Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify waste materials found in the environment
- Classify waste materials by type
- Show awareness of waste in locality

- Walk around school compound to identify waste materials
- Study pictures showing different types of waste
- List waste materials observed
- Discuss sources of waste materials

What waste materials are found in the environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Pictures of waste materials
- Garbage bags
- Gloves
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Lists - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Types of waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe plastic, wood, glass, metal, electronic and construction waste
- Explain characteristics of each waste type
- Appreciate the need for proper waste management

- Identify waste materials in pictures (plastic, glass, metal, wood, electronic, construction)
- Discuss characteristics of each waste type
- Mention areas where each waste type is found
- Group waste materials by type

What are the types of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Samples of waste materials
- Classification chart
- Digital devices
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Classification activity - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Safe ways of handling
Handling waste materials - Reusing and recycling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safe ways of handling waste materials
- Explain reusing, recycling and composting
- Show commitment to proper waste handling

- Explain reusing waste materials
- Explain recycling waste materials
- Value waste as a resource

- Use print or digital media to search for safe handling methods
- Discuss safe ways of handling waste (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, burn)
- Study pictures showing waste handling methods
- Read instructions on handling hazardous waste
- Discuss examples of reusing waste (tins for storage, newspapers for wrapping)
- Discuss examples of recycling (paper to tissue, glass to bottles, iron to steel)
- Study pictures showing reused and recycled items
- Practice sorting waste for recycling

How should waste materials be handled safely?
How can waste materials be reused and recycled?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing waste handling
- Safety equipment
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Reusable waste items
- Recycled products
- Sorting bins
- Pictures

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Discussions
- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Project

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Composting, burning and reducing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain composting organic waste
- Describe proper burning of waste
- Show understanding of waste reduction

- Learn about composting wood and organic waste into fertilizer
- Discuss safe burning of waste at high temperatures
- Discuss reducing waste by using resources efficiently
- Visit locality to observe waste handling practices

What are other methods of handling waste?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Compost bin
- Pictures of waste disposal
- Digital devices
- Safety equipment

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written tests

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Disposing waste safely
Handling waste materials - Need for proper handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Practice safe disposal of waste materials
- Use appropriate personal protective equipment
- Value cleanliness and environmental health

- Collect waste materials from school compound wearing PPE
- Sort waste appropriately
- Dispose waste properly under teacher guidance
- Wash hands thoroughly after activity

How do you safely dispose of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Personal protective equipment (gloves, masks, boots)
- Garbage bags/containers
- Soap and water
- Sorting bins
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing clean environments
- Reference materials
- Community visit notes

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Safety compliance

Materials for Production
Tools and Production

Handling waste materials - Review and assessment
Holding tools - Tools used in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and classify waste materials
- Explain safe handling and disposal methods
- Demonstrate proper waste management

- Identify holding tools used in daily life
- Describe uses of different holding tools
- Show interest in learning about tools

- Review key concepts on waste materials
- Complete assessment activities
- Discuss case scenarios on waste management
- Reflect on learning progress
- Study pictures of holding tools (pliers, clamps, tongs, clips, vice)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify holding tools
- Draw and name holding tools
- Mention where tools are found in locality

How should waste materials be handled in the environment?
What are holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case study materials
- Waste samples
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Actual holding tools
- Pictures of tools
- Drawing paper
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment
- Observation - Drawings - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Selecting tools for tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select holding tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

- Discuss uses of different types of holding tools
- Choose holding tools for different tasks
- Study scenarios requiring different holding tools
- Explain reasons for tool selection

How do you select the right holding tool for a task?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Various holding tools
- Task cards
- Selection guide
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical selection - Observation

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Uses of holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of pliers, clamps, tongs, clips and vice
- Demonstrate understanding of tool applications
- Appreciate the importance of holding tools

- Study pictures showing people using holding tools
- Discuss uses of different holding tools
- Watch video on use of holding tools
- Fill table matching tools to uses

What are the uses of different holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Matching activity materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Safe use of holding tools
Holding tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safe use of holding tools
- Use personal protective equipment appropriately
- Value safety when using tools

- Use clips to hold drawing paper
- Use pliers to hold and twist wire
- Show competence in using holding tools

- Search for information on safe use of holding tools
- Watch video on safe tool use
- Discuss safety measures when using holding tools
- Demonstrate safe use of different holding tools
- Practice using clips on drawing board
- Use pliers to twist wire into different shapes
- Use clamp to hold wood or metal on surface
- Perform tasks with appropriate holding tools

