Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Identifying composite materials in the locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify composite materials in the locality
- Name items made from composite materials
- Show interest in learning about composite materials

- Study pictures showing composite materials
- Identify materials shown in the pictures
- Discuss which materials are found in their locality
- Identify constituent materials of composites

What are composite materials and where can we find them?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 63
- Pictures of composite materials
- Realia (concrete, bricks, manufactured boards)
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Composition of composite materials
Composite Materials - Constituent materials of composites
Composite Materials - Matching composite materials to their uses
Composite Materials - Uses in work environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the composition of composite materials
- Identify constituent materials in composites
- Appreciate the combination of materials in composites

- Discuss and fill in constituent materials of composites
- Participate in group presentations
- Search for information on constituent materials using digital devices
- Study composition of concrete, bricks, papier-mâché, stone, manufactured boards

How are composite materials made?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 64
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts showing composite compositions
- Sample composite materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 65
- Print resources
- Internet link provided
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 67
- Charts showing composite uses
- Pictures of furniture and buildings
- Real composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 68
- Pictures of work environments
- Charts showing sector applications
- Video clips

- Written assignments - Practical work - Group presentations

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Searching for information on uses
Composite Materials - Importance in the locality
Ceramic Materials - Identifying common ceramic materials
Ceramic Materials - Collecting ceramic items

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Research uses of composite materials
- Prepare charts showing types and uses
- Apply digital literacy skills in research

- Use digital devices to search for information on uses
- Watch video clips showing composite material applications
- Observe pictures and charts
- Find out uses of plastic-coated paper, chipboard, concrete
- Write reports on observations

How can we find information about composite material uses?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 69
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Manila papers for charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 70
- Community resources
- Pictures of local structures
- Sample composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 71
- Pictures of ceramic items
- Real ceramic items (pots, plates, tiles)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 72
- Collection bags
- Notebooks for recording
- Storage boxes
- Safety gloves

- Chart assessment - Written reports - Practical work

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Physical properties of ceramics
Ceramic Materials - Investigating properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define physical properties
- Identify physical properties of ceramic materials
- Appreciate the unique properties of ceramics

- Brainstorm meaning of physical properties
- Discuss physical properties of ceramic materials
- Use print and digital media to search for properties
- Study pictures showing brittleness, fire resistance, heat resistance

What are the physical properties of ceramic materials?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 73
- Digital devices
- Print resources
- Pictures showing properties
- Sample ceramic items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 74
- Ceramic items (glass, pots)
- Water
- Source of heat
- Tongs
- Safety equipment

- Observation - Written tests - Group discussions

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Understanding properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain brittleness of ceramics
- Describe fire, heat, water and corrosion resistance
- Value the properties of ceramic materials

- Study explanations of basic properties
- Discuss brittleness and why ceramics break easily
- Learn about fire resistance in flames
- Understand corrosion resistance
- Discuss water and heat resistance applications

Why do ceramic materials have these specific properties?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 75
- Charts showing properties
- Sample ceramic items
- Pictures demonstrating properties
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Materials for Production
Tools and Production

Ceramic Materials - Uses in work environment
Ceramic Materials - Importance in the locality
Cutting Tools - Identifying cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Match ceramic materials to their uses
- Identify uses of ceramics in different sectors
- Prepare charts showing types and uses
- Appreciate ceramic material applications

- Match ceramic items with uses in work environment
- Search for information on uses using digital resources
- Prepare chart showing types and uses
- Visit workplaces to identify ceramic materials
- Record findings in tables

How are ceramic materials used in different workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 76
- Digital devices
- Manila papers for charts
- Workplace access
- Resource persons
- Sample ceramic items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 78
- Pictures of ceramic uses
- Debate guidelines
- Reference materials
- Community resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 80
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Real cutting tools (hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, planes, snips)
- Charts showing cutting tools

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations - Written reports

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Collecting and identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Uses of hacksaws and handsaws
Cutting Tools - Uses of chisels and planes
Cutting Tools - Uses of snips, scrappers and other cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Collect different cutting tools available in the locality
- Identify and write down names of cutting tools
- Store tools safely for later use

- Collect different cutting tools available in the locality under teacher guidance
- Identify and write down the names of the cutting tools
- Store the tools in a safe place

How should cutting tools be stored safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 81
- Various cutting tools from locality
- Storage containers
- Notebooks for recording
- Hacksaws and handsaws
- Metal rods, plastic pipes, wood pieces
- Pictures showing tool applications
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 82
- Wood chisels and cold chisels
- Various types of planes
- Wood and metal samples
- Safety equipment
- Tin snips and aviation snips
- Scrappers
- Various knives
- Wire strippers
- Different types of cutters

