Foundation of Computer Studies

Evolution and Development of Computers - Influence of early computing devices on the evolution of electronic computers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the influence of early computing devices on the evolution of electronic computers
- Match early computing devices to their primary functions
- Relate the invention of early devices like the abacus and Pascaline to modern calculators and computers used today

- Use print or digital resources to search for information on ancient computing devices (abacus, Napier's bone, Pascaline, slide rule, difference engine, analytic engine, Jacquard loom)
- Discuss the functions of each early computing device
- Brainstorm on how early devices influenced the evolution of electronic computers

How did early computing devices such as the abacus and Pascaline influence the development of modern electronic computers?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts and posters

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Written assignments

Foundation of Computer Studies

Evolution and Development of Computers - Principal technologies that defined the development of computers
Evolution and Development of Computers - Generations of computers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the principal technologies that defined the development of computers
- Categorise principal technologies according to their features
- Connect the shift from vacuum tubes to transistors to the smaller, faster devices we use daily such as smartphones and laptops

- Use print or digital resources to search for information on the principal technologies (vacuum tubes, transistors, integrated circuits, large scale IC, very large scale IC)
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each technology
- Present findings in class

What role did principal technologies such as vacuum tubes and transistors play in shaping the size and speed of today's computers?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 5
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing principal technologies
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 7
- Video resources

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Written tests

Foundation of Computer Studies

Evolution and Development of Computers - Technological advancement in development of computers
Computer Organisation and Architecture - Functional organisation and architecture of a computer
Computer Organisation and Architecture - Relationships among the functional elements of a computer

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the technological advancements in the development of computers
- Share ideas on applications of computer technology in society
- Recognise how LED panels on highways display real-time traffic updates, weather alerts and emergency notifications that improve daily commuting

- Share ideas on technological advancements in computer development such as the importance of roadside LED panels for displaying dynamic information
- Discuss the impact of technological advancement on transport, communication and public safety
- Present findings in class

How has technological advancement in computers improved road safety and public communication through innovations like LED panels?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 10
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts and posters
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 12
- Charts showing Von Neumann architecture
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 19
- Video resources

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Questionnaires

Foundation of Computer Studies

Computer Organisation and Architecture - The fetch-execute cycle
Computer Organisation and Architecture - Modelling a computer architecture

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the stages of the fetch-execute cycle (fetch, decode, execute)
- Demonstrate the fetch-decode-execute cycle interaction with the CPU
- Relate the fetch-execute cycle to how a traffic light system reads sensor data and changes signals in a repeated sequence

- Watch a video on the fetch-execute cycle
- Discuss the stages: fetch, decode and execute
- Draw a diagram to show the fetch-decode-execute cycle and the interaction between CPU, registers and memory

What happens at each stage of the fetch-execute cycle and why is it important in computer processing?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 21
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Video resources
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 24
- Cardboard, coloured paper, string, beads, scissors, glue
- Markers and labels

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Written tests

Foundation of Computer Studies

Computer Organisation and Architecture - Importance of computer architecture in computing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of computer architecture in computing
- Identify appliances that use computer architecture in daily life
- Connect Von Neumann architecture to household devices such as microwave ovens, smart TVs, gaming consoles and modern cars

- Identify appliances that use computer architecture (PCs, smartphones, smart TVs, gaming consoles, washing machines, cars, traffic lights)
- Discuss how the fetch-execute cycle applies to these appliances
- Present ideas on the benefits of Von Neumann architecture in class

How is computer architecture applied in everyday appliances such as smart TVs, washing machines and traffic light systems?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 26
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts and posters

- Oral questions - Written tests - Questionnaires

Foundation of Computer Studies

Input and Output Devices - Types of input devices used in computer systems
Input and Output Devices - Types of output devices used in computer systems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the types of input devices used in computer systems
- Classify input devices according to their functions
- Identify input devices encountered daily such as keyboards on phones, touchscreens on ATMs and barcode scanners at supermarkets

- Discuss types of input devices (keying devices, pointing devices, scanning devices, voice input devices, touch screens, digitizers, digital cameras, QR code readers, sensors, drones, smart traffic lights)
- Visit a computer laboratory and identify various input devices
- Draw and label input devices

