Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on raised platforms - Types of raised platforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of raised platforms used in performing tasks
- Describe the uses of different raised platforms
- Show interest in learning about raised platforms

- Walk around the school to explore types of raised platforms (ladders, trestles, steps, stands, mobile raised platforms, work benches, ramps)
- Brainstorm on the types of raised platforms used in day-to-day life
- Use print or digital media to search for information on types of raised platforms

What types of raised platforms are used in performing tasks?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Pictures and charts of raised platforms
- Actual raised platforms in school environment

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on raised platforms - Types of raised platforms
Safety on raised platforms - Risks associated with working on raised platforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how raised platforms help people perform tasks
- Classify raised platforms according to their uses
- Appreciate the role of raised platforms in different environments

- Study pictures showing people using different raised platforms
- Discuss how different types of raised platforms are being used
- Mention how raised platforms are used in the locality
- Visit various areas around school where raised platforms are used

How do raised platforms help people perform tasks safely?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Pictures of people using raised platforms
- Reference books
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 5
- Internet access
- Video clips on platform safety
- Pictures showing accidents

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on raised platforms - Safety practices when working on raised platforms
Safety on raised platforms - Importance of observing safety while working on raised platforms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ways of minimising risks when working on raised platforms
- Demonstrate safety practices for working on raised platforms
- Value the importance of observing safety measures

- Discuss ways of minimising risks related to working on raised platforms
- Study safety posters on working at heights
- Role-play safety practices for working on raised platforms
- Visit the locality to observe safety precautions taken when working on raised platforms

How can risks be minimised when working on raised platforms?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 7
- Safety posters
- Personal protective equipment
- Digital resources
- Raised platforms for demonstration
- Personal protective equipment (helmets, harnesses, gloves, boots)
- Safety nets
- Guardrails
- Manila paper and markers
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 10
- Pictures showing accidents
- Digital devices
- Manila paper for posters
- Reference materials

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions - Checklist

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Safety on raised platforms - Practical application and assessment
Safety on raised platforms - Review and consolidation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select appropriate raised platforms for given tasks
- Apply safety practices when working on raised platforms
- Demonstrate competence in safe use of raised platforms

- Identify tasks that require use of raised platforms
- Select appropriate raised platforms for specific tasks
- Demonstrate safe use of raised platforms
- Complete word search activity on raised platforms

How can you safely use raised platforms to perform tasks?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 1
- Various raised platforms
- Personal protective equipment
- Task cards
- Assessment rubrics
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Digital resources

- Practical work - Observation - Written tests - Self-assessment

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling hazardous substances - Hazardous substances found in the environment
Handling hazardous substances - Classification of hazardous substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify hazardous substances found in the environment
- Describe how hazardous substances can cause harm
- Show awareness of hazardous substances in the locality

- Explore the environment to identify hazardous substances
- Study pictures showing hazardous substances
- Use print or digital media to search for information on hazardous substances
- Watch video on hazardous substances

What are hazardous substances?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 18
- Digital devices
- Pictures of hazardous substances
- Video clips
- Samples of labeled hazardous substances
- Classification chart
- Pictures of different hazardous substances
- Manila paper
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling hazardous substances - Safe ways of handling hazardous substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safe ways of handling hazardous substances
- Explain the importance of reading labels and manuals
- Show commitment to safe handling practices

- Use print or digital media to search for information on safe ways of handling hazardous substances
- Discuss safe ways of handling hazardous substances
- Read and interpret instructions on labels of hazardous substances
- Study product labels with safety instructions

Why are hazardous substances labelled?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 18
- Product labels and manuals
- Digital devices
- Samples of labeled products
- Safety posters

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Checklist

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling hazardous substances - Safe ways of handling hazardous substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify safety symbols on product labels
- Interpret hazard statements and precautionary statements
- Apply knowledge of labels when handling hazardous substances

- Study and identify symbols on hazardous substance labels
- Discuss meaning of different safety