Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of visual programming
- Identify application areas of visual programming
- Show interest in learning about visual programming

- Use print or digital media to search for information on visual programming
- Discuss application areas of visual programming software
- Study pictures showing mobile and web applications
- Brainstorm on uses of visual programming

What is visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Pictures of applications
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Research notes

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe mobile programming
- Explain web development
- Appreciate the importance of visual programming in daily life

- Study images showing mobile applications
- Identify and name mobile applications
- Discuss how applications are used to perform tasks
- Learn about mobile programming and web development

How are mobile and web applications developed?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Smartphones/tablets
- Digital devices
- Examples of mobile apps
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests - Group discussions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Application areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain game development using visual programming
- Describe educational tools created with visual programming
- Show interest in creating applications

- Discuss game development and educational tools
- Study examples of games and educational software
- Learn about visual programming in robotics and animation
- Watch videos on application development

What are the application areas of visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Examples of games and educational tools

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation - Research presentation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Installing and familiarising with Scratch

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Download and install Scratch program
- Identify features of Scratch interface
- Show willingness to learn visual programming

- Follow steps to download and install Scratch
- Open and explore Scratch interface
- Identify instruction area, script area, stage and execution buttons
- Click on categories to explore commands

How do you install and use Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers/laptops
- Internet connection
- Scratch software
- Installation guide

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Familiarising with Scratch
Visual programming - Creating a clicker game

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain features of Scratch interface
- Use drag-and-drop to create simple scripts
- Appreciate visual programming interface

- Study Scratch interface components
- Click categories and explore commands
- Practice using motion and looks commands
- Change numbers in commands to observe effects on sprites

What are the features of Scratch interface?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch installed
- Digital projector
- Practice activities
- Reference guide
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Sample games
- Step-by-step guide

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating a clicker game

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Make sprites move in random positions
- Make sprites change color
- Value problem-solving in programming

- Create script to move balloon randomly
- Create script to change sprite color
- Add functionality to increase score when sprite is clicked
- Test and debug the game

How can sprites be programmed to move and change?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Project files
- Debugging guide
- Assessment rubrics

- Practical work - Observation - Problem-solving skills - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating interactive stories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create an interactive story using Scratch
- Add characters and dialogues
- Show creativity in storytelling

- Watch video on developing stories in Scratch
- Choose backdrop and characters for story
- Make characters say something using scripts
- Add multiple characters to the story

How can you create interactive stories in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Video tutorials
- Storyboard templates

- Practical work - Portfolio - Presentations - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating interactive stories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Flip character direction in stories
- Insert text for characters to say
- Appreciate the use of visual programming in storytelling

- Position characters correctly using flip horizontal
- Insert conversation for each character using looks block
- Switch backdrops to show different parts of story
- Hide and show characters appropriately

How can characters interact in a Scratch story?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Sample stories
- Character sprites
- Backdrop images

- Practical work - Observation - Creativity assessment - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating music

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create music using Scratch
- Use sound blocks effectively
- Show appreciation for digital music creation

- Delete default sprite and choose musical instrument
- Create script to play sound
- Add drum beats using drum sprite
- Create beatbox sounds with microphone sprite

How can you create music in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Speakers/headphones
- Musical instrument sprites
- Sound library

- Practical work - Observation - Audio output quality - Creativity

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating own interactive story

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Develop original interactive story
- Identify appropriate blocks for story creation
- Value creativity in programming

- Come up with original story
- Choose suitable backdrop and characters
- Arrange blocks logically to create story
- Run script to watch the story
- Share story with classmates

How can you create your own interactive story?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Flashcards for planning
- Story templates
- Assessment rubrics

- Practical work - Portfolio - Presentations - Peer feedback

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Creating animations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create simple animations using Scratch
- Make sprites glide and move with arrow keys
- Show interest in animation development

- Choose backdrop and character for animation
- Create script to make character fly
- Create script to move sprite with arrow keys
- Add scenery that moves
- Test and refine animation

How can you create animations in Scratch?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Animation examples
- Sprite library
- Tutorial videos

- Practical work - Observation - Portfolio - Creativity assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Advanced animations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create animations with multiple sprites
- Add scoring system to animations
- Appreciate complex programming

- Add multiple sprites to animation
- Create scripts for sprite interactions
- Add score variable
- Make sprites respond to each other
- Debug and improve animation

How can multiple sprites interact in animations?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Complex animation examples
- Debugging guide
- Assessment tools

- Practical work - Problem-solving - Portfolio - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Exploring Scratch tutorials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use Scratch tutorials effectively
- Learn independently using tutorials
- Show self-directed learning skills

- Click tutorials button in Scratch
- Select animation project (Animate a Name, Animate a Character)
- Follow step-by-step guide to develop animation
- Complete tutorial animation
- Share animation with classmates