What are the different types of input devices and how do they enable users to enter data into a computer?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 29
- Digital resources
- Computer laboratory
- Charts and posters
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 33

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Checklists

Foundation of Computer Studies

Input and Output Devices - Methods of inputting and outputting information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss methods used to input data and output information from a computer
- Demonstrate how data is entered using different input devices
- Connect input methods to real-life actions such as typing a message on a phone, speaking to a voice assistant or scanning a ticket at the cinema

- Discuss methods of data input (keyboard input, pointing devices, touch input, voice input, scanners, biometric input, motion sensors)
- Discuss methods of information output (visual, hard copy, audio, tactile, electronic/digital)
- Watch a video on how traffic and surveillance cameras record and monitor traffic flow

What methods are used to enter data into and retrieve information from a computer system?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 36
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Video resources

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Written tests

Foundation of Computer Studies

Input and Output Devices - Applications of input and output devices in different areas

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the importance of using input and output devices in different areas
- Identify applications of input and output devices in various environments
- Relate the use of input and output devices to real scenarios like surveillance cameras at school gates, POS terminals in shops and navigation screens in cars

- Discuss the importance of input and output devices in different areas (home, roads, cars, ATMs, Point of Sale Terminals, businesses, communication, safety systems)
- Watch a video on how traffic and surveillance cameras enhance road safety
- Present findings in class

How are input and output devices applied in homes, roads, businesses and safety systems to improve efficiency and security?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 40
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Video resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Questionnaires

Foundation of Computer Studies

Input and Output Devices - Criteria for selecting input and output devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine the criteria for selecting input and output devices
- Develop a criterion for purchasing input and output devices
- Apply selection factors to real purchasing decisions such as choosing between an inkjet and laser printer for a school office

- Brainstorm factors to be considered when acquiring input and output devices (purpose, speed, compatibility, comfort, cost, durability, resolution, power consumption, portability)
- Read and discuss real-life purchasing scenarios
- Present criteria in class and get feedback

What factors should be considered when purchasing input and output devices for a school computer laboratory?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 43
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Rubrics - Written assignments

Foundation of Computer Studies

Input and Output Devices - Using input and output devices to perform tasks
Input and Output Devices - Advantages and disadvantages of QR codes and traditional barcodes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use input and output devices to perform various tasks
- Create a QR code and share information such as road safety warnings
- Relate QR code creation to how businesses use them for payments, menus and product information

- Type a paragraph using a keyboard, scan a document using a scanner or smartphone
- Use an online QR code generator to create a QR code with road safety information
- Share the QR code digitally or as a printed poster

How can input and output devices be used to create and share digital content such as QR codes for road safety awareness?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 45
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Online QR code generator
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 47
- Reference materials

- Observation schedules - Rubrics - Projects

Foundation of Computer Studies

Input and Output Devices - Technological advancement and reusing input and output devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Recognise the technological advancement of input and output devices
- Discuss how to reuse and recycle old input and output devices
- Link the advancement of sensors and cameras to real-life traffic management systems and smart city initiatives in Kenya

- Visit a computer user environment and identify advanced input/output devices (traffic cameras, surveillance cameras, speed sensors, smart traffic lights)
- Discuss how the devices work to enhance safety
- Create posters on how to reuse and recycle input and output devices
- Sensitise community members on reusing devices

How have input and output devices advanced technologically and how can old devices be reused responsibly?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 48
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts and posters

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Portfolios

Foundation of Computer Studies

Input and Output Devices - Field visit to a computer user environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify input and output devices in a computer user environment
- Match input and output devices to their uses
- Observe how devices like traffic cameras, speed sensors and weather sensors function at road intersections or institutions

- Visit a computer user environment and identify input/output devices (traffic cameras, surveillance cameras, speed sensors, weather sensors, smart traffic lights)
- Match input and output devices to their uses
- Consult a resource person on how input and output devices enhance road safety

How are input and output devices used in real-world environments such as traffic monitoring centres to enhance public safety?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 48
- Computer user environment
- Human resources (resource person)