How can holding tools be used safely?
How do you use different holding tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Digital devices
- Safety posters
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Clips, pliers, clamps
- Drawing board, paper
- Wire, wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment

- Observation - Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Checklist
- Practical work - Observation - Skills demonstration - Checklist

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use vice to hold wood while drilling
- Use tongs to hold hot materials
- Value precision when using tools

- Use vice to hold wood for drilling or cutting
- Use tongs to hold hot test tube or materials
- Use spanner to hold nut while tightening bolt
- Identify suitable tasks for each holding tool

How do you use vice, tongs and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Vice, tongs, spanners
- Wood pieces, nuts and bolts
- Drill (under supervision)
- PPE

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Caring for holding tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate care and maintenance of holding tools
- Clean and store tools properly
- Appreciate the need for tool maintenance

- Study pictures showing tool care and maintenance
- Dust off residue from tools
- Oil, grease or lubricate movable parts
- Tighten loose parts of tools

How should holding tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Holding tools
- Cleaning rags
- Oil/grease
- Storage containers

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Holding tools - Importance and assessment
Driving tools - Tools used in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of holding tools
- Complete word search on holding tools
- Demonstrate competence in tool use

- Identify driving tools used in daily life
- Describe characteristics of driving tools
- Show interest in learning about driving tools

- Discuss importance of holding tools in daily life
- Share experiences on using holding tools
- Complete word search activity
- Review key concepts and assess learning
- Study pictures of driving tools (hammer, screwdriver, spanner, punch, mallet)
- Use visual aids or real objects to identify driving tools
- Discuss why they are called driving tools
- Mention where tools are found

Why are holding tools important?
What are driving tools?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 113
- Word search puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Holding tools for demonstration
- Self-reflection checklist
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Actual driving tools
- Pictures of tools
- Digital devices
- Tool identification chart

- Written tests - Word search - Self-reflection - Practical assessment
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Tool identification

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Selecting tools for tasks
Driving tools - Uses of driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select driving tools for performing given tasks
- Explain factors to consider when selecting tools
- Value appropriate tool selection

- Study flashcards with tasks requiring driving tools
- Choose appropriate driving tool for each task
- Give reasons for tool selection
- Discuss nature of task and user safety

How do you select the right driving tool?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Various driving tools
- Task flashcards
- Selection criteria guide
- Reference materials
- Driving tools
- Pictures showing tool use
- Digital devices
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Written tests - Task analysis - Observation

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Uses continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain uses of punches and spanners
- Match tools to their uses
- Value proper tool application

- Discuss uses of punches (driving nails beyond surface)
- Discuss uses of spanners (loosening/tightening nuts and bolts)
- Watch videos on tool use
- Create table matching tools to uses

How are punches and spanners used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Safe use of driving tools
Driving tools - Practical use

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safe use of driving tools
- Demonstrate safety practices
- Show commitment to tool safety

- Use hammer to drive nails
- Use mallet to drive dowels
- Show competence in using driving tools

- Search for information on safe use of driving tools
- Discuss safety measures when using driving tools
- Create skit demonstrating safe tool use
-
- Practice using hammer to repair furniture
- Use mallet to drive dowels into wood pieces
- Use mallet to drive chisel while making mortise
- Observe safety precautions

How are driving tools used?
How do you use hammers and mallets?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches and spanners
- Digital devices
- Video tutorials
- Matching activity cards
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Hammers, mallets
- Nails, dowels, chisels
- Wood pieces
- Personal protective equipment

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Video analysis
- Practical work - Observation - Skills demonstration - Safety checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Practical use continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use punch to make holes
- Use screwdriver to tighten screws
- Value precision in tool use

- Use punch to make holes in wood or metal
- Use screwdriver to tighten loose screws
- Use spanner to tighten bolts
- Identify tasks that require driving tools

How do you use punches, screwdrivers and spanners?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Punches, screwdrivers, spanners
- Screws, bolts, nuts
- Wood and metal pieces
- PPE

- Practical work - Observation - Skills assessment - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Caring for driving tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Clean and maintain driving tools
- Store tools properly
- Appreciate importance of tool maintenance

- Study pictures showing tool care
- Clean residue from driving tools
- Check for loose parts and tighten them
- Store tools properly after use

How should driving tools be cared for?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Driving tools
- Cleaning materials
- Storage boxes
- Maintenance guide

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Checklist

Tools and Production

Driving tools - Importance and assessment
Project - Identifying problems in locality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of driving tools
- Complete crossword puzzle on tools
- Demonstrate understanding of driving tools