How can tutorials help you learn visual programming?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Internet access
- Tutorial guides
- Learning journal

- Practical work - Self-assessment - Portfolio - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual programming - Using visual programming in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how visual programming helps solve problems
- Identify applications of visual programming in daily life
- Embrace the use of visual programming

- Study case scenario on using visual programming to solve problems
- Discuss how visual programming helps in daily life
- Identify ways to use visual programming skills
- Create educational games and learning tools

Why is visual programming important in day-to-day life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Case study materials
- Examples of educational games
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Practical examples

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Tools and Production

Visual programming - Assessment project
Holding tools - Tools used in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create application to solve a problem
- Apply visual programming skills learned
- Demonstrate competence in visual programming

- Identify a problem that can be solved using visual programming
- Design application (game, story or animation)
- Develop application using Scratch
- Test application and make improvements
- Present application to class

How can you use visual programming to solve problems?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 66
- Computers with Scratch
- Project planning templates
- Assessment rubrics
- Presentation tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Actual holding tools
- Pictures of tools
- Drawing paper
- Digital devices

- Practical project - Presentations - Portfolio - Assessment rubrics

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Selecting tools for tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select holding tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

- Discuss uses of different types of holding tools
- Choose holding tools for different tasks
- Study scenarios requiring different holding tools
- Explain reasons for tool selection

How do you select the right holding tool for a task?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Various holding tools
- Task cards
- Selection guide
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical selection - Observation

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of pliers, clamps, tongs, clips and vice
- Demonstrate understanding of tool applications
- Appreciate the importance of holding tools

- Study pictures showing people using holding tools
- Discuss uses of different holding tools
- Watch video on use of holding tools
- Fill table matching tools to uses

What are the uses of different holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Matching activity materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Safe use of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safe use of holding tools
- Use personal protective equipment appropriately
- Value safety when using tools

- Search for information on safe use of holding tools
- Watch video on safe tool use
- Discuss safety measures when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of different holding tools

How can holding tools be used safely?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Digital devices
- Safety posters

- Observation - Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use clips to hold drawing paper
- Use pliers to hold and twist wire
- Show competence in using holding tools

- Practice using clips on drawing board
- Use pliers to twist wire into different shapes
- Use clamp to hold wood or metal on surface
- Perform tasks with appropriate holding tools

How do you use different holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Clips, pliers, clamps
- Drawing board, paper
- Wire, wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment

- Practical work - Observation - Skills demonstration - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use vice to hold wood while drilling
- Use tongs to hold hot materials
- Value precision when using tools

- Use vice to hold wood for drilling or cutting
- Use tongs to hold hot test tube or materials
- Use spanner to hold nut while tightening bolt
- Identify suitable tasks for each holding tool

How do you use vice, tongs and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Vice, tongs, spanners
- Wood pieces, nuts and bolts
- Drill (under supervision)
- PPE

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Caring for holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate care and maintenance of holding tools
- Clean and store tools properly
- Appreciate the need for tool maintenance

- Study pictures showing tool care and maintenance
- Dust off residue from tools
- Oil, grease or lubricate movable parts
- Tighten loose parts of tools

How should holding tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Cleaning rags
- Oil/grease
- Storage containers

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of holding tools
- Complete word search on holding tools
- Demonstrate competence in tool use

- Discuss importance of holding tools in daily life
- Share experiences on using holding tools
- Complete word search activity
- Review key concepts and assess learning

Why are holding tools important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Word search puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Holding tools for demonstration
- Self-reflection checklist

- Written tests - Word search - Self-reflection - Practical assessment

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Tools used in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify driving tools used in daily life
- Describe characteristics of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools

- Study pictures of driving tools (hammer, screwdriver, spanner, punch, mallet)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify driving tools
- Discuss why they are called driving tools
- Mention where tools are found

What are driving tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Actual driving tools
- Pictures of tools
- Digital devices
- Tool identification chart

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Tool identification

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Selecting tools for tasks
Driving tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select driving tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

- Study flashcards with tasks requiring driving tools
- Choose appropriate driving tool for each task
- Give reasons for tool selection
- Discuss nature of task and user safety

How do you select the right driving tool?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Various driving tools
- Task flashcards
- Selection criteria guide
- Reference materials
- Driving tools
- Pictures showing tool use
- Digital devices
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Written tests - Task analysis - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Uses continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of punches and spanners
- Match tools to their uses
- Value proper tool application

- Discuss uses of punches (driving nails beyond surface)
- Discuss uses of spanners (loosening/tightening nuts and bolts)
- Watch videos on tool use
- Create table matching tools to uses

How are punches and spanners used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Safe use of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safe use of driving tools
- Demonstrate safety practices
- Show commitment to tool safety