- Observation schedules - Checklists - Anecdotal records

Foundation of Computer Studies

Computer Storage - Types of storage used in computer systems
Computer Storage - Types of RAM and ROM technology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the types of storage used in computer systems
- Categorise computer storage into primary and secondary
- Relate storage types to everyday devices such as the RAM in a phone that allows apps to run and the flash drive used to carry school assignments

- Brainstorm the types of storage devices used in computer systems
- Visit a school computer laboratory and observe different types of storage devices
- Discuss primary storage (RAM, ROM) and secondary storage (HDD, SSD, optical discs, USB flash drives, cloud storage)

How are the different types of computer storage used to store and retrieve data in everyday computing?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 49
- Digital resources
- Computer laboratory
- Storage devices (RAM, ROM, HDD, SSD, USB)
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 53
- Internet access
- Video resources

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Checklists

Foundation of Computer Studies

Computer Storage - Internal and external secondary storage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify secondary storage into internal and external categories
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of different types of secondary storage
- Relate secondary storage to daily use such as saving photos on a phone's SSD, carrying files on a USB flash drive or backing up documents on Google Drive

- Discuss and classify secondary storage into internal (HDD, SSD) and external (DVD/CD, Blu-ray disc, USB memory stick, removable hard drive)
- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each type
- Brainstorm the meaning of remote storage and give examples (Google Drive, OneDrive, Dropbox, iCloud)

What are the advantages and disadvantages of internal, external and remote storage for storing personal and school data?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 58
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Storage devices

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Rubrics

Foundation of Computer Studies

Computer Storage - Reading data from and writing data to computer storage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Read data from computer storage devices
- Write data to computer storage devices and transfer data using USB drives
- Perform storage tasks done in daily life such as saving a document to a flash drive, retrieving a photo from Google Drive or copying music from a laptop to a phone

- Save data on computer storage devices (SSD, HDD)
- Transfer data using USB flash drives between computers
- Retrieve data from remote storage (Google Drive)
- Store and retrieve data from optical discs (CD, DVD)

How do you save, transfer and retrieve data from different computer storage devices and remote storage platforms?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 63
- Digital resources
- Computer laboratory
- USB flash drives, optical discs

- Observation schedules - Rubrics - Practical assessment

Foundation of Computer Studies

Computer Storage - Criteria for selecting storage and safety of data

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the criteria used to select computer storage (capacity, portability, robustness, data security)
- Practise safety precautions when handling computer storage
- Apply storage selection factors to real decisions such as choosing between a flash drive and cloud storage for backing up exam revision notes

- Carry out a case study to compare types of computer storage in terms of capacities, portability, robustness and data security
- Debate the benefits of remote storage versus local computer storage
- Practise safety precautions when handling computer storage
- Develop content to educate community members on how to reuse computer storage devices

What criteria should guide the selection of a computer storage device and how can data safety be ensured?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 68
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Oral questions - Projects

Foundation of Computer Studies

Central Processing Unit - Structural elements of the CPU and their functions
Central Processing Unit - Types of CPUs according to instruction set (RISC vs CISC)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the structural elements of the CPU (ALU, control unit, registers, buses, cache)
- Relate structural elements of the CPU to their functions
- Compare the CPU to the human brain where the control unit acts like decision-making, the ALU performs calculations like mental arithmetic and registers hold short-term memory

- Brainstorm the structural elements of the CPU
- Watch a video simulation of the structural elements of the CPU
- Discuss the functions of the structural elements (ALU, control unit, registers, buses, cache)
- Draw a diagram to show the fetch-decode-execute cycle and the interaction between CPU, registers and memory

What are the structural elements of the CPU and how do they work together to process data and instructions?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 74
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Video resources
- Charts showing CPU structure
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 78
- Charts comparing RISC and CISC

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Checklists

Foundation of Computer Studies

Central Processing Unit - Types of CPUs according to word length (16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare types of CPU based on word length (16-bit, 32-bit, 64-bit)
- Classify CPUs by word length and identify their applications
- Relate word length to device performance such as how a 64-bit processor in a modern laptop handles large files and multitasking better than a 32-bit processor in an older PC

- Study charts on 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit CPUs
- Compare the three types in terms of memory addressing, performance and applications
- Complete a comparison table on CPU word lengths
- Use digital or print resources to search for more information

How does the word length of a CPU affect the memory capacity and processing speed of a computing device?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 79
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts comparing CPU word lengths

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Checklists

Foundation of Computer Studies

Central Processing Unit - Types of CPUs according to core design

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify CPUs by core design (single-core, dual-core, quad-core, hexa-core, octa-core, deca-core)
- Discuss factors to consider when selecting a CPU
- Connect core count to real-world performance such as how an octa-core processor in a gaming phone runs heavy games smoothly while a single-core processor struggles with basic multitasking

- Study pictures of CPUs with different core counts and identify them
- Discuss the features and applications of each core type
- Discuss factors to consider when selecting a CPU (performance, purpose, compatibility, power, cache, budget)
- Read and discuss real-life scenarios for CPU selection

How does the number of cores in a CPU affect its ability to multitask and handle demanding applications like gaming or video editing?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 81
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts and posters

- Oral questions - Written tests - Questionnaires

Foundation of Computer Studies

Operating System - Functions of an operating system
Operating System - Classifying operating systems by tasks, users and user interface

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the functions of an operating system in a computer
- Identify examples of operating systems (Windows, macOS, Linux, Android, iOS)
- Relate OS functions to everyday experiences such as how Android manages apps on a phone, allocates memory and displays the home screen interface

- Brainstorm the meaning of the term operating system and give examples
- Use print or digital media to search for the functions of the operating system
- Discuss OS functions (booting, resource management, user interface, memory management, I/O management, file management, process management, user management)

What are the main functions of an operating system and how do they enable a computer to work efficiently?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 87
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts and posters
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 91

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Written assignments

Foundation of Computer Studies

Operating System - Factors to consider when choosing an operating system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss the factors to consider when choosing an operating system
- Select the appropriate operating system for a given situation
- Apply selection factors to real decisions such as choosing Android for a phone, Windows for an office or Linux for a school server

- Discuss factors to consider when choosing an operating system (user interface, compatibility, performance, security, cost, support, scalability, stability, market share, number of users, number of tasks)
- Read scenarios and select appropriate operating systems for different situations
- Present summaries in class

What factors should a school consider when selecting an operating system for its computer laboratory?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 95
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Rubrics

Foundation of Computer Studies

Operating System - Installing a Windows operating system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the procedure for installing a Windows operating system
- Create Windows installation media using a USB drive
- Relate the installation process to real-life tasks such as setting up a new laptop purchased from a shop or restoring a school computer after a system crash

- Discuss the procedure to be followed when installing an operating system
- Watch a video on how to install Windows OS
- Create Windows installation media on a USB drive
- Follow step-by-step installation procedures: booting, partitioning, product key entry, edition selection

How is a Windows operating system installed on a new or existing computer using a USB installation media?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 97
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- USB flash drive (8GB+)
- Computer with internet access

- Observation schedules - Rubrics - Checklists

Foundation of Computer Studies

Operating System - Installing Ubuntu Linux operating system

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the procedure for installing Ubuntu Linux operating system
- Install Ubuntu Linux alongside or independently on a computer
- Recognise how dual-booting Ubuntu and Windows gives users flexibility similar to having two different tools for different jobs on the same machine

- Download Ubuntu ISO and create a bootable USB drive using Rufus or Etcher
- Follow step-by-step installation procedures: partitioning, bootloader (GRUB) installation, setting time zone, username and password
- Discuss the dual-boot option for installing Ubuntu alongside Windows

How is Ubuntu Linux installed on a computer and how does dual-booting allow users to choose between two operating systems?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 101
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- USB flash drive (8GB+)
- Computer

- Observation schedules - Rubrics - Checklists

Foundation of Computer Studies

Operating System - Using an operating system to manipulate files and folders on Windows
Operating System - Using an operating system to manipulate files and folders on Ubuntu Linux

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use Windows operating system to manipulate files and folders (create, rename, delete, restore, copy, move, backup)
- Perform file operations using File Explorer
- Apply file management skills to everyday tasks such as organising school assignments into folders, backing up photos to OneDrive or restoring accidentally deleted homework from the Recycle Bin

- Open File Explorer and navigate to desired locations
- Create files and folders, rename them, delete and restore from Recycle Bin
- Copy, move and backup files to external drives or cloud storage (OneDrive)
- Create compressed (zipped) folders for backup

How are files and folders created, renamed, copied, moved, deleted and restored using the Windows operating system?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 105
- Digital resources
- Computers with Windows OS
- USB flash drives
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 107
- Computers with Ubuntu Linux
- Internet access

- Observation schedules - Rubrics - Practical assessment

Foundation of Computer Studies

Operating System - How the OS handles errors, manages devices and allocates tasks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate the use of the OS in error handling, managing input/output and storage devices
- Use Task Manager and Disk Management tools to monitor and manage system resources
- Relate OS error handling to real situations such as the error message that appears when trying to eject a USB drive that is still in use or when a printer runs out of paper

- Watch a video on how OS handles errors and interrupts, manages devices and allocates tasks
- Demonstrate error handling on Windows (attempting protected file operations, resolving with admin rights)
- Use Device Manager to manage I/O devices and Task Manager to monitor performance
- Partition a drive using Disk Management and perform a backup

How does the operating system handle errors, manage connected devices and monitor system performance?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 109
- Digital resources
- Computers with Windows/Linux OS
- Internet access

- Observation schedules - Rubrics - Written tests

Foundation of Computer Studies

Operating System - Importance of operating systems in computing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Recognise the importance of operating systems in computing
- Share experiences on the importance of operating systems during clubs and societies
- Explain how without an OS, devices like phones, laptops and ATMs would be unusable since the OS manages everything from the screen display to app execution

- Discuss the importance of operating systems in computing (user interface support, resource management, hardware management)
- Share experiences on the importance of operating systems during technology clubs
- Answer progress assessment questions from the course book

Why are operating systems essential for the functioning of computing devices such as phones, laptops and ATMs?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 112
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Portfolios

Foundation of Computer Studies

Computer Setup - Types of ports and cables used in computers
Computer Setup - Relating cables to their corresponding ports

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the types of ports and cables used in computers
- Identify and describe the features of each cable and port type
- Recognise cables and ports encountered daily such as USB-C for phone charging, HDMI for connecting a laptop to a TV and Ethernet for wired internet at school

- Use digital or print resources to search for information on different cables and ports used in computer systems
- Discuss types of cables (parallel, serial, USB, FireWire, HDMI, VGA, audio, Ethernet) and ports (USB-A/B/C, HDMI, VGA, DVI, audio, Ethernet, DisplayPort, Thunderbolt, serial, parallel)
- Draw and label cables and ports

What are the different types of cables and ports used in computers and what is the function of each?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 113
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Charts showing cables and ports
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 117
- Cables and ports (physical samples)
- Charts

- Oral questions - Observation schedules - Written assignments

Foundation of Computer Studies

Computer Setup - Setting up a computer for use
Computer Setup - Safety precautions and reusing computer parts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Set up a computer for use by connecting all components correctly
- Assemble tools needed and follow proper procedures
- Apply setup skills to real situations such as setting up a desktop computer in a school office or connecting a new printer to a workstation

- Discuss and gather tools needed for setting up a computer (screwdriver, pliers, crimpers, power tester)
- Connect the monitor (VGA/HDMI), keyboard and mouse (USB), audio devices, internet (Ethernet), and power supply
- Switch on the computer and verify all components are working
- Connect a computer and use it to perform a task

What is the correct procedure for connecting all components and setting up a computer for use?

- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Cables, system unit, mouse, keyboard, monitor
- Screwdriver, pliers, crimpers
- Champion Computer Studies Grade 10 Learner's Book pg. 121
- Digital resources
- Charts and posters
- PPE (gloves, goggles)

- Observation schedules - Rubrics - Practical assessment