- Practical work - Observation - Written records

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Selecting appropriate cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Using a handsaw safely
Cutting Tools - Using a hacksaw safely
Cutting Tools - Using a wood chisel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select appropriate cutting tools for specific tasks
- Sort tools according to their uses
- Present findings in an organized manner

- Discuss the use of each cutting tool collected earlier
- Sort tools for cutting paper and fabric
- Sort tools for cutting wood, metallic rods, pipes and sheets
- Identify tools for stripping wire insulations
- Present findings in a table format

How do we select the right tool for a specific task?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 83
- Previously collected cutting tools
- Classification charts
- Notebooks for recording
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 85
- Handsaws
- Pieces of timber
- Tape measure, try square, pencil
- Clamps
- Working surface
- Protective gear (gloves, goggles)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 86
- Hacksaws
- Metal rods and plastic pipes
- Scriber
- Bench vice
- Working bench
- Protective gloves and overalls
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 88
- Wood chisels
- Mallet
- Pencil and ruler
- Protective gloves and goggles

- Observation - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using snips to cut metal sheets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use snips to cut metallic sheets
- Apply correct technique when using snips
- Cut safely away from the body

- Wear protective gloves
- Secure metallic sheet on flat working surface
- Measure and mark cut line using scriber and steel rule
- Hold snips correctly
- Open snips and align blades with cut line
- Practice cutting along the marked line

How do we use snips to cut metal sheets safely?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 89
- Tin snips or aviation snips
- Metallic sheets
- Scriber and steel rule
- Tape measure
- Protective gloves
- Working surface

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using wire cutters
Cutting Tools - Using planes and scrappers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use wire cutters to cut wires of different sizes
- Hold wire cutters properly
- Observe safety when cutting wires

- Identify and mark point on wire for cutting
- Hold wire cutter with dominant hand correctly
- Open handles to open blades
- Place wire between blades ensuring proper alignment
- Apply force to close blades and cut wire
- Practice cutting wires of different sizes

How do we cut wires safely using wire cutters?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 91
- Wire cutters
- Wires of different sizes
- Marking tools
- Protective gloves
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 90
- Jack plane
- Scrappers
- Pieces of timber
- Surfaces with embedded dirt
- Safety goggles

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using wire strippers and knives
Cutting Tools - Caring for cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use wire strippers to remove wire insulation
- Use utility knives to cut cardboard and paper
- Observe safety precautions with sharp tools

- Open jaws of wire stripper
- Place wire between jaws at correct distance from end
- Squeeze and rotate stripper to remove insulation
- Practice stripping and cutting wires
- Use utility knife to cut cardboard at 45° angle
- Store knife with blade retracted

How do we safely strip wires and cut with knives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 92
- Wire strippers
- Insulated wires
- Utility/sliding knives
- Cardboard paper
- Ruler and pencil
- Protective gloves
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 95
- Various cutting tools
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Tool maintenance materials
- Pictures of tool care

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Importance of cutting tools in the workplace
Computer Software - Meaning and examples of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of cutting tools in work environment
- Prepare informative posters on cutting tools
- Value the role of cutting tools in various workplaces

- Discuss the importance of cutting tools in the work environment
- Prepare posters providing information on importance of cutting tools
- Place posters at school workshop or Pre-Technical Studies corner
- Share findings with classmates

Why are cutting tools essential in workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 96
- Manila papers
- Markers and colors
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 97
- Digital devices (computers, tablets)
- Pictures showing software use
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Observation - Poster assessment - Oral presentations

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Categories of computer software
Computer Software - Functions of word processors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify categories of computer software
- Distinguish between system software and application software
- Explain the role of operating systems

- Learn about system software and application software
- Discuss system software (operating systems like Microsoft Windows)
- Study application software (word processors, spreadsheets, presentations)
- Understand that system software runs in the background
- Learn that application software is user-oriented

How do system software and application software differ?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 99
- Computers with different software
- Microsoft Windows
- Examples of application software
- Digital devices
- Charts showing software categories
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Computer laboratory
- Microsoft Word software
- Sample documents
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft Word
Computer Software - Functions of presentation software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Start Microsoft Word application
- Create a new Word document
- Save and print Word documents

- Click Start button and select Microsoft Word
- Create a blank document
- Learn about Word window features (title bar, ribbon, status bar, quick access toolbar)
- Type text about computer software
- Practice saving document using "Save As"
- Learn to print documents

How do we create and save documents in Microsoft Word?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Computers with Microsoft Word
- Printers
- Practice documents
- Step-by-step guides
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft PowerPoint software
- Digital devices
- Sample presentations
- Projector (if available)

- Practical work - Observation - Saved documents assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Using Microsoft PowerPoint
Computer Software - Saving and printing PowerPoint presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Start Microsoft PowerPoint application
- Create a blank presentation
- Add text and new slides to presentations