- Identify problems in locality that can be solved using Pre-Technical Studies skills
- Record problems observed
- Show interest in problem-solving

- Discuss importance of driving tools in daily life
- Complete crossword puzzle activity
- Review key concepts on driving tools
- Reflect on learning progress
- Tour different areas in locality with teacher
- Observe surroundings and activities
- Interact with people and ask about challenges
- Administer questionnaire on problems in locality

Why are driving tools important in daily life?
What problems exist in our locality?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 133
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Driving tools
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Questionnaires
- Recording devices (cameras, notebooks)
- Interview guide
- Permission letters

- Written tests - Crossword completion - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment
- Observation - Field notes - Questionnaire responses - Oral presentations

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying problems continued

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Record findings on problems identified
- Organize information about problems
- Value community engagement

- Record responses using table format
- Take photographs of areas visited (with permission)
- Note causes of problems
- Document attempted solutions

How can we document problems in the locality?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Cameras/smartphones
- Recording sheets
- Notebooks
- Data organization tools

- Field reports - Photographs - Organized data - Presentations

Tools and Production

Project - Selecting problem to solve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select a problem that can be solved using Pre-Technical Studies skills
- Justify problem selection
- Show critical thinking

- Identify skills learned in Pre-Technical Studies
- Discuss problems that can be solved using those skills
- Select one problem to tackle
- Describe how solving problem benefits community

Which problem can we solve using our skills?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Problem list from field visit
- Skills inventory
- Selection criteria
- Discussion materials

- Group discussions - Problem analysis - Oral presentations - Written justification

Tools and Production

Project - Presenting identified problem
Project - Searching for solutions
Project - Sketching selected item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create presentation about identified problem
- Present findings effectively
- Value clear communication

- Identify possible solutions to the problem
- Research items that can solve the problem
- Show research skills

- Use manila paper or presentation software
- Include: areas visited, problems identified, causes, selected problem, skills to be used
- Present to class
- Receive feedback
- Discuss how problem can be solved (handmade/digital items)
- Identify items that can solve the problem
- Use internet and textbooks to research solutions
- Record findings in table format

How can we present our findings effectively?
What items can solve the identified problem?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Manila paper/digital presentation tools
- Markers
- Projector (if available)
- Presentation rubrics
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Digital devices with internet
- Reference textbooks
- Research templates
- Recording sheets
- Drawing paper
- Pencils and erasers
- Digital devices
- Reference materials

- Presentations - Oral questions - Peer feedback - Assessment rubrics
- Research notes - Tables completed - Oral presentations - Written reports

Tools and Production

Project - Identifying materials and tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify materials needed for the project
- Identify tools required
- Value resource planning

- Research materials and tools needed
- Make comprehensive list
- Identify sources in community
- Prioritize locally available materials

What materials and tools do we need?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Research materials
- Digital devices
- Material catalogs
- List templates

- Materials list - Tools list - Source identification - Written reports

Tools and Production

Project - Collecting materials and tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Collect required materials from locality
- Assemble necessary tools
- Show resourcefulness

- Visit identified areas to collect materials
- Gather tools required for making item
- Ensure materials are safe and appropriate
- Store materials and tools safely

How can we gather project resources?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Collection containers
- Transportation means
- Permission letters
- Safety equipment

- Materials collected - Tools assembled - Storage organization - Safety compliance

Tools and Production

Project - Making the item (Part 1)
Project - Making the item (Part 2)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Begin making the designed item
- Follow safety procedures
- Show practical skills

- Continue making the item
- Apply skills learned in Pre-Technical Studies
- Value perseverance

- Put on appropriate safety gear
- Assemble materials and tools
- Inspect tools for good condition
- Begin following steps to make item
- Continue following steps to make item
- Seek help from teacher or expert when needed
- Apply appropriate techniques
- Monitor progress

How do we start making our project item?
How do we continue developing our project?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Collected materials
- Required tools
- Personal protective equipment
- Step-by-step guide
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Materials and tools
- PPE
- Expert assistance
- Progress checklist

- Practical work - Observation - Progress monitoring - Safety checklist
- Practical work - Skills demonstration - Progress assessment - Problem-solving

Tools and Production

Project - Making the item (Part 3)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Continue working on the project item
- Overcome challenges encountered
- Show determination

- Work on item following design specifications
- Address any challenges that arise
- Make adjustments as necessary
- Continue toward completion

How do we overcome project challenges?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Materials and tools
- PPE
- Problem-solving guides
- Teacher/expert support