- Search for information on safe use of driving tools
- Discuss safety measures when using driving tools
- Create skit demonstrating safe tool use
-

How are driving tools used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use hammer to drive nails
- Use mallet to drive dowels
- Show competence in using driving tools

- Practice using hammer to repair furniture
- Use mallet to drive dowels into wood pieces
- Use mallet to drive chisel while making mortise
- Observe safety precautions

How do you use hammers and mallets?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Hammers, mallets
- Nails, dowels, chisels
- Wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment

- Practical work - Observation - Skills demonstration - Safety checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use punch to make holes
- Use screwdriver to tighten screws
- Value precision in tool use

- Use punch to make holes in wood or metal
- Use screwdriver to tighten loose screws
- Use spanner to tighten bolts
- Identify tasks that require driving tools

How do you use punches, screwdrivers and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches, screwdrivers, spanners
- Screws, bolts, nuts
- Wood and metal pieces
- PPE

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Caring for driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Clean and maintain driving tools
- Store tools properly
- Appreciate importance of tool maintenance

- Study pictures showing tool care
- Clean residue from driving tools
- Check for loose parts and tighten them
- Store tools properly after use

How should driving tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Driving tools
- Cleaning materials
- Storage boxes
- Maintenance guide

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Importance and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of driving tools
- Complete crossword puzzle on tools
- Demonstrate understanding of driving tools

- Discuss importance of driving tools in daily life
- Complete crossword puzzle activity
- Review key concepts on driving tools
- Reflect on learning progress

Why are driving tools important in daily life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Driving tools

- Written tests - Crossword completion - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Government and business

Reasons for government involvement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain reasons for government involvement in business
- Discuss benefits of government participation
- Appreciate government's economic role

- Study pictures showing government services
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Discuss flashcards on government participation
- Give examples for each reason

Why is the government involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public services
- Flashcards
- Digital devices
- Discussion guides

- Oral questions - Written tests - Presentations - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Ways of involvement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ways government gets involved in business
- Explain regulations, licensing and quality standards
- Value government oversight

- Study pictures showing government closing businesses
- Discuss regulations imposed on businesses
- Learn about licensing requirements
- Discuss quality standards enforcement

How does government get involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures showing enforcement
- Licensing examples
- Quality standards documents
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case discussions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Training and development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain government provision of training
- Discuss promotion of trade and economic development
- Appreciate government support for businesses

- Learn about government training institutions
- Discuss how government promotes trade
- Study provision of subsidies and incentives
- Learn about protection of local industries

How does government support business development?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Digital devices
- Examples of training institutions
- Trade policy documents
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral questions - Discussions - Written assignments

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Types of taxes
Government and business - Types of taxes continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning and importance of taxes
- Identify types of taxes in Kenya
- Value tax payment

- Study pictures of public facilities
- Discuss meaning and importance of paying taxes
- Search for information on types of taxes
- Learn about income tax, VAT, corporate tax

What is tax and why is it important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public facilities
- Digital devices
- Tax information materials
- Reference materials
- Tax rate information
- Word search puzzles
- KRA materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Research notes

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - e-Government services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain meaning of e-Government services
- Identify e-Government platforms
- Appreciate digital government services

- Read and analyze case study on e-Citizen
- Discuss e-Government services in business
- Learn about business registration and licensing online
- Discuss benefits of e-Government

What are e-Government services?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Case study materials
- Digital devices
- E-Government platform access
- Reference materials

- Case study analysis - Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Accessing e-Government

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Access e-Government platforms
- Navigate e-Citizen and other platforms
- Show digital literacy

- Access e-Citizen website with teacher guidance
- Explore services offered
- Visit iTax platform
- Navigate Huduma Kenya website

How can we access e-Government services?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Computers/smartphones
- Internet connection
- E-Government platforms
- Navigation guide

- Practical work - Observation - Navigation skills - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Government and business - Review and compliance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of complying with regulations
- Review government involvement in business
- Value regulatory compliance

- Discuss need to comply with government regulations
- Review key concepts on government and business
- Complete assessment activities
- Reflect on learning

Why should businesses comply with government regulations?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case scenarios
- Regulation examples

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Business plan - Importance in entrepreneurship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of a business plan
- Describe importance of business plans
- Show interest in business planning

- Study entrepreneur's story about business planning
- Discuss meaning of business plan
- Search for information on importance of business plans
- Watch video on business plan importance

What is a business plan and why is it important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 180
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Sample business plans
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Video analysis

Entrepreneurship

Business plan - Components

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a business plan
- Explain executive summary and business description
- Appreciate business plan structure

- Study chart showing business plan components
- Read case studies on business plan components
- Discuss executive summary and business description
- Study sample business plan sections

What are the components of a business plan?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 180
- Business plan samples
- Case study materials
- Chart of components
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis - Component identification