- Click Start button and select PowerPoint
- Create blank presentation
- Learn about PowerPoint features (title bar, ribbon, thumbnail slides, placeholders)
- Click in title and subtitle placeholders to add text
- Practice adding new slides with different layouts
- Save presentation using "Save As"

How do we create presentations in PowerPoint?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 103
- Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint
- Practice presentation topics
- Step-by-step guides
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 107
- Computers with PowerPoint
- Printers
- Email access
- Sample presentations
- USB drives for saving

- Practical work - Observation - Saved presentations assessment

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of spreadsheet software
Computer Software - Using Microsoft Excel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of spreadsheet software
- Identify Microsoft Excel as spreadsheet software
- Understand how spreadsheets organize data

- Learn about spreadsheets arranged in rows and columns
- Discuss Microsoft Excel functions: creating charts and graphs, searching, sorting and calculating data
- Study data analysis and saving capabilities
- Understand spreadsheet applications in workplaces

What tasks can spreadsheet software perform?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft Excel software
- Sample spreadsheets with data
- Charts and graphs examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 109
- Computers with Microsoft Excel
- Sample data for entry
- Step-by-step guides
- Practice worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Saving and printing Excel worksheets
Computer Software - Importance of application software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Save Excel worksheets with appropriate names
- Print Excel worksheets
- Manage Excel files effectively

- Practice saving worksheets by clicking File then Save As
- Select location and type file name
- Learn to print worksheets with print settings
- Practice creating, saving and printing a class project spreadsheet
- Store printed work in portfolio

How do we save and print Excel worksheets?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 111
- Computers with Excel
- Printers
- Sample worksheets
- USB drives
- Portfolios for storing work
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 112
- Manila papers and markers
- Case studies of software use
- Reference materials
- Digital devices

- Practical work - Observation - Saved files assessment

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Identifying assets
Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define assets, liabilities and capital
- Search for meanings of bookkeeping terms
- Show interest in learning about bookkeeping

- Think about a shop in nearby shopping centre
- Discuss what items are sold and where money came from
- Use digital devices to search for meaning of assets, liabilities, capital
- Present findings to other groups

What are the basic terms used in bookkeeping?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Digital devices
- Textbooks
- Reference materials
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)
Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define bookkeeping
- Explain importance of bookkeeping
- Appreciate the need for keeping business records

- Discuss situations about shopkeeper buying goods, selling goods
- Discuss how records help calculate profit or loss
- Discuss importance of bookkeeping (organizing records, measuring performance, budgeting)
- Present discussion points to class

Why is bookkeeping important for a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Business scenarios
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Digital devices
- Sample business records
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Charts showing equation
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Practice exercises
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Practice tables

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group presentations

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)
Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parties in business transactions
- Differentiate between cash and credit transactions
- Appreciate different payment methods

- List three items bought in the past
- Identify buyer and seller in transactions
- Read case study about Gesusu Junior School
- Discuss how headteacher paid for desks
- Explain differences between cash and credit transactions

What is the difference between cash and credit transactions?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of statement of financial position
- Explain how to prepare the statement
- Appreciate importance of financial statements

- Discuss what shows financial position of business
- Identify components of statement
- Study example of Brian Mobile Phones
- Learn structure: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Discuss how both sides must balance

What is a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define income
- Identify sources of income
- Appreciate diverse income sources

- Search for meaning of 'income for an individual'
- Read about Hadijah and Lemayian's sources of income
- Identify salary, royalties, dividends, business profits
- Study chart showing various income sources
- Discuss meaning of sources of income

Where can individuals get income from?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain employment income
- Describe business income
- Identify investment income and other sources

- Study chart showing income sources in detail
- Discuss employment income (salary, wages, allowances)
- Learn about business income (profits from sales)
- Understand investment income (rent, dividends, interest)
- Explore gifts, donations, and government transfers

What are the different categories of income sources?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List benefits of budgeting
- Explain how budgeting helps in daily life
- Appreciate budget discipline

- Read case study about Maria's income
- Discuss how budgeting helps her
- Learn budgeting helps spend on important things
- Understand budgeting helps track spending
- Learn budgeting helps save money and avoid debt

How does budgeting improve our financial lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Case study materials
- Charts showing benefits
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Digital devices
- Display materials

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare a personal budget
- List income and expenses
- Include savings in budget

- Discuss what to consider when preparing budget
- Study Rehema's monthly budget example
- Identify income sources and expenses
- Calculate savings target
- Prepare simple budget for Shs 3,000 shopping money
- Present budget for feedback

How do we prepare a personal budget?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid
Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify unethical practices in budgeting
- Explain consequences of unethical practices
- Demonstrate commitment to ethical behavior

- Identify unethical practices from case study
- Learn about budgeting beyond means
- Understand dangers of not sticking to budget
- Discuss budgeting from illegal sources
- Learn about saving before spending