- Practical work - Problem-solving - Progress monitoring - Oral questions

Tools and Production

Project - Making the item (Part 4)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Continue making the project item
- Refine work for quality
- Value quality workmanship

- Continue making the item
- Pay attention to details and quality
- Refine rough edges or imperfections
- Prepare for final stages

How can we ensure quality in our project?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Materials and tools
- PPE
- Quality checklist
- Finishing materials

- Practical work - Quality assessment - Observation - Progress review

Tools and Production

Project - Completing the item
Project - Estimating costs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Complete making the item
- Clean working area and tools
- Show responsibility

- Estimate cost of making the item
- Calculate selling price
- Show financial literacy

- Complete final steps in making item
- Add finishing touches
- Clean working area
- Clean and store tools properly
- List all expenses incurred in making item
- Calculate total cost
- Determine appropriate profit margin
- Calculate selling price (Cost + Profit)

How do we complete and finish our project?
How do we determine the price of our item?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Materials and tools
- Cleaning materials
- Storage facilities
- Finishing supplies
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Expense records
- Calculator
- Pricing formula
- Market research data

- Completed project - Cleanliness observation - Tool care assessment - Responsibility check
- Cost calculations - Price determination - Written reports - Oral explanations

Tools and Production

Project - Presenting the item

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Present completed item to class
- Explain how item solves the problem
- Value peer feedback

- Present item to whole class
- Describe problem it solves
- Explain making process
- Receive comments from classmates

How does our item solve the identified problem?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Completed project item
- Presentation materials
- Feedback forms
- Assessment rubrics

- Presentations - Peer feedback - Oral questions - Project assessment

Tools and Production

Project - Using item to solve problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use item to solve identified problem
- Evaluate effectiveness of solution
- Show problem-solving skills

- With teacher/parent/guardian help, use item in locality
- Observe how it addresses the problem
- Gather feedback from community
- Document effectiveness

How effective is our solution?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Project item
- Evaluation tools
- Feedback forms
- Documentation materials

- Practical application - Effectiveness evaluation - Community feedback - Written reports

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship

Project - Reflection and assessment
Project - Review and consolidation
Financial services - Financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Reflect on project experience
- Identify skills acquired
- Value project-based learning

- Identify financial institutions available in Kenya
- Give examples of financial institutions
- Show interest in financial services

- Share experiences from project work
- Discuss challenges faced and overcome
- Identify skills developed
- Complete self-reflection activities
- Study diagram showing types of financial institutions
- Identify examples of each type
- Name financial institutions in locality
- Use print or digital media to search for information

What did we learn from the project?
What are financial institutions?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 153
- Self-reflection checklist
- Project journals
- Assessment rubrics
- Feedback compilation
- Project documentation
- Completed items
- Reflection materials
- Celebration materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Pictures of banks and SACCOs
- Financial institution brochures
- Reference materials

- Self-reflection - Peer assessment - Portfolio review - Written reflection
- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - List completion

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Classification of financial institutions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify financial institutions as banking or non-banking
- Explain differences between classifications
- Appreciate financial sector organization

- Study learner's presentation on classification
- Discuss banking financial institutions
- Discuss non-banking financial institutions
- Complete table describing each classification

How are financial institutions classified in Kenya?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Classification chart
- Examples of institutions
- Digital devices
- Comparison table

- Written tests - Table completion - Oral questions - Discussions

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Services offered

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain services offered by banks
- Describe banking services
- Value financial literacy

- Search for information on services offered by banks
- Study case study on Mr. Mwakazi and his wife
- Discuss deposit acceptance, loans, money transfer
- Learn about investment and foreign exchange services

What services do banks offer?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Bank brochures
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Case study analysis - Discussions

Entrepreneurship
Government and business

Financial services - Services by other institutions
Reasons for government involvement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain services offered by insurance companies, micro-finance institutions and SACCOs
- Compare services of different institutions
- Appreciate diversity of financial services

- Explain reasons for government involvement in business
- Discuss benefits of government participation
- Appreciate government's economic role

- Discuss services offered by insurance companies
- Learn about micro-finance services
- Discuss SACCO services
- Create presentation on financial services
- Study pictures showing government services
- Brainstorm reasons for government involvement
- Discuss flashcards on government participation
- Give examples for each reason

What services do different financial institutions offer?
Why is the government involved in business?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Presentation materials
- Service comparison chart
- Manila paper
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public services
- Flashcards
- Digital devices
- Discussion guides

- Presentations - Written tests - Oral questions - Comparison charts
- Oral questions - Written tests - Presentations - Discussions