Materials for Production

Wood - Types of wood
Wood - Classification of wood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of wood used in the locality
- Describe physical characteristics of softwood and hardwood
- Show interest in learning about wood

- Classify wood according to physical characteristics
- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Appreciate the differences between hardwood and softwood

- Use print or digital media to search for information on types of wood
- Discuss the physical characteristics of wood (soft and hard wood)
- Observe various items made of softwood and hardwood
- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Study photographs showing various types of wood
- Complete a table comparing physical characteristics of wood

What are the physical differences between softwood and hardwood?
How can we classify wood based on its physical characteristics?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 72
- Digital devices
- Samples of hardwood and softwood
- Charts showing various types of wood
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 72
- Various pieces of wood
- Checklists
- Photos of hardwood and softwood

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Materials for Production

Wood - Density and grain patterns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of density in wood
- Describe grain patterns in different types of wood
- Value the unique characteristics of different wood types

- Discuss density and hardness differences between softwood and hardwood
- Examine grain patterns in various wood samples
- Compare texture of different wood types

Why do hardwoods and softwoods have different grain patterns?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 72
- Wood samples with visible grain
- Magnifying glasses
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical work

Materials for Production

Wood - Wood preparation: Conversion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of wood conversion
- Describe how wood is converted into timber using sawmills
- Recognize the importance of wood preparation

- Discuss the process of converting wood into timber
- Use print or digital media to search for information on conversion methods
- Watch videos on sawmill operations

How is wood converted from logs into usable timber?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 74
- Digital devices
- Video clips on sawmills
- Pictures of timber conversion

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Wood preparation: Seasoning
Wood - Uses of hardwood
Wood - Uses of softwood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define seasoning of wood
- Describe methods of seasoning wood (air drying and kiln drying)
- Explain why seasoning is important

- Identify uses of softwood in different industries
- Explain why softwood is suitable for construction
- Show appreciation for the versatility of softwood

- Discuss safe ways of preparing wood for use
- Compare air drying and kiln drying methods
- Examine the effects of moisture in wood
- Brainstorm on the uses of softwood in different trades
- Visit the locality to explore the uses of wood
- Discuss uses in construction, paper making, and packaging

Why must wood be seasoned before use?
How is softwood used differently from hardwood?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 75
- Digital resources
- Charts on wood seasoning
- Samples of seasoned wood
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 76
- Hardwood samples
- Furniture items
- Charts and pictures
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 77
- Softwood samples
- Construction materials
- Digital resources
- Internet access

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation
- Observation - Practical work - Written tests

Materials for Production

Wood - Importance of wood in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of wood in various sectors
- Discuss uses of wood in agriculture, carpentry, and culinary arts
- Value the role of wood in society

- Brainstorm on the importance of wood in daily life
- Discuss uses in construction, agriculture, and decoration
- Present findings on wood's contribution to different industries

Why is wood considered an essential raw material?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 78
- Reference books
- Digital devices
- Charts showing wood uses

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Types of waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Categorize waste materials by type (plastic, glass, metal, paper)
- Show awareness of waste in the environment

- Walk around the school compound to identify waste materials
- Study photographs showing various types of waste
- Discuss types of waste found in home and school

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 82
- Charts showing waste types
- Gloves and masks
- Waste bins

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Electronic and construction waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electronic waste and construction waste
- Explain sources of different waste types
- Appreciate the need to properly identify waste

- Identify electronic waste (computers, phones, appliances)
- Discuss construction waste materials
- Visit places around school to identify various types of waste

How do we distinguish between different categories of waste?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Safe handling methods: Composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the composting process
- Identify organic waste suitable for composting
- Demonstrate composting techniques

- Use print or digital media to search for information on composting
- Discuss how to convert organic waste into manure
- Practice piling organic waste for composting

What is composting and why is it important?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Safe handling methods: Composting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the composting process
- Identify organic waste suitable for composting
- Demonstrate composting techniques

- Use print or digital media to search for information on composting
- Discuss how to convert organic waste into manure
- Practice piling organic waste for composting

What is composting and why is it important?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Safe handling methods: The 3Rs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the 3Rs of waste management (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
- Apply the 3Rs in handling waste materials
- Develop responsible waste management habits

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste materials
- Practice reducing, reusing, and recycling waste
- Search for information on the 3Rs using digital resources

How can we apply the 3Rs to manage waste effectively?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 85
- Recyclable materials
- Charts on 3Rs
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Written tests - Observation - Practical work

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 84
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Incineration and landfills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 84
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Bio-digestion
Handling Waste Materials - Recycling waste materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the bio-digestion process
- Identify organic materials suitable for bio-digestion
- Appreciate bio-digestion as a sustainable waste solution

- Collect recyclable materials from the locality
- Make items from recycled waste materials
- Show creativity in recycling projects

- Discuss anaerobic digestion process
- Learn about biogas production
- Visit or observe a biodigester in operation
- Collect recyclable waste materials with proper PPEs
- Brainstorm on items to make using waste materials
- Make items such as spirit lamps or flower vases

How does bio-digestion convert waste into useful products?
What useful items can we create from waste materials?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of biodigesters
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 86
- Recyclable materials
- Tools for making items
- Gloves and aprons
- Waste bins

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests
- Practical work - Project - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Importance of proper waste management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of proper waste management
- Dispose waste materials using appropriate methods
- Demonstrate commitment to environmental conservation

- Practice safe disposal of waste materials (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost and burn)
- Visit the locality to observe handling of waste materials
- Discuss the importance of observing safety when handling waste

Why is proper waste management important in our community?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Importance of proper waste management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of proper waste management
- Dispose waste materials using appropriate methods
- Demonstrate commitment to environmental conservation

- Practice safe disposal of waste materials (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost and burn)
- Visit the locality to observe handling of waste materials
- Discuss the importance of observing safety when handling waste

Why is proper waste management important in our community?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Materials for Production
Tools and Production

Handling Waste Materials - Importance of proper waste management
Holding Tools - Identifying holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of proper waste management
- Dispose waste materials using appropriate methods
- Demonstrate commitment to environmental conservation

- Identify holding tools used in day-to-day life
- Name different types of holding tools
- Show interest in learning about holding tools

- Practice safe disposal of waste materials (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost and burn)
- Visit the locality to observe handling of waste materials
- Discuss the importance of observing safety when handling waste
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify holding tools
- Study pictures showing various holding tools
- Draw and label holding tools in exercise books

Why is proper waste management important in our community?
What are holding tools and where are they used?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 92
- Variety of holding tools (vices, clamps, pliers, tongs, clips)
- Charts showing holding tools

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Types of vices and clamps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of vices and clamps
- Describe the structure of vices and clamps
- Appreciate the variety of holding tools

- Observe and identify bench vices, hand vices, machine vices
- Study different types of clamps (G-clamp, F-clamp, U-clamp, sash clamp)
- Discuss physical characteristics of each type

How do different types of vices and clamps differ in structure?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 92
- Different types of vices
- Various clamps
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Types of pliers, clips and tongs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of pliers, clips and tongs
- Distinguish between different holding tools
- Value the specific design of each tool

- Study longnose pliers, combination pliers, waterpipe pliers
- Identify paper clips, crocodile clips, circlips
- Observe blacksmith tongs, crucible tongs, cooking tongs

What are the differences between various types of pliers and tongs?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 93
- Various pliers
- Different clips
- Types of tongs
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Uses of holding tools
Holding Tools - Safe use of holding tools
Holding Tools - Using holding tools to perform tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the uses of different holding tools
- Select appropriate holding tools for given tasks
- Appreciate the importance of using correct tools

- Explain safety precautions when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of holding tools
- Develop safe working habits

- Discuss the uses of holding tools
- Choose holding tools for different tasks
- Study pictures showing holding tools in use
- Use print or digital media to search for information on safe use of holding tools
- Watch videos on how to safely hold tools
- Role-play safe use of different holding tools

How are different holding tools used in workplaces?
What safety measures should be observed when using holding tools?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 94
- Chart showing uses of holding tools
- Available holding tools
- Relevant textbooks
- Digital devices
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 96
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 98
- Bench vice
- G-clamp
- Pieces of wood
- Handsaw
- Wood glue
- Workbench

- Oral questions - Observation - Written assignments
- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Using pliers, clips and tongs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use pliers to grip and bend wire
- Use clips to hold papers on drawing boards
- Use tongs to hold hot workpieces safely

- Grip and bend a wire using pliers
- Hold drawing paper onto a drawing board using paper clips
- Hold a hot workpiece using tongs
- Share experiences on the use of holding tools

How are pliers, clips and tongs used in practical tasks?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 99
- Needle nose pliers
- Wire
- Paper clips
- Drawing board
- Crucible tongs
- Bunsen burner

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Care and importance of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Clean and store holding tools properly
- Explain the importance of holding tools
- Appreciate the need for proper tool maintenance

- Use a soft brush to wipe off dirt from tools
- Oil the moving parts of tools
- Clean and safely store holding tools
- Discuss the importance of holding tools in day-to-day life

Why is it important to care for holding tools properly?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 100
- Holding tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Oil can
- Tool box or rack
- Dust cover

- Observation - Practical work - Written tests

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Identifying driving tools
Driving Tools - Types of hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify driving tools used in day-to-day life
- Name different types of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools

- Identify types of hammers and mallets
- Describe the structure of hammers and mallets
- Appreciate the variety of driving tools

- Study pictures showing various driving tools
- Identify driving tools available
- Draw the tools in exercise books and write their names
- Study ball pein hammer, cross pein hammer, straight peen hammer, claw hammer
- Observe wooden head mallet, plastic head mallet, rubber head mallet
- Compare parts, shapes and sizes of driving tools

What are driving tools and what are they used for?
How do different types of hammers and mallets differ?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 106
- Variety of driving tools (hammer, mallet, screwdriver, punch, spanner)
- Charts showing driving tools
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 107
- Different types of hammers
- Various mallets
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments
- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches
- Distinguish between different driving tools
- Value the specific design of each tool

- Study ring spanner, socket spanner, open spanner, adjustable spanner
- Identify straight slotted and Phillips screwdrivers
- Observe leather hole punch and drive pin punches

What are the different types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 108
- Various spanners
- Different screwdrivers
- Types of punches
- Charts

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches
- Distinguish between different driving tools
- Value the specific design of each tool

- Study ring spanner, socket spanner, open spanner, adjustable spanner
- Identify straight slotted and Phillips screwdrivers
- Observe leather hole punch and drive pin punches

What are the different types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 108
- Various spanners
- Different screwdrivers
- Types of punches
- Charts

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches
Driving Tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches
- Distinguish between different driving tools
- Value the specific design of each tool

- Describe the uses of different driving tools
- Select appropriate driving tools for given tasks
- Appreciate the importance of using correct tools

- Study ring spanner, socket spanner, open spanner, adjustable spanner
- Identify straight slotted and Phillips screwdrivers
- Observe leather hole punch and drive pin punches
- Discuss uses of driving tools for different tasks
- Select driving tools to perform given tasks
- Study pictures showing driving tools being used

What are the different types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches?
How are different driving tools used in various tasks?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 108
- Various spanners
- Different screwdrivers
- Types of punches
- Charts
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 109
- Chart showing uses of driving tools
- Real driving tools
- Relevant textbooks
- Exercise book and pen

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist
- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Safe use of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safety precautions when using driving tools
- Demonstrate safe use of driving tools
- Develop safe working habits

- Use digital devices to search for information on safe use of driving tools
- Watch videos on how to safely use each tool
- Role-play safe use of hammers, mallets, screwdrivers, spanners and punches

What safety measures should be observed when using driving tools?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 111
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
- First aid box

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Safe use of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safety precautions when using driving tools
- Demonstrate safe use of driving tools
- Develop safe working habits

- Use digital devices to search for information on safe use of driving tools
- Watch videos on how to safely use each tool
- Role-play safe use of hammers, mallets, screwdrivers, spanners and punches

What safety measures should be observed when using driving tools?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 111
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
- First aid box

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Safe use of driving tools
Driving Tools - Using hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safety precautions when using driving tools
- Demonstrate safe use of driving tools
- Develop safe working habits

- Use a hammer to join pieces of wood
- Use a mallet to drive dowels into wood
- Apply correct techniques in using driving tools

- Use digital devices to search for information on safe use of driving tools
- Watch videos on how to safely use each tool
- Role-play safe use of hammers, mallets, screwdrivers, spanners and punches
- Join two pieces of wood using a hammer and nails
- Join two pieces of wood using a wooden mallet and dowel
- Demonstrate safe use of driving tools when performing tasks

What safety measures should be observed when using driving tools?
How do we use hammers and mallets to perform tasks safely?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 111
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
- First aid box
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 112
- Claw hammer
- Wooden mallet
- Pieces of wood
- Nails
- Dowels
- Workbench
- Clamp

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist
- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Using screwdrivers, spanners and punches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use a screwdriver to fasten screws
- Use a spanner to tighten bolts and nuts
- Use a punch to make holes in leather

- Fasten pieces of wood using a screwdriver and screws
- Tighten a bolt and nut using a spanner and pliers
- Make holes in a leather belt using a revolving leather hole punch

How are screwdrivers, spanners and punches used in practical tasks?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 113
- Screwdriver
- Wood screws
- Spanner
- Pliers
- Bolt and nut
- Leather hole punch
- Leather belt

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Using screwdrivers, spanners and punches

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use a screwdriver to fasten screws
- Use a spanner to tighten bolts and nuts
- Use a punch to make holes in leather

- Fasten pieces of wood using a screwdriver and screws
- Tighten a bolt and nut using a spanner and pliers
- Make holes in a leather belt using a revolving leather hole punch

How are screwdrivers, spanners and punches used in practical tasks?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 113
- Screwdriver
- Wood screws
- Spanner
- Pliers
- Bolt and nut
- Leather hole punch
- Leather belt

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Care and importance of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Clean and store driving tools properly
- Explain the importance of driving tools
- Appreciate the need for proper tool maintenance

- Use a dry piece of cloth to wipe off dirt from tools
- Clean and safely store driving tools
- Discuss the importance of driving tools in day-to-day life
- Present discussion points in class

Why is it important to care for driving tools properly?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 115
- Driving tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Tool box
- Storage shelf
- Digital devices

- Observation - Practical work - Written tests