What unethical practices should we avoid in budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Case study materials
- Financial planning examples
- Digital devices
- Charts

- Written tests - Group discussions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define market and marketing
- Differentiate between market and marketing
- Show interest in learning about marketing

- Discuss scenarios about farmers buying tractors
- Identify who is buying and selling
- Discuss meaning of market
- Explain meaning of marketing
- Present findings to classmates

What is the difference between market and marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of marketing
- Identify benefits of marketing to business
- Appreciate role of marketing

- Study pictures showing marketing activities
- Discuss poster offering weekend deals
- Analyze delivery services
- Read flashcards on importance of marketing
- Explain how marketing helps business

Why is marketing important to a business?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Marketing examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples

- Observation - Written assignments - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources
Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use digital devices to search market information
- Analyze information from customers
- Prepare reports on findings

- Search for market information using digital devices
- Observe school bags classmates use
- Identify improvements students want
- Gather information about market for school bags
- Write summary notes on sources

How can we gather and analyze market information?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples

- Practical work - Written reports - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ICT applications for marketing
- Explain how each tool is used
- Select appropriate marketing tools

- Search for ICT applications used in marketing
- Learn about Facebook ads and YouTube advertising
- Study LinkedIn and Instagram for marketing
- Understand TikTok marketing
- Discuss choosing tools based on target customers

What ICT tools can be used to market goods and services?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define channels of distribution
- Identify intermediaries
- Explain role of intermediaries

- Think about how soft drinks move from manufacturer
- Discuss meaning of channels of distribution
- Learn who intermediaries are
- Study pictures showing soda distribution
- Identify roles of wholesalers and retailers

What are channels of distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers
Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain roles of wholesalers
- Describe functions of retailers
- Appreciate importance of intermediaries

- Search for information on intermediary roles
- Study sticky notes on wholesaler roles
- Learn wholesalers break bulk and transport goods
- Understand retailers offer easy access to goods
- Discuss how retailers advise wholesalers

What roles do wholesalers and retailers play in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Business examples

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts
Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Prepare charts showing distribution channels
- Illustrate product distribution
- Demonstrate understanding of channels

- Read about Chui Cement, Bahati Dairies, Faulu Flour
- Identify distribution channels for each business
- Prepare charts showing channels
- Illustrate how products move to consumers
- Present charts to class

How do different businesses distribute their products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources

- Chart assessment - Practical work - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in distribution
- Explain unethical practices to avoid
- Value ethical business conduct

- Debate on ethical practices statement
- Study diagram on ethics in distribution
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, quality goods, legal compliance)
- Learn about keeping customer information private
- Discuss avoiding discrimination and corruption

What ethical practices should be followed in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Case study materials
- Community examples
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Debate participation - Written tests - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Application areas of visual programming software
Visual Programming - Introduction to Scratch programming

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the application areas of visual programming software in solving problems
- Identify uses of applications in daily life
- Appreciate the role of visual programming

- Use digital device to search for uses of mobile applications and websites
- Study mobile phone screen with various applications
- Discuss application areas: games, animations, money transfer, robotics
- Identify problems solved by each application

How is visual programming used in solving day-to-day problems?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 48
- Digital device with internet
- Computer books
- Mobile phone showing applications
- Charts
pg. 50
- Computer with Scratch 3 installed
- Digital projector
- Exercise books
- Scratch interface guide

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a story (Part 1) - Setting up backdrops and sprites
Visual Programming - Creating a story (Part 2) - Adding code blocks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create and customize backdrops in Scratch
- Insert sprites for a story
- Show creativity in designing visual elements

- Start Scratch and save project as 'Greening the Environment'
- Select and customize backdrops (Desert, text backdrop)
- Insert sprites: Noor, Characters 1, Butterfly 1, Giraffe, Grasshopper
- Verify sprites and backdrops panes

How do we create backdrops and add sprites for a story in Scratch?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 51
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Step-by-step guide
- Examples of projects
pg. 53
- Coding blocks reference
- Examples of scripts

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 1) - Maze game setup
Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 2) - Programming sprite movement and collision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create a maze game backdrop
- Use drawing tools in Scratch
- Show creativity in game design

- Start Scratch and save as 'The maze game', insert blue sky2 backdrop
- Use Rectangle tool to draw mazes (three vertical, two horizontal)
- Format mazes by removing outlines and arranging appropriately
- Add beetle sprite and set starting position

How do we create a maze game backdrop?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 55
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Game design examples
- Drawing tools guide
pg. 58
- Movement blocks guide
- Collision detection guide

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating a game (Part 3) - Adding game levels
Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 1) - Solar system setup

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create multiple game levels
- Design level progression backdrops
- Demonstrate advanced game design skills

- Create backdrop2 for level two, backdrop3 with 'PROCEED TO LEVEL 2'
- Create backdrop4 with 'SORRY!! You LOST!!'
- Add blocks to beetle sprite to change levels and end game
- Test complete game and refine based on testing

How do we create multiple levels in a game?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 60
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Level design examples
- Testing checklist
pg. 62
- Computer with Scratch 3 and internet
- List of planet names
- Animation examples

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Game evaluation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 2) - Programming planets (Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Add animation blocks to sprites
- Create orbital motion for planets
- Show precision in animation programming

- Click Sun sprite and add appropriate blocks to script pane
- Program Mercury's orbital motion
- Program Venus's orbital motion
- Program Earth's orbital motion and test animations

How do we program orbital motion for Sun and inner planets?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 63
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Orbital motion guide
- Animation examples

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating an animation (Part 3) - Programming planets (Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune)
Visual Programming - Testing and discussing programs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Program remaining planets' orbital motions
- Coordinate multiple sprite animations
- Demonstrate animation sequencing skills

- Program Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune orbital motions
- Add appropriate blocks to each planet sprite
- Test complete solar system animation
- Observe all planets orbiting Sun

How do we complete the solar system animation?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 65
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Complete animation guide
- Solar system reference
pg. 68
- Program analysis guide
- Assessment rubric

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Visual Programming - Creating own application
Visual Programming - Advanced features and techniques

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design and create own application using visual programming
- Apply visual programming skills independently
- Show creativity and innovation in programming

- Brainstorm ideas for own application (story, game or animation)
- Plan and design the application
- Create application using Scratch following learned techniques
- Test and refine application

How do we create our own application using visual programming?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 69
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Digital projector
- Planning templates
- Project guidelines
- Advanced features guide
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Portfolio

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies
Materials for Production

Visual Programming - Uses in day-to-day life and assessment
Visual Programming - Project presentation and portfolio
Wood - Types of wood

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of visual programming in day-to-day life
- Complete assessment on visual programming
- Embrace the use of visual programming in daily life

- Discuss applications in money transfer, virtual learning, entertainment, websites
- Explain application in robotics and automation
- Complete assessment exercises covering all aspects learned
- Share experiences with family and reflect on importance

Why is visual programming important in day-to-day life?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 69
- Assessment materials
- Digital devices
- QR code for digital exercise
- Examples of applications
- Computer with Scratch 3
- Presentation materials
- Portfolio folder
- Assessment rubric
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 72
- Samples of hardwood and softwood
- Charts showing various types of wood

- Written tests - Practical work - Self-reflection - Digital exercise

Materials for Production

Wood - Classification of wood
Wood - Density and grain patterns
Wood - Wood preparation: Conversion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify wood according to physical characteristics
- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Appreciate the differences between hardwood and softwood

- Use a checklist to sort wood as either softwood or hardwood
- Study photographs showing various types of wood
- Complete a table comparing physical characteristics of wood

How can we classify wood based on its physical characteristics?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 72
- Various pieces of wood
- Checklists
- Photos of hardwood and softwood
- Wood samples with visible grain
- Magnifying glasses
- Reference books
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 74
- Digital devices
- Video clips on sawmills
- Pictures of timber conversion

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests

Materials for Production

Wood - Wood preparation: Seasoning
Wood - Uses of hardwood
Wood - Uses of softwood
Wood - Importance of wood in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define seasoning of wood
- Describe methods of seasoning wood (air drying and kiln drying)
- Explain why seasoning is important

- Discuss safe ways of preparing wood for use
- Compare air drying and kiln drying methods
- Examine the effects of moisture in wood

Why must wood be seasoned before use?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 75
- Digital resources
- Charts on wood seasoning
- Samples of seasoned wood
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 76
- Hardwood samples
- Furniture items
- Charts and pictures
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 77
- Softwood samples
- Construction materials
- Internet access
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 78
- Reference books
- Digital devices
- Charts showing wood uses

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Types of waste materials
Handling Waste Materials - Electronic and construction waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Categorize waste materials by type (plastic, glass, metal, paper)
- Show awareness of waste in the environment

- Walk around the school compound to identify waste materials
- Study photographs showing various types of waste
- Discuss types of waste found in home and school

What types of waste materials are found in our environment?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 82
- Charts showing waste types
- Gloves and masks
- Waste bins
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of electronic waste
- Construction waste samples
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Safe handling methods: Composting
Handling Waste Materials - Safe handling methods: The 3Rs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the composting process
- Identify organic waste suitable for composting
- Demonstrate composting techniques

- Use print or digital media to search for information on composting
- Discuss how to convert organic waste into manure
- Practice piling organic waste for composting

What is composting and why is it important?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 84
- Organic waste materials
- Compost pit
- Digital devices
- Gloves and masks
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 85
- Recyclable materials
- Charts on 3Rs
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Incineration and landfills
Handling Waste Materials - Bio-digestion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the incineration process
- Explain how landfills are used for waste disposal
- Understand safety considerations in these methods

- Discuss safe ways of handling waste through controlled burning
- Learn about landfill design and use
- Compare advantages and disadvantages of different methods

When should incineration or landfills be used for waste disposal?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 84
- Pictures of incinerators
- Digital resources
- Charts on waste disposal
- PPEs
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 85
- Pictures of biodigesters
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling Waste Materials - Recycling waste materials
Handling Waste Materials - Importance of proper waste management

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Collect recyclable materials from the locality
- Make items from recycled waste materials
- Show creativity in recycling projects

- Collect recyclable waste materials with proper PPEs
- Brainstorm on items to make using waste materials
- Make items such as spirit lamps or flower vases

What useful items can we create from waste materials?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 86
- Recyclable materials
- Tools for making items
- Gloves and aprons
- Waste bins
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 88
- Well-labelled dustbins
- PPEs
- Mop and bucket
- Digital resources

- Practical work - Project - Observation

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Identifying holding tools
Holding Tools - Types of vices and clamps
Holding Tools - Types of pliers, clips and tongs
Holding Tools - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify holding tools used in day-to-day life
- Name different types of holding tools
- Show interest in learning about holding tools

- Use visual aids or real objects to identify holding tools
- Study pictures showing various holding tools
- Draw and label holding tools in exercise books

What are holding tools and where are they used?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 92
- Variety of holding tools (vices, clamps, pliers, tongs, clips)
- Charts showing holding tools
- Different types of vices
- Various clamps
- Digital resources
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 93
- Various pliers
- Different clips
- Types of tongs
- Charts
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 94
- Chart showing uses of holding tools
- Available holding tools
- Relevant textbooks
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding Tools - Safe use of holding tools
Holding Tools - Using holding tools to perform tasks
Holding Tools - Using pliers, clips and tongs
Holding Tools - Care and importance of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safety precautions when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of holding tools
- Develop safe working habits

- Use print or digital media to search for information on safe use of holding tools
- Watch videos on how to safely hold tools
- Role-play safe use of different holding tools

What safety measures should be observed when using holding tools?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 96
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 98
- Bench vice
- G-clamp
- Pieces of wood
- Handsaw
- Wood glue
- Workbench
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 99
- Needle nose pliers
- Wire
- Paper clips
- Drawing board
- Crucible tongs
- Bunsen burner
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 100
- Holding tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Oil can
- Tool box or rack
- Dust cover

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Identifying driving tools
Driving Tools - Types of hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify driving tools used in day-to-day life
- Name different types of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools

- Study pictures showing various driving tools
- Identify driving tools available
- Draw the tools in exercise books and write their names

What are driving tools and what are they used for?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 106
- Variety of driving tools (hammer, mallet, screwdriver, punch, spanner)
- Charts showing driving tools
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 107
- Different types of hammers
- Various mallets
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches
Driving Tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches
- Distinguish between different driving tools
- Value the specific design of each tool

- Study ring spanner, socket spanner, open spanner, adjustable spanner
- Identify straight slotted and Phillips screwdrivers
- Observe leather hole punch and drive pin punches

What are the different types of spanners, screwdrivers and punches?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 108
- Various spanners
- Different screwdrivers
- Types of punches
- Charts
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 109
- Chart showing uses of driving tools
- Real driving tools
- Relevant textbooks
- Exercise book and pen

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Safe use of driving tools
Driving Tools - Using hammers and mallets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safety precautions when using driving tools
- Demonstrate safe use of driving tools
- Develop safe working habits

- Use digital devices to search for information on safe use of driving tools
- Watch videos on how to safely use each tool
- Role-play safe use of hammers, mallets, screwdrivers, spanners and punches

What safety measures should be observed when using driving tools?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 111
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Safety goggles
- Gloves
- First aid box
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 112
- Claw hammer
- Wooden mallet
- Pieces of wood
- Nails
- Dowels
- Workbench
- Clamp

- Observation - Practical work - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving Tools - Using screwdrivers, spanners and punches
Driving Tools - Care and importance of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use a screwdriver to fasten screws
- Use a spanner to tighten bolts and nuts
- Use a punch to make holes in leather

- Fasten pieces of wood using a screwdriver and screws
- Tighten a bolt and nut using a spanner and pliers
- Make holes in a leather belt using a revolving leather hole punch

How are screwdrivers, spanners and punches used in practical tasks?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 113
- Screwdriver
- Wood screws
- Spanner
- Pliers
- Bolt and nut
- Leather hole punch
- Leather belt
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 115
- Driving tools
- Clean piece of cloth
- Soft brush
- Tool box
- Storage shelf
- Digital devices

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems in the locality
Project - Brainstorming on solutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore the locality to identify problems
- List problems affecting the community
- Show awareness of community needs

- Visit the school locality to identify problems
- Conduct observations and interviews
- Consult people in the community about challenges they face
- Record information gathered

What problems in our locality can be solved using Pre-Technical Studies skills?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 121
- Notebook
- Pen
- Digital devices for recording
- List of problems from previous lesson
- Exercise book

- Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Project - Selecting an item to make

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss possible items to solve the identified problem
- Select an appropriate item to make
- Demonstrate creative thinking

- Discuss the problem in detail
- Brainstorm on items that can be made (e.g., waste bins, compost pit, incinerator)
- Select one item using available materials
- Use digital devices to identify suitable items

What item can we make to solve the identified problem?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 122
- Digital devices with internet
- Relevant textbooks
- Exercise book
- Pen

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Project - Sketching and planning
Project - Obtaining materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Sketch the item to be made
- List materials required
- Estimate the cost of materials

- Sketch the item (e.g., innovative waste bin)
- Discuss the sketch with group members
- Identify materials required
- Estimate the cost of materials

How do we plan for making the project item?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 122
- Drawing materials
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Calculator
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 123
- Locally available materials
- Waste materials
- Digital devices for photos
- Transport materials

- Portfolio - Observation - Practical work

Tools and Production

Project - Implementation phase 1
Project - Implementation phase 2

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Develop a project implementation plan
- Discuss safety precautions
- Begin making the item

- Come up with a plan for the project with timelines
- Discuss safety precautions to observe
- Share roles among group members
- Begin making the item

How do we safely implement our project plan?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 123
- Materials and tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Workbench
- Project plan

- Observation - Practical work - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Project - Implementation phase 3
Project - Costing and pricing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Complete making the project item
- Apply finishing touches
- Ensure quality of workmanship

- Complete making the item
- Apply finishing touches (painting, labeling)
- Ensure the item meets quality standards
- Clean work area

Is our project item complete and functional?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 124
- Materials and tools
- Paint and labels
- Cleaning materials
- Personal protective equipment
- Cost records
- Calculator
- Exercise book
- Pen

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Project - Presentation and feedback
Project - Community education

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Present the finished item
- Explain how the item solves the problem
- Receive and respond to feedback

- Display the finished product to other groups
- Explain the problem and how the item solves it
- Receive comments and feedback
- Use feedback to improve the item

How effectively does our item solve the identified problem?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 124
- Finished project item
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 125
- Demonstration materials
- Information leaflets

- Observation - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Marketing and production
Project - Solving other community problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Assess demand for the item
- Plan for production of more items
- Understand basic marketing concepts

- Assess demand from the community
- Make more items if there is demand
- Learn about marketing the product
- Sell to the community with teacher guidance

Can we produce more items to meet community demand?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 125
- Production materials
- Marketing materials
- Record keeping book
- List of community problems
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Digital resources

- Practical work - Written tests - Observation

Tools and Production

Project - Recording problem-solving experiences
Project - Portfolio compilation phase 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Document problems solved
- Record skills applied
- Share experiences with others

- Record problems solved in a table
- Document Pre-Technical skills applied
- Share experiences with classmates
- Reflect on learning

How can we document our problem-solving journey?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 125
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Project portfolio
- Digital devices
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 122
- All project documents
- Photographs
- File folder
- Labels

- Portfolio - Written assignments - Self-assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Portfolio compilation phase 2
Project - Reflection on learning phase 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write project report
- Document challenges and solutions
- Complete project portfolio

- Write a detailed project report
- Document challenges faced and how they were overcome
- Include feedback received
- Finalize project portfolio

What should our project report include?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 125
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Project documentation
- Feedback forms
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 126
- Project portfolio

- Written assignments - Portfolio - Rubrics

Tools and Production

Project - Reflection on learning phase 2
Project - Final presentation preparation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Link project work with academic concepts
- Understand practical application of theory
- Plan for continuous skill application

- Link project work with Pre-Technical Studies concepts
- Discuss how concepts learned enabled project completion
- Reflect on how project deepened learning
- Plan to apply skills in future

How did our classroom learning help us complete this project?

- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 126
- Project portfolio
- Exercise book
- Pen
- Reflection guide
- Oxford Pre-Technical Studies Today Gr. 9 pg. 124
- Presentation materials
- Project item
- Portfolio
- Digital devices

- Written reflection - Oral questions - Self-assessment

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Financial institutions available in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify financial institutions available in Kenya
- Classify financial institutions in Kenya
- Appreciate the role of financial institutions in the economy

- Discuss and identify financial institutions in the locality and Kenya
- Use digital devices or print media to search for types of financial institutions
- Classify financial institutions in a table (banks, insurance companies, SACCOs, microfinance)
- Present completed classification table

Which financial institutions are available in Kenya?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 128
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Newspapers and business magazines
- Exercise books and pens

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Services offered by financial institutions in Kenya
Financial Services - Case study on financial services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze services offered by financial institutions in Kenya
- Explain services offered by banks, insurance companies, SACCOs and microfinance institutions
- Appreciate the importance of financial services

- Use digital devices or print media to search for services offered by financial institutions
- Discuss services: deposit products, lending, payments, insurance, savings, credit facilities
- Make notes and present findings
- Visit a financial institution near school with teacher guidance

What services are offered by different financial institutions in Kenya?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 130
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Banking and insurance brochures
- Charts and reference materials
pg. 132
- Case study materials
- Exercise books and pens

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation - Written reports

Entrepreneurship

Financial Services - Utilizing financial services for entrepreneurial development
Government and Business - Reasons for government involvement in business in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Plan how to utilize financial services for business development
- Select appropriate financial institutions for specific business needs
- Value financial services in entrepreneurship

- Identify a business idea
- Determine financial institutions to visit and services needed
- Write a short report on findings
- Present report to teacher for assessment

What financial services would you utilize to start and develop a business?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 133
- Access to local financial institutions
- Business planning templates
- Report writing guidelines
- Digital devices
pg. 136
- Business Studies textbooks
- Symbol for Competition Authority of Kenya
- Charts and digital resources
- Pictures of infrastructure projects

- Written reports - Observation - Oral questions - Self assessment

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Ways in which government is involved in business activities
Government and Business - Types of taxes in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ways in which the government is involved in business
- Explain legislation, regulation and government investment in business
- Value government support for business development

- Use textbooks or digital devices to search for ways government is involved in business
- Discuss legislation, regulation, government investment, subsidies and training
- Examine promotion of industrialization, SMEs and Special Economic Zones
- Make notes and present findings

In which ways is the government involved in business?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 138
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- E.P.Z symbol
- Charts and print media
pg. 140
- English dictionary
- Charts showing types of taxes
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - E-Government services in business
Government and Business - Importance of complying with government regulations in business

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze e-Government services in business
- Navigate e-Government platforms for business services
- Appreciate the convenience and importance of e-Government services

- Read case study about Syombua's experience with Huduma Centre and e-Citizen
- Learn to navigate e-Citizen platform with teacher guidance
- Study e-Government services: registration, licensing, tax, procurement, intellectual property
- Visit Huduma Centre if possible

What e-Government services are available to businesses in Kenya?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 142
- Digital devices with internet
- Access to e-Citizen platform
- Case study materials
- Huduma Centre information
pg. 145
- Business Studies textbooks
- Case studies on compliance
- Charts and digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical work - Rubrics

Entrepreneurship

Government and Business - Review and assessment
Business Plan - Meaning and importance of a business plan in entrepreneurship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Review key concepts on government and business
- Apply knowledge of government involvement and taxes
- Demonstrate understanding of e-Government services and compliance

- Review reasons for government involvement and ways government is involved
- Discuss types of taxes and their importance
- Review e-Government services and compliance importance
- Complete assessment exercises

How does government involvement benefit businesses and the economy?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 146
- Business Studies textbooks
- Assessment materials
- Charts and summaries
pg. 148
- English dictionary
- Digital devices with internet
- Sample business plans

- Written tests - Oral questions - Observation - Self-reflection

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Components of a business plan in financial management
Business Plan - Analyzing a business plan example

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the components of a business plan in financial management
- Explain the purpose of each component
- Show understanding of the order of preparing components

- Use digital devices or print media to search for components of business plan
- Describe each component: business description, product/service, market analysis, marketing plan
- Study management team, cost plan, financial projection and executive summary
- Write short notes and present to class

What are the components of a business plan?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 150
- Digital devices with internet
- Business Studies textbooks
- Sample business plans
- Charts
pg. 153
- Example business plan (Mateka Pens)
- Exercise books and pens
- Charts and analysis guides

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Business Plan - Filling in a business plan template for a given business project
Business Plan - Presenting and using a business plan
Business Plan - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Fill in a business plan template for a given business project
- Develop a complete business plan for own business idea
- Demonstrate ability to apply business planning knowledge

- Think of a business idea and copy business plan template
- Complete all components: business description, product, market analysis, marketing plan
- Fill in management plan, cost plan and financial projections
- Review and refine complete business plan

How do we create a business plan for our own business idea?

- Oxford Bk 9
pg. 153
- Business plan template
- Exercise books and pens
- Calculators
- Sample business plans
pg. 154
- Completed business plans
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Assessment rubrics
- Business Studies textbooks
- Assessment materials
- QR code for digital exercise
- Charts and summaries

- Practical work - Observation - Rubrics - Portfolio