Inorganic Chemistry

Structure of the atom - Dalton's atomic model

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of the atom using Dalton's model
- Explain the key postulates of Dalton's atomic theory
- Relate Dalton's model to the concept of matter being made of small particles

- Review with peers the concept of the structure of the atom
- Search for information on Dalton's atomic model
- Draw a representation of Dalton's atomic model

How did Dalton describe the structure of atoms?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 17
- Digital devices
- Charts showing atomic models

- Oral questions - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Structure of the atom - Rutherford's atomic model
Structure of the atom - Bohr's atomic model

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structure of the atom using Rutherford's model
- Explain the gold foil experiment and its findings
- Connect Rutherford's discoveries to our understanding of nuclear structure

- Watch simulation on the Rutherford Gold Foil experiment
- Discuss with peers the observations and conclusions of the experiment
- Draw a representation of Rutherford's atomic model

What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment reveal about the atom?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 18
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 20
- Charts showing Bohr's model

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Structure of the atom - Comparing atomic models
Structure of the atom - Modelling project
Relative Atomic Mass - Atomic number and mass number

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare Dalton, Rutherford and Bohr atomic models
- Identify the contributions of each scientist to atomic theory
- Create timelines showing the historical development of atomic models

- Discuss with peers the similarities and differences between atomic models
- Create a timeline highlighting contributions of scientists in atomic theory development
- Present findings to classmates

How did atomic models evolve from Dalton to Bohr?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 21
- Digital devices
- Manila papers
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 22
- Locally available materials
- Scissors, glue
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 24
- Periodic table
- Digital devices

- Group presentations - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Relative Atomic Mass - Meaning of isotopes
Relative Atomic Mass - Meaning and calculation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define isotopes of an element
- Identify isotopes of common elements
- Relate isotopes to applications like carbon dating and medical imaging

- Brainstorm the meaning of the term isotopes
- Study diagrams showing isotopes of sodium
- Discuss with peers the characteristics of isotopes

Why do atoms of the same element have different masses?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 24
- Digital devices
- Charts showing isotopes
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 27
- Periodic table

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Relative Atomic Mass - Calculations from isotopic abundances I
Relative Atomic Mass - Calculations from isotopic abundances II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply the formula for calculating R.A.M from isotopic abundances
- Calculate R.A.M for elements with two isotopes
- Solve numerical problems involving simple isotopic compositions

- Study worked examples on calculating R.A.M
- Calculate the R.A.M of elements with two isotopes
- Compare calculations with classmates for peer learning

How do you calculate the Relative Atomic Mass of an element from its isotopic abundances?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 27
- Scientific calculators
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 28

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Relative Atomic Mass - Determining relative abundance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate relative abundance of isotopes given R.A.M
- Solve reverse problems on isotopic abundances
- Apply mathematical skills to determine isotope compositions

- Study worked examples on determining relative abundance
- Calculate relative abundances from given R.A.M values
- Practise solving reverse problems

How can you determine the relative abundance of isotopes if you know the R.A.M?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 29
- Scientific calculators
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Relative Atomic Mass - Practical activity with dice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Simulate isotopic abundances using dice
- Calculate R.A.M from simulated data
- Connect hands-on activities to abstract chemical concepts

- Carry out activities using dice to simulate isotopic abundances
- Record and calculate R.A.M from simulated data
- Compare results with actual R.A.M values

How can we use a simulation to understand isotopic abundances?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 30
- Coloured dice
- Flashcards

- Practical assessment - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement - Energy levels and sub-levels
Electron arrangement - Types of orbitals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define energy levels and sub-levels in an atom
- Identify the sub-levels present in the first four energy levels
- Relate energy levels to the floors of a building and sub-levels to apartments

- Discuss the relationship between energy levels and orbitals
- Study the sub-levels for the first four energy levels
- Create a table showing energy levels and their sub-levels

How are electrons organized within energy levels?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 32
- Digital devices
- Charts showing energy levels
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 34
- Charts showing orbital shapes

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement - Aufbau's principle

By the end of the lesson, the learner ñ be able to:

- State the Aufbau's principle
- Apply the order of filling electrons in orbitals
- Compare electron filling to constructing a building from the foundation upwards

- Search for information on Aufbau's principle
- Study the diagram showing order of filling electrons
- Discuss with peers how electrons fill orbitals

In what order do electrons fill the orbitals in an atom?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 36
- Digital devices
- Aufbau diagram

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement - Writing s and p notation I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write electron arrangement of elements 1-10 using s and p notation
- Follow the steps for writing electron arrangements
- Apply the rules for filling electrons in s and p orbitals

- Study worked examples on writing s and p notation
- Draw electron arrangements for elements 1-10
- Practise writing s and p notation independently

How do you write the electron arrangement of an element using s and p notation?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 38
- Periodic table
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement - Writing s and p notation II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write electron arrangement of elements 11-20 using s and p notation
- Complete the electron arrangement table for the first 20 elements
- Connect electron arrangements to the position of elements in the periodic table

- Copy and complete the table of electron arrangements for the first 20 elements
- Compare electron arrangements with classmates
- Identify patterns in electron arrangements

What patterns can you observe in the electron arrangements of the first 20 elements?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 39
- Periodic table
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement - Practical activity
Historical development of the periodic table I
Historical development of the periodic table II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate electron filling using plastic beakers
- Model electron configurations using locally available materials
- Visualize abstract electron arrangements through hands-on activities

- Carry out activities to illustrate the order of filling electrons using labelled plastic beakers
- Use beads or pebbles to represent electrons
- Discuss the relationship between energy levels and orbitals

How can we demonstrate electron arrangement using locally available materials?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 40
- Plastic beakers
- Beads or pebbles
- Labels
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 45
- Digital devices
- Timeline charts
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 46
- Periodic table charts

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Groups and periods I
Groups and periods II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define groups and periods in the periodic table
- Identify the number of groups and periods in the modern periodic table
- Relate groups to vertical columns and periods to horizontal rows

- Study the modern periodic table
- Discuss with peers the meaning of groups and periods
- Identify groups and periods in the periodic table

What are groups and periods in the periodic table?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 49
- Periodic table
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Position of an element and electron arrangement
Chemical families - Alkali metals and Alkaline earth metals
Chemical families - Halogens and Noble gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Relate the position of an element to its electron arrangement
- Determine group number from valence electrons
- Determine period number from number of energy levels

- Create element cards showing electron arrangements
- Place element cards in correct positions on a periodic table template
- Discuss how electron arrangement relates to group and period

How can you predict an element's position in the periodic table from its electron arrangement?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 51
- Manila paper
- Graph paper
- Scissors
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 53
- Periodic table
- Digital devices

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Transition elements
Stability of atoms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the position of transition elements in the periodic table
- Describe general characteristics of transition elements
- Recognize transition metals in everyday items like iron in construction and copper in wiring

- Identify transition elements in the periodic table
- Discuss with peers the characteristics of transition elements
- Colour-code elements in the periodic table

Where are transition elements located in the periodic table?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 54
- Periodic table
- Coloured pencils
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 55
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Cations and anions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define cations and anions
- Predict the type of ion formed from electron arrangement
- Draw ion formation using dot and cross diagrams

- Study diagrams showing ion formation
- Draw ion formation of metals and non-metals using dot and cross structures
- Discuss with peers the difference between cations and anions

How do atoms form ions?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 56
- Digital devices
- Charts showing ion formation

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Practical drawings

Inorganic Chemistry

Valency and oxidation number I
Valency and oxidation number II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define valency and oxidation number
- Determine valency from electron arrangement
- Differentiate between valency and oxidation number

- Discuss with peers the meaning of valency and oxidation number
- Determine valency of elements from their electron arrangements
- Compare valency and oxidation number of elements

What is the difference between valency and oxidation number?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 58
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 59

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Radicals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define radicals in chemistry
- Identify common radicals and their valencies
- Apply knowledge of radicals in writing chemical formulae

- Discuss with peers the meaning of radicals
- Complete the table of radicals and their valencies
- Identify radicals in common compounds

What are radicals and how are they used in Chemistry?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 60
- Charts showing radicals
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Electron arrangement of ions using s and p notation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write electron arrangement of ions using s and p notation
- Distinguish between electron arrangements of atoms and ions
- Apply electron arrangement to explain ion formation

- Copy and complete the table showing electron arrangements of ions
- Compare electron arrangements of atoms and their ions
- List cations and anions from the table

How does the electron arrangement of an ion differ from that of its atom?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 62
- Periodic table
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Deriving formulae of compounds I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the steps for writing formulae of compounds
- Derive formulae of simple ionic compounds
- Apply the cross-over method to write chemical formulae

- Discuss the steps for writing formulae of compounds
- Study worked examples on deriving formulae
- Practise writing formulae using the cross-over method

How do you write the formula of a compound?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 63
- Valency tables
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Deriving formulae of compounds II
Writing balanced chemical equations I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Derive formulae of compounds containing radicals
- Write formulae of compounds with transition elements
- Apply formulae writing skills to complex compounds

- Write formulae of compounds containing radicals
- Practise writing formulae of compounds with variable oxidation numbers
- Compare formulae with classmates for peer learning

How do you write the formula of a compound containing a radical?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 64
- Valency tables
- Digital devices
- Digital devices
- Charts showing chemical equations

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Writing balanced chemical equations II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write state symbols in chemical equations
- Balance chemical equations by adjusting coefficients
- Apply the law of conservation of mass to balance equations

- Study the steps for balancing chemical equations
- Study worked examples on balancing equations
- Practise balancing simple chemical equations

How do you balance a chemical equation?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 65
- Digital devices
- Practice worksheets

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Writing balanced chemical equations III

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write balanced equations for reactions of acids with metals
- Write balanced equations for reactions of acids with carbonates
- Apply balancing skills to more complex reactions

- Write balanced equations for reactions involving acids
- Practise writing equations for reactions with carbonates
- Compare equations with classmates for peer learning

How do you write balanced equations for reactions involving acids?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 66
- Digital devices
- Practice worksheets

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Role of electron arrangement in the periodic table - Project
Chemical Bonding - Role of valence electrons in bonding
Chemical Bonding - Types of chemical bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Make a periodic table for the first 20 elements using locally available materials
- Explain the role of electron arrangement in the periodic table
- Apply creative skills to design and construct educational resources

- Use locally available materials to create a periodic table
- Include element names, symbols, atomic numbers and electron arrangements
- Display the periodic table for peer assessment

How does electron arrangement determine the organization of the periodic table?

- Access and Learn Chemistry Learner's Book pg. 67
- Manila paper or carton box
- Coloured pencils
- Flashcards
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 70
- Digital devices
- Modelling clay or plasticine
- Wooden splints
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 71
- Charts showing bond types

- Project assessment - Peer evaluation - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - The ionic chemical bond
Chemical Bonding - Ionic bonding in sodium chloride and magnesium oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the formation of ionic bonds
- Illustrate electron transfer using dot and cross diagrams
- Relate ionic bonding to common substances like table salt

- Discuss the formation of ionic bonds between metals and non-metals
- Draw dot (.) and cross (x) diagrams to show ionic bonding
- Identify examples of ionic compounds

How do metals and non-metals combine to form ionic compounds?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 72
- Charts showing ionic bond formation
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 73
- Digital devices
- Periodic table

- Written exercises - Observation - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Giant ionic structures and lattice
Chemical Bonding - Solubility of ionic compounds
Chemical Bonding - Thermal conductivity, melting and boiling points of ionic compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe giant ionic structures
- Model a 3-dimensional ionic lattice structure
- Link crystal structures to materials like gemstones and minerals

- Model a 3-dimensional sodium chloride ionic structure using locally available materials
- Discuss the arrangement of ions in a crystal lattice
- Compare models with diagrams of giant ionic lattices

How does the arrangement of ions affect the properties of ionic compounds?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 76
- Modelling materials (clay, toothpicks)
- Charts of ionic lattices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 77
- Sodium chloride
- Copper (II) chloride
- Distilled water
- Ethanol
- Test tubes
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 78
- Bunsen burner
- Test tubes
- Copper (II) chloride

- Project work - Observation - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Electrical conductivity in molten and aqueous ionic compounds
Chemical Bonding - Uses of ionic compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate electrical conductivity in molten and aqueous ionic compounds
- Explain why ionic compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved
- Relate conductivity to battery technology and electrolysis

- Set up apparatus to investigate conductivity in molten lead (II) bromide
- Investigate conductivity in aqueous sodium chloride solution
- Compare conductivity in solid, molten and aqueous states

Why do ionic compounds conduct electricity only when molten or in solution?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 79
- Dry cells
- Bulb/ammeter
- Connecting wires
- Carbon rods
- Lead (II) bromide
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 81
- Digital devices
- Samples of ionic compounds

- Practical report - Observation - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - The covalent chemical bond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the formation of covalent bonds
- Illustrate single covalent bonds using dot and cross diagrams
- Connect covalent bonding to common molecules like water and oxygen

- Discuss how atoms share electrons to form covalent bonds
- Draw dot (.) and cross (x) diagrams for hydrogen and chlorine molecules
- Use modelling clay to represent covalent bonding

How do non-metal atoms bond with each other?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 82
- Modelling clay
- Wooden splints
- Charts showing covalent bonds

- Written exercises - Observation - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Double and triple covalent bonds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate double and triple covalent bonds
- Draw Lewis structures for oxygen and nitrogen molecules
- Relate multiple bonds to atmospheric gases we breathe

- Use dot (.) and cross (x) diagrams to show double bonds in oxygen molecules
- Illustrate triple covalent bonds in nitrogen molecules
- Model multiple covalent bonds using locally available materials

Why do some molecules have double or triple bonds?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 83
- Modelling materials
- Charts of molecular structures

- Written exercises - Model assessment - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Covalent bonding in ammonia and hydrogen chloride
Chemical Bonding - Dative covalent (coordinate) bonding

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate covalent bonding in ammonia and hydrogen chloride molecules
- Identify lone pairs of electrons in molecules
- Connect molecular compounds to household chemicals like cleaning ammonia

- Draw dot (.) and cross (x) structures for ammonia and hydrogen chloride
- Identify shared pairs and lone pairs in molecules
- Discuss the shape of ammonia molecule

What is the role of lone pairs in covalent molecules?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 84
- Charts showing molecular structures
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 85
- Charts showing dative bonds

- Written exercises - Observation - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Differentiate between intermolecular and intramolecular forces
- Illustrate hydrogen bonding and Van der Waals forces
- Connect intermolecular forces to properties of water like surface tension

- Discuss types of intermolecular forces using print or digital materials
- Illustrate hydrogen bonding in water molecules using models
- Draw diagrams showing Van der Waals forces

Why does water have a relatively high boiling point compared to other small molecules?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 86
- Modelling materials
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Model assessment - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Melting, boiling points and conductivity of molecular substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate melting and boiling points of molecular substances
- Explain why molecular substances have low melting points
- Relate molecular properties to everyday substances like sugar and wax

- Carry out experiments to determine melting point of naphthalene
- Investigate thermal and electrical conductivity of molecular substances
- Compare properties with ionic compounds

Why do molecular substances have low melting and boiling points?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 89
- Naphthalene
- Thermometer
- Bunsen burner
- Melting point tube

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Solubility and uses of molecular substances
Chemical Bonding - Giant atomic structure of diamond

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate solubility of molecular substances
- Relate uses of molecular substances to their properties
- Identify molecular substances in products like fuels and medicines

- Carry out experiments to investigate solubility of sulphur and sugar in water and ethanol
- Discuss uses of molecular substances related to their properties
- Search for information on applications of molecular compounds

Why do some molecular substances dissolve in organic solvents but not in water?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 92
- Sulphur powder
- Sugar crystals
- Distilled water
- Ethanol
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 93
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks
- Charts of diamond structure

- Practical report - Written assignments - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Giant atomic structure of graphite

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the layered structure of graphite
- Model the structure of graphite using locally available materials
- Relate graphite structure to its use in pencils and lubricants

- Discuss the hexagonal layered structure of graphite
- Model a graphite structure showing layers
- Explain why graphite conducts electricity while diamond does not

Why can graphite conduct electricity while diamond cannot?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 94
- Modelling clay
- Toothpicks
- Charts of graphite structure

- Model assessment - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Uses of diamond, graphite and silicon (IV) oxide

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline uses of diamond, graphite and silicon (IV) oxide
- Relate uses to their structural properties
- Identify applications in drilling, electronics and glass making

- Search for information on uses of giant atomic structures
- Discuss why diamond is used in drilling bits
- Explain the use of graphite as a lubricant and in electrodes

How do the structures of diamond and graphite determine their uses?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 96
- Digital devices
- Charts showing applications

- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Metallic bonding and delocalised electrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the formation of metallic bonds
- Illustrate the sea of delocalised electrons model
- Relate metallic bonding to properties of metals used in wiring and construction

- Discuss how metallic bonds form through electron delocalisation
- Draw diagrams showing metallic bonding in sodium, magnesium and aluminium
- Explain the concept of positive ions in a sea of electrons

Why are metals good conductors of electricity and heat?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 97
- Charts showing metallic bonding
- Digital devices

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Chemical Bonding - Physical properties of giant metallic structures
Chemical Bonding - Uses of metallic structures related to properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of metallic structures
- Investigate thermal conductivity of metals
- Connect metallic properties to uses in cooking utensils and electrical wires

- Investigate thermal conductivity by comparing metal and wood pieces in sunlight
- Discuss high melting and boiling points, malleability, ductility and conductivity
- Analyse data on melting points of different metals

Why are metals malleable and ductile?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 99
- Metal and wood pieces
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 101
- Digital devices
- Samples of metal products

- Practical observation - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Introduction to periodic properties
Periodicity - Physical appearance and density of group I elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define periodicity and periodic properties
- Identify atomic size, ionisation energy, electron affinity and electronegativity
- Relate periodic trends to arrangement of elements in the periodic table

- Search for information on periodic properties using print or digital materials
- Discuss the meaning of atomic radius, ionisation energy, electron affinity and electronegativity
- Study sample periodic tables to identify patterns

What causes the repeating pattern of properties in the periodic table?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 104
- Periodic table charts
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 106
- Sodium metal
- Scalpel blade
- Petri dish

- Oral questions - Written exercises - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Gradation in size of atoms and ions of group I elements
Periodicity - Ionisation energy and electronegativity of group I elements
Periodicity - Melting, boiling points and electrical conductivity of group I elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the trend in atomic and ionic radii of group I elements
- Draw electron arrangements of group I atoms and ions
- Relate atomic size to the number of energy levels in atoms

- Draw dot (.) and cross (x) structures of lithium, sodium and potassium atoms and ions
- Compare atomic and ionic radii of group I elements
- Analyse data on atomic and ionic radii trends

Why is the ionic radius of sodium smaller than its atomic radius?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 107
- Periodic table
- Graph paper
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 108
- Data tables
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 110
- Connecting wires
- Dry cells
- Bulb
- Sodium metal
- Lithium metal

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of group I elements with oxygen
Periodicity - Reactions of group I elements with chlorine and cold water
Periodicity - Applications of group I elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reactions of lithium and sodium with oxygen
- Write balanced equations for reactions with oxygen
- Relate metal oxide formation to rusting and corrosion processes

- Burn lithium and sodium in gas jars of oxygen
- Test products with litmus paper to determine nature of oxides
- Write chemical equations for reactions
- Compare reactivity of different alkali metals

What type of oxides do alkali metals form when they burn in oxygen?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 112
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Deflagrating spoon
- Bunsen burner
- Lithium and sodium metals
- Litmus paper
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 114
- Chlorine gas
- Cold water
- Beakers
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 117
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Appearance, atomic and ionic radii of group II elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the physical appearance of group II elements
- Describe trends in atomic and ionic radii of group II elements
- Relate alkaline earth metals to materials like magnesium in aircraft construction

- Observe samples of group II elements and describe appearance
- Scrape oxide layer from magnesium ribbon
- Analyse data on atomic and ionic radii of group II elements
- Draw electron arrangements of group II atoms and ions

Why do group II elements have a dull appearance when exposed to air?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 118
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Sandpaper
- Periodic table

- Observation - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Ionisation energy, melting and boiling points of group II elements
Periodicity - Reactions of group II elements with water, steam and oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in ionisation energy of group II elements
- Analyse melting and boiling point data
- Connect high melting points to use of magnesium oxide in furnace linings

- Analyse data on first and second ionisation energies of group II elements
- Plot graphs of melting and boiling points against atomic number
- Discuss factors affecting ionisation energy and melting points

Why do group II elements have two ionisation energies?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 121
- Graph paper
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 123
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Bunsen burner
- Litmus paper

- Data analysis - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of group II elements with dilute acids and chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reactions of group II elements with dilute acids and chlorine
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate reactions to production of hydrogen gas for industrial uses

- Investigate reactions of magnesium and calcium with dilute HCl, dilute H₂SO₄ and dilute HNO₃
- Test gases produced with burning splint
- Investigate reactions with chlorine gas
- Write chemical equations for all reactions

Why does the reaction of calcium with dilute sulphuric acid stop quickly?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 127
- Dilute acids
- Magnesium ribbon
- Calcium metal
- Chlorine gas
- Test tubes

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of group II elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline applications of group II elements
- Relate properties to specific uses
- Identify uses in construction, medicine, alloys and agriculture

- Search for information on applications of group II elements
- Discuss uses of magnesium in alloys, calcium in cement, barium in X-rays
- Create flashcards showing applications

How is calcium used in the construction industry?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 129
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Preparation of chlorine and physical properties of group VII elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare chlorine gas in the laboratory
- Describe physical properties of halogens
- Relate chlorine's properties to its use in water treatment and disinfection

- Set up apparatus to prepare chlorine gas from concentrated HCl and potassium manganate (VII)
- Observe colour, smell and solubility of chlorine
- Compare physical properties of fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine

Why is chlorine collected by downward delivery?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 131
- Concentrated HCl
- Potassium manganate (VII)
- Gas jars
- Delivery tubes

- Practical report - Observation - Written exercises

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Melting, boiling points and gradation in size of group VII elements
Periodicity - Reactions of group VII elements with water and metals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe trends in melting and boiling points of halogens
- Describe trends in atomic and ionic radii of group VII elements
- Relate physical states to intermolecular forces and room temperature applications

- Analyse data on melting and boiling points of halogens
- Plot graphs of melting and boiling points against atomic number
- Analyse data on atomic and ionic radii
- Discuss Van der Waals forces in halogens

Why is iodine a solid while chlorine is a gas at room temperature?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 135
- Graph paper
- Data tables
- Digital devices
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 139
- Chlorine gas
- Bromine water
- Iodine crystals
- Iron wool
- Litmus paper

- Data analysis - Written exercises - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Displacement reactions and bleaching action of chlorine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate displacement reactions of halogens
- Investigate the bleaching action of chlorine
- Relate displacement reactions to water purification and textile bleaching

- Bubble chlorine gas through solutions of potassium bromide and potassium iodide
- Observe colour changes and identify products
- Investigate bleaching action of chlorine on coloured cloth and flower petals
- Write chemical equations for displacement reactions

Why can chlorine displace bromine and iodine from their compounds?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 142
- Potassium bromide solution
- Potassium iodide solution
- Chlorine gas
- Coloured cloth
- Flower petals

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Applications of group VII elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline applications of group VII elements
- Relate properties to specific uses
- Identify uses in water treatment, photography, medicine and refrigeration

- Search for information on applications of halogens
- Discuss uses of chlorine in water treatment, bromine in photography, iodine in medicine
- Create presentations on halogen applications

How is chlorine used to make drinking water safe?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 147
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Written assignments - Group presentations - Oral questions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Physical properties and applications of noble gases
Periodicity - Atomic size, ionisation energy and electronegativity across period 3

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe physical properties of noble gases
- Outline applications of group VIII elements
- Relate noble gas properties to uses in lighting, welding and medical imaging

- Analyse data on atomic radii, ionisation energy, melting and boiling points of noble gases
- Discuss why noble gases are unreactive
- Search for information on uses of helium, neon and argon

Why are noble gases called inert gases?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 148
- Periodic table
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 151
- Graph paper
- Data tables

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Group discussions

Inorganic Chemistry

Periodicity - Reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen and water
Periodicity - Reactions of period 3 elements with chlorine and dilute acids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate reactions of period 3 elements with oxygen and water
- Write balanced equations for the reactions
- Relate oxide formation to acidic and basic properties of substances

- Burn sodium, magnesium and sulphur in oxygen
- Test products with litmus paper to determine acidic or basic nature
- Investigate reactions of sodium and magnesium with water and steam
- Write chemical equations for all reactions

Why are metallic oxides basic while non-metallic oxides are acidic?

- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 155
- Sodium, magnesium, sulphur
- Gas jar of oxygen
- Bunsen burner
- Litmus paper
- Distilled water
- Access & Learn Chemistry Learner's Book Grade 10 pg. 158
- Chlorine gas
- Dilute acids
- Sodium, magnesium
- Test tubes
- Bunsen burner

- Practical report - Written exercises - Observation