125
- Digital devices
- Pictures of levers
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Inclined plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how inclined plane works
- Calculate VR = length/height
- Investigate factors affecting MA

- Investigate how length affects MA of inclined plane
- Use trolley on ramp
- Record data and calculate MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 125-128
- Trolley
- Inclined plane
- Weights
- Pulley
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Wheel and axle system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how wheel and axle works
- Calculate VR = radius of wheel/radius of axle
- Relate to winches and door knobs

- Investigate wheel and axle using rod and handle
- Apply force at different positions
- Calculate VR and MA

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 128-130
- Rod with handle
- Thread
- Weights
- Ruler
- Calculator

- Practical assessment - Problem solving - Written tests

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Gear systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how gears work
- Calculate VR = teeth on driven/teeth on driver
- Relate to bicycles and clocks

- Search for information on gear systems
- Discuss how gears change speed and force
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 130-132
- Digital devices
- Pictures of gears
- Reference books
- Calculator

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Hydraulic systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how hydraulic lift works
- Calculate VR = (R/r)²
- Appreciate use in car jacks and garage lifts

- Discuss hydraulic lift principle
- Calculate forces using Pascal's principle
- Solve numerical problems

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 132-134
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hydraulic lifts
- Calculator
- Reference books

- Written tests - Problem solving - Oral questions

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Other simple machines
Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Complex machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain pulleys, screws and pulley belts
- Calculate VR for different pulley systems
- Relate to real applications

- Describe use of machines in treadmills, elevators and escalators
- Explain simple machines in excavators
- Appreciate machines in making work easier

- Search for information on pulleys, screws and belts
- Discuss their working principles
- Calculate VR for each type
- Search for information on complex machines
- Identify simple machines in them
- Discuss applications

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 134-138
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Calculator
- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 138-141
- Digital devices
- Pictures
- Reference books
- Charts

- Written tests - Problem solving - Presentations
- Presentations - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Making machines

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct simple machines using local materials
- Test functionality of constructed machines
- Appreciate practical applications of machines

- Use locally available materials to construct simple machines
- Test the machines
- Present to class for assessment

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 141
- Wood
- Ropes
- Pulleys
- Nails
- Local materials

- Project work - Practical assessment - Peer assessment

Mechanics and Thermal Physics

Energy, Work, Power and Machines - Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Solve problems on energy, work, power and machines
- Apply concepts to real situations
- Demonstrate understanding of all topics

- Solve numerical problems
- Answer revision questions
- Discuss challenging concepts

How do machines make work easier?

- Triumph Physics Grade 10 pg. 142
- Exercise books
- Calculators
- Past papers

- Written tests - Problem solving - Self-assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Wave properties in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wave properties including rectilinear propagation, reflection, refraction, diffraction and interference
- Identify examples of wave properties in everyday life
- Relate wave properties to real-life applications such as mirrors, lenses and sound systems

- Brainstorm on what was learnt in Grade 9 about waves
- Use digital devices or reference books to search for the meaning of wave properties
- Copy and complete a table showing wave properties and their applications
- Present findings on properties of waves in a class discussion

How do wave properties affect our daily experiences with light and sound?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 139
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Writing materials

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Demonstrating wave properties using a ripple tank
Properties of Waves - Rectilinear propagation of waves
Properties of Waves - Reflection of waves
Properties of Waves - Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the parts of a ripple tank and state their functions
- Set up a ripple tank for wave demonstration
- Connect wave patterns observed in a ripple tank to natural phenomena like water waves at the beach

- State the law of reflection
- Demonstrate reflection of waves using different shaped barriers
- Relate wave reflection to everyday applications like mirrors, periscopes and acoustic design

- Observe a ripple tank and its components
- Label key parts of the ripple tank
- Copy and complete a table showing parts and functions of a ripple tank
- Fill the tank with water and test wave generation

- Generate plane waves and observe reflection off straight barriers
- Measure and compare angles of incidence and reflection
- Observe reflection patterns using concave and convex barriers
- Sketch wave patterns before and after reflection

What role does each part of a ripple tank play in demonstrating wave behaviour?
How does the shape of a barrier affect the reflection pattern of waves?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 141
- Ripple tank with components
- Bar and ball dippers
- Light source
- White screen
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 143
- Ripple tank
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 144
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers (straight, concave, convex)
- Ruler
- Manila paper
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 147
- Clear plastic sheets (rectangular and convex)
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment
- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Diffraction of waves
Properties of Waves - Interference of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffraction as bending of waves around obstacles or through gaps
- Demonstrate diffraction using a ripple tank
- Relate diffraction to hearing sound around corners and Wi-Fi signal distribution

- Position metal barriers with gaps in the ripple tank
- Observe wave spreading after passing through gaps of different sizes
- Observe diffraction around obstacles and at edges
- Sketch diffraction patterns and discuss applications

How does the size of an opening affect the amount of wave diffraction?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 150
- Ripple tank
- Metal barriers with gaps
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 152
- Two spherical dippers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Formation and properties of stationary waves
Properties of Waves - Applications of stationary waves in vibrating strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how stationary waves are formed from two progressive waves
- Identify nodes and antinodes in stationary waves
- Connect stationary waves to musical instruments like guitars and violins

- Stretch a rubber band and pluck to observe stationary wave patterns
- Identify regions of highest amplitude (antinodes) and zero amplitude (nodes)
- Vary tension and observe changes in wave pattern
- Discuss properties of stationary waves

How do nodes and antinodes form in a stationary wave?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 155
- Rubber bands
- Slinky spring
- Fixed block
- Smooth surface
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 159
- String (1-2 metres)
- Fixed support
- Pulley and masses
- Ruler

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Vibrating air columns in closed and open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive expressions for frequencies in closed and open pipes
- Differentiate between harmonics produced in closed and open pipes
- Connect vibrating air columns to wind instruments like flutes and clarinets

- Blow air across closed and open pipes and listen to sounds produced
- Compare pitch differences between closed and open pipes
- Discuss why closed pipes produce only odd harmonics
- Calculate frequencies of harmonics in pipes

Why do closed pipes produce only odd harmonics while open pipes produce all harmonics?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 161
- Closed pipe (boiling tube)
- Open pipe
- Ruler

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Resonance and frequency modulated waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain resonance and its conditions
- Describe how FM radio waves carry sound information
- Connect resonance to tuning musical instruments and FM to radio broadcasting

- Set up a glass tube in water with a tuning fork to demonstrate resonance
- Adjust air column length to find resonance point
- Tune an FM radio receiver to different stations
- Research how FM radio waves carry sound information

How does a radio receiver select and play a specific FM station?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 164
- Glass tube
- Tuning fork
- Container with water
- FM radio receiver

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Properties of Waves - Doppler effect and applications
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Terminologies used in radioactivity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the Doppler effect and its causes
- Describe how frequency changes when source approaches or recedes
- Connect Doppler effect to ambulance sirens, radar speed detection and medical ultrasound

- Watch videos demonstrating Doppler effect with sound waves
- Observe how sound changes as source moves toward or away
- Discuss real-life applications of Doppler effect
- Record observations on frequency and pitch changes

Why does an ambulance siren sound different as it approaches compared to when it moves away?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 166
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Writing materials
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 169
- Reference books
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Types and properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Behaviour of radiations in electric and magnetic fields

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the nature, charge and mass of alpha, beta and gamma radiations
- Compare penetrating power and ionising effects of the three radiations
- Connect radiation properties to their use in smoke detectors and medical treatment

- Study cards showing properties of alpha, beta and gamma emissions
- Discuss nature, charge and mass of each radiation type
- Compare penetrating power and ionising effects
- Summarise properties on manila paper for presentation

Why is alpha radiation most dangerous inside the body but least dangerous outside?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 171
- Property cards
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 173
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear equations showing how radionuclides attain stability

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write balanced nuclear equations for alpha, beta and gamma decay
- Balance mass numbers and atomic numbers in nuclear equations
- Connect nuclear decay to energy production in nuclear power plants

- Learn the three main types of radioactive decay
- Write nuclear equations for alpha decay (e.g., Uranium-238 to Thorium-234)
- Write nuclear equations for beta decay
- Practise balancing nuclear equations

How do unstable nuclei transform to achieve stability through radioactive decay?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 175
- Periodic table
- Chart of nuclides
- Exercise books

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Decay series and chain reactions
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Safety precautions in handling and disposing of radioactive substances
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection of radioactive emissions using photographic plates and electroscopes
Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Detection using Geiger-Muller counter and cloud chamber

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain decay series as a sequence of radioactive decays
- Trace the uranium-238 decay series to lead-206
- Connect decay series to geological dating of rocks and minerals

- Explain how photographic emulsions detect radiation
- Describe how a leaf electroscope detects radiation
- Connect radiation detection to radiation badges worn by hospital workers

- Observe and copy the Uranium-238 decay chart
- Identify radioactive emissions at each stage
- Write nuclear equations for decay steps in the series
- Present findings on decay series to class

- Observe demonstration of photographic plate detection
- Construct a simple electroscope and observe discharge near radioactive material
- Discuss how ionisation affects charge on foil strips
- Compare detection methods and their applications

Why does uranium-238 undergo multiple decays before becoming stable lead-206?
How do photographic plates and electroscopes indicate the presence of radiation?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 178
- Uranium-238 decay chart
- Periodic table
- Exercise books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 179
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 180
- Photographic plates
- Electroscope materials
- Radioactive source
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 183
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation
- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Waves and Optics

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Half-life and decay curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define half-life and use the decay formula to calculate remaining nuclides
- Plot and interpret decay curves
- Connect half-life to carbon dating of archaeological artefacts

- Demonstrate half-life using water draining from a burette
- Record time taken for different volumes to drain
- Plot decay curve and determine half-life from graph
- Calculate remaining mass after multiple half-lives

How can half-life be used to determine the age of ancient objects?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 185
- Burette
- Stopwatch
- Beaker
- Graph paper

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Oral questions

Waves and Optics
Electricity and Magnetism

Radioactivity and Stability of Isotopes - Nuclear fission, fusion and applications of radioactivity
Electrostatics - Origin of charges in a material

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion
- Write nuclear equations for fission and fusion reactions
- Connect nuclear reactions to power generation, medical imaging and cancer treatment

- Study pictures of nuclear fission reactions
- Discuss chain reactions and their control in nuclear reactors
- Research applications of radioactivity in medicine, industry and agriculture
- Present findings on applications to class

How do nuclear power plants harness fission energy while preventing uncontrolled chain reactions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 189
- Digital devices
- Pictures of nuclear reactions
- Reference books
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 194
- Balloons
- Woollen cloth
- Small pieces of paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Electric field patterns around charges

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define an electric field and describe its properties
- Draw electric field patterns for isolated and interacting charges
- Connect electric fields to how lightning rods protect buildings

- Discuss the meaning of electric field and its properties
- Draw field patterns for isolated positive and negative charges
- Draw field patterns between like and unlike charges
- Draw field patterns between charged plates

Why do electric field lines never cross each other?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 196
- Manila paper
- Coloured pencils
- Rulers

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Law of electrostatics
Electrostatics - Charging by friction and contact methods
Electrostatics - Charging by induction and separation methods
Electrostatics - Charge distribution on conductors of various shapes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the law of electrostatics
- Demonstrate attraction and repulsion between charged objects
- Connect electrostatic forces to how dust clings to TV screens and plastic surfaces

- Explain charging by induction and separation methods
- Demonstrate charging without direct contact
- Connect charging by induction to electrostatic spray painting in industries

- Suspend a charged plastic ruler and bring another charged ruler close
- Observe attraction and repulsion between similarly and oppositely charged objects
- Rub glass rod with silk and observe interaction with charged ruler
- Discuss the law of electrostatic charges

- Bring charged polythene rod near insulated metal ball without touching
- Earth the metal ball while charged rod is near, then remove earthing
- Demonstrate charging by separation using two touching metal balls
- Sketch charge distribution during induction process

What determines whether two charged objects will attract or repel each other?
Why does the charge acquired by induction have opposite sign to the charging rod?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 199
- Plastic rulers
- Glass rod
- Silk cloth
- Woollen cloth
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 200
- Plastic pen
- Dry woollen cloth
- Polystyrene ball
- Glass rod
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 203
- Polythene rod
- Metal balls on insulated stands
- Connecting wire
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 205
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Functions of various parts of an electroscope
Electrostatics - Charging an electroscope by contact and induction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and state functions of parts of a gold leaf electroscope
- Construct a simple electroscope using locally available materials
- Connect electroscope operation to radiation monitoring badges used by hospital workers

- Observe an electroscope and identify its main parts
- Research functions of metallic cap, metal rod, gold leaf and glass casing
- Construct a simple electroscope using paper clip, aluminium foil and plastic container
- Test the constructed electroscope with charged objects

How does each part of an electroscope contribute to detecting electric charges?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 207
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Paper clips
- Aluminium foil
- Plastic container
- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 208
- Polythene rod
- Glass rod
- Silk and woollen cloth

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Uses of a leaf electroscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe uses of an electroscope in testing for charges
- Use an electroscope to test presence, type and quantity of charge
- Connect electroscope uses to quality control testing in manufacturing industries

- Use electroscope to test for presence of charge on objects
- Determine type of charge by observing leaf behaviour with known charges
- Compare quantity of charge by degree of leaf divergence
- Test conductivity of different materials using electroscope

How can an electroscope be used to determine both the presence and type of charge?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 210
- Gold leaf electroscope
- Various charged objects
- Different materials for testing

- Practical assessment - Written assignments - Observation

Electricity and Magnetism

Electrostatics - Applications of electrostatics in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of electrostatics in various fields
- Explain safety measures against electrostatic hazards
- Connect electrostatics to spray painting, photocopiers, air purifiers and lightning protection

- Research applications of electrostatics using digital devices
- Discuss spray guns, photocopiers, fingerprinting and electrostatic precipitators
- Discuss lightning formation and safety measures during thunderstorms
- Present findings on applications and safety to class

How do electrostatic precipitators help reduce air pollution from factory emissions?

- Triumph Physics 10 pg. 212
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Manila paper

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation