Materials for Production

Wood - Physical characteristics of trees

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term wood
- Identify characteristics of softwood trees
- Appreciate the diversity of wood types

- Use print or digital media to search for meaning of 'wood'
- Take walk in locality to observe tree leaves
- Ask people about trees with seeds in pods and exposed seeds
- Discuss characteristics of trees observed

What are the physical differences between softwood and hardwood trees?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 83
- Tree samples
- Digital devices
- Visual aids

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Materials for Production

Wood - Physical characteristics of timber

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish softwood from hardwood by color
- Compare density of different wood types
- Develop a checklist for wood classification

- Visit workplace where wood is used
- Observe color of different types of wood
- Use saw to cut equal pieces and compare weight
- Develop checklist to classify wood as softwood or hardwood

How can we distinguish between softwood and hardwood timber?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Wood samples
- Saws
- Checklist templates

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Materials for Production

Wood - Examples of softwood and hardwood trees
Wood - Wood preparation and felling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List examples of softwood trees
- List examples of hardwood trees
- Classify common trees as softwood or hardwood

- Study examples of softwood (Podo, Pine, Cypress)
- Study examples of hardwood (Mahogany, Teak, Oak)
- Use checklist to classify wood samples
- Share findings with classmates

What are common examples of softwood and hardwood in Kenya?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 84
- Wood samples
- Classification charts
- Digital resources
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 85
- Resource person
- Visual aids showing felling
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Wood conversion methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define wood conversion
- Identify types of saws used
- Describe plain sawing method

- Discuss meaning of wood conversion
- Study types of saws (pit saw, circular saw, band saw, chain saw)
- Learn about plain sawing method
- Observe illustrations of conversion methods

How is wood converted into usable forms?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 86
- Pictures of saws
- Conversion diagrams
- Visual aids

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production

Wood - Quarter sawing and wood seasoning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe quarter sawing method
- Explain the purpose of wood seasoning
- Identify natural seasoning methods

- Study quarter sawing method and diagrams
- Discuss purpose of wood seasoning
- Learn about air seasoning and water seasoning
- Compare natural seasoning methods

Why is wood seasoning necessary?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 87
- Conversion diagrams
- Seasoning illustrations
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Artificial seasoning methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe kiln seasoning
- Compare natural and artificial seasoning
- Appreciate advantages of different methods

- Study kiln seasoning process
- Compare natural vs artificial seasoning
- Discuss advantages and disadvantages
- Use print media to research seasoning methods

What are the different methods of artificial seasoning?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 88
- Kiln diagrams
- Comparison charts
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Uses of wood in workplaces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify items made from softwood
- Identify items made from hardwood
- Match wood types to their uses

- Visit workplace to identify wood items
- Ask workers about wood types used
- Discuss uses of wood (paper, kitchenware, furniture)
- Develop chart matching wood types to uses

How are different types of wood used in daily life?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 89
- Wood product samples
- Charts
- Visual aids

- Practical assessment - Observation - Portfolio

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Identifying waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define waste material
- Identify waste materials in environment
- Group waste materials by type

- Search for meaning of 'waste material'
- Walk around school to collect waste materials
- Discuss waste materials collected
- Group waste according to type

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 93
- Collection bags
- Gloves
- Classification charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Categories of waste
Handling Waste Materials - Safe handling methods (reducing, segregation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify waste as plastic, wood, glass, metal
- Identify electronic waste
- Recognize compostable waste

- Study different categories of waste
- Group waste into plastic, wood, glass, metal types
- Identify electronic waste items
- Separate compostable waste

How can waste materials be categorized?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 94
- Waste samples
- Sorting bins
- Classification tables
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 95
- Segregation bins
- Visual aids
- PPE equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written tests

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Reusing and recycling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of reusing
- Describe recycling process
- Give examples of reusable items

- Study reusing of materials (bottles, crates)
- Learn about recycling process
- Examine recycled products
- Discuss benefits of reusing and recycling

How does reusing differ from recycling?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 96
- Reusable items
- Recycled products
- Visual aids

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Composting and incineration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe composting process
- Explain when to use incineration
- Practice safe burning of waste

- Study composting of organic waste
- Learn about controlled burning
- Discuss when incineration is appropriate
- Practice composting organic materials

When should waste be composted or burned?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 97
- Compost materials
- Visual aids
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Landfilling and disposal methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe landfilling process
- Compare different disposal methods
- Select appropriate disposal method

- Study landfilling procedure
- Compare all waste disposal methods
- Discuss appropriate uses for each method
- Engage resource person on best practices

What is landfilling and when is it used?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 98
- Landfill diagrams
- Resource person
- Comparison charts

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Recycling projects (plastic planter)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List materials for making planter
- Follow steps to make planter
- Create useful item from waste

- Observe demonstration of making planter
- Cut plastic bottle into sections
- Add sponge, soil and seedlings
- Complete recycled planter project

How can we make useful items from waste plastic?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 101
- Plastic bottles
- Scissors, soil
- Sponge, seedlings

- Practical assessment - Observation - Portfolio

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Recycling projects (bag from T-shirt, table mat)
Handling Waste Materials - Importance of proper waste handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Make bag from recycled T-shirt
- Create table mat from newspapers
- Demonstrate creativity in recycling

- Make bag from old T-shirt
- Create table mat from rolled newspapers
- Seal projects appropriately
- Display completed recycled items

What other useful items can be made from waste materials?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 102
- Old T-shirts
- Newspapers, glue
- Scissors, needle
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 109
- Charts on importance
- Case scenarios
- Visual aids

- Practical assessment - Portfolio - Observation

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Types of pliers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define holding tool
- Identify different types of pliers
- Describe features of pliers

- Discuss term 'holding tool'
- Take gallery walk to observe tools
- Pick and name different pliers
- Discuss features of each plier type

What are holding tools?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 113
- Pliers samples
- Visual aids
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Types of clamps and vices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different types of clamps
- Identify different types of vices
- Explain uses of each type

- Study G-clamp, F-clamp, sash clamp
- Examine bench vice, pipe vice, hand vice
- Discuss features making each suitable
- Name other holding tools

How do clamps differ from vices?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 114
- Clamp samples
- Vice samples
- Visual aids

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Types of tongs and clips

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of tongs
- Identify types of clips
- Appreciate variety of holding tools

- Study laboratory tongs and blacksmith tongs
- Examine paper clips, bulldog clips, cable clips
- Discuss specific uses of each
- Complete holding tools identification puzzle

What are the different types of clips used in workplaces?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 115
- Tong samples
- Clip samples
- Identification puzzles

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Observation

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Selecting holding tools for tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select appropriate pliers for task
- Select appropriate clamps for task
- Justify tool selection

- Visit workplace to observe tool selection
- Ask workers about suitable tools for tasks
- Study suited use of different pliers
- Study suited use of different clamps

How do we select the right holding tool for a task?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 117
- Tool selection guides
- Workplace examples
- Visual aids

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Selecting vices, tongs and clips

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select appropriate vice for task
- Select appropriate tongs and clips
- Match tools to specific applications

- Study suited use of bench vice and pipe vice
- Learn selection criteria for tongs
- Study applications of different clips
- Practice tool selection decisions

What factors determine tool selection?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 119
- Tool samples
- Selection charts
- Task scenarios

- Written tests - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Using pliers and clamps
Holding Tools - Using vices, tongs and clips

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper use of pliers
- Demonstrate proper use of clamps
- Observe safety when using tools

- Learn steps for using pliers safely
- Practice opening and gripping with pliers
- Learn steps for using clamps
- Practice positioning and tightening clamps

How are pliers and clamps used safely?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 123
- Pliers
- Clamps
- Workpieces
- Safety equipment
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 124
- Bench vice
- Tongs
- Clips

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Caring for holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Clean holding tools properly
- Lubricate moving parts
- Store tools safely

- Discuss meaning of 'caring for tools'
- Practice cleaning holding tools
- Apply lubricant to moving parts
- Inspect tools for damage

How should holding tools be maintained?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 126
- Cleaning materials
- Lubricants
- Storage facilities

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Types of hammers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define driving tool
- Identify types of hammers
- Describe features of hammers

- Discuss term 'driving tool'
- Take gallery walk to observe hammers
- Study claw hammer, ball peen hammer, mason's hammer
- Examine sledge hammer

What are driving tools?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 133
- Hammer samples
- Visual aids
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Types of mallets, screwdrivers, spanners

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of mallets
- Identify types of screwdrivers
- Identify types of spanners

- Study wooden mallet and rubber mallet
- Examine flat head and star head screwdrivers
- Study open-end, ring, and adjustable spanners
- Complete driving tools identification puzzle

What are the different types of driving tools?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 134
- Mallet samples
- Screwdriver samples
- Spanner samples

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Punches and crowbars

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of punches
- Identify types of crowbars
- Appreciate variety of driving tools

- Study starting punch and pin punch
- Examine wrecking bar and flat bar
- Discuss specific uses of each
- Name other driving tools in workplace

How are punches and crowbars used?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 135
- Punch samples
- Crowbar samples
- Visual aids

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Selecting hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select appropriate hammer for task
- Select appropriate mallet for task
- Justify tool selection decisions

- Study suited use of claw hammer
- Study suited use of ball peen hammer
- Learn suited use of mason's and sledge hammers
- Study suited use of wooden and rubber mallets

How do we select the right driving tool?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 136
- Tool selection guides
- Task scenarios
- Visual aids

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Selecting screwdrivers and spanners
Driving Tools - Selecting punches and crowbars

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select screwdriver by slot type and size
- Select appropriate spanner for task
- Consider grip and shank length

- Study factors for selecting screwdrivers
- Learn about slot configuration and sizes
- Study suited use of different spanners
- Practice matching tools to fasteners

What factors determine screwdriver and spanner selection?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 138
- Screwdriver samples
- Spanner samples
- Fastener samples
- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 140
- Tool samples
- Selection charts
- Task examples

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Using hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate proper use of hammer
- Demonstrate proper use of mallet
- Observe safety when using tools

- Learn steps for using hammer safely
- Practice positioning and striking with hammer
- Learn steps for using mallet
- Practice striking with mallet

How are hammers and mallets used safely?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 142
- Hammers
- Mallets
- Nails, workpieces
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Using screwdrivers and spanners

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate correct use of screwdriver
- Demonstrate correct use of spanner
- Select correct size for fastener

- Match screwdriver types to screws
- Practice positioning and turning screwdriver
- Learn steps for using spanners
- Practice tightening and loosening fasteners

How do we use screwdrivers and spanners correctly?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 143
- Screwdrivers
- Spanners
- Screws, nuts, bolts

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Caring for driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Clean driving tools properly
- Protect surfaces from rust
- Store tools safely

- Discuss maintenance of driving tools
- Practice cleaning and wiping tools
- Apply protective oil to surfaces
- Inspect tools for damage
- Practice proper storage

How should driving tools be maintained?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 147
- Cleaning materials
- Lubricants
- Storage toolbox

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Proper use and replacement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use tools for intended purposes
- Identify damaged tools
- Appreciate importance of tool maintenance

- Study proper vs improper tool use
- Learn to identify tool damage
- Discuss when to replace tools
- Practice regular tool inspections

Why is proper tool use important?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 148
- Tool samples
- Damaged tool examples
- Visual aids

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems in locality
Project - Selecting item to solve problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify problems in community
- Assess which can be solved using learned skills
- Select one problem to address

- Take walk in community
- Observe activities people do
- Ask questions about problems
- Record observations
- Choose one problem to solve

What problems in our community can we solve?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 153
- Observation schedules
- Recording materials
- Community access
- Brainstorming materials
- Evaluation criteria
- Decision-making guides

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Project - Designing the item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss design of item
- Make freehand sketches
- Create labeled scale drawing

- Discuss design considerations
- Make freehand sketches of item
- Create accurate scale drawing
- Label all parts of design

How should we design our project item?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 154
- Drawing paper
- Pencils, rulers
- Drawing instruments

- Practical assessment - Portfolio - Observation

Tools and Production

Project - Materials cost estimate

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List materials needed
- Research material prices
- Prepare cost estimate table

- Discuss materials needed
- Visit shops to inquire about prices
- Record quantities and costs
- Prepare cost estimate table

How do we estimate project costs?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 154
- Price lists
- Calculation materials
- Computer (optional)

- Written assignments - Practical assessment - Portfolio

Tools and Production

Project - Collecting materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Request funds for materials
- Purchase listed materials
- Store materials safely

- Request money from parent/guardian/teacher
- Visit shops to buy materials
- Collect reusable materials where possible
- Store materials safely

How do we collect and store project materials?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 154
- Shopping lists
- Money for purchases
- Storage facilities

- Observation - Checklist - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Preparing materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select appropriate tools
- Prepare materials safely
- Observe safety measures

- Select tools for material preparation
- Discuss safety measures
- Use tools to prepare materials
- Store prepared materials

How do we prepare materials for the project?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 155
- Appropriate tools
- Materials to prepare
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Checklist

Tools and Production

Project - Crafting the item (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Follow procedure for making item
- Select appropriate tools
- Begin crafting project

- Discuss procedure for making item
- Select appropriate tools
- Discuss safety measures
- Begin making item following procedure

How do we start making our project item?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 155
- Selected tools
- Prepared materials
- Safety equipment

- Practical assessment - Observation - Progress check

Tools and Production

Project - Crafting the item (Part 2)
Project - Crafting the item (Part 3)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Continue crafting process
- Follow outlined procedure
- Monitor progress

- Continue making item
- Follow procedure step by step
- Check work quality
- Make adjustments as needed

How do we ensure quality in our project?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 155
- Tools
- Materials
- Quality check guidelines
- Digital camera/phone
- Writing materials

- Practical assessment - Observation - Self-assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Marketing the item (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate cost of item made
- Determine selling price
- Prepare for display

- Discuss how to determine cost
- Calculate selling price
- Prepare item for display
- Plan presentation to forum

How do we price our project item?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 156
- Calculators
- Pricing guidelines
- Display materials

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Marketing the item (Part 2)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Display item in school forum
- Answer questions about project
- Observe other projects

- Display item in school forum
- Answer questions from audience
- Observe other items made
- Take pictures of displayed items

How do we present our project to others?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 156
- Display tables
- Completed items
- Camera/phone

- Observation - Oral presentation - Portfolio assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Donating or selling the item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Donate project to community
- Sell project and use proceeds
- Appreciate project impact

- Donate project to affected people
- Sell project if appropriate
- Use money to help needy or fund school projects
- Reflect on project impact

How can our project help the community?

- KLB Pre-Technical Studies Grade 9 pg. 156
- Completed project
- Community contacts
- Project documentation

- Observation - Reflection - Community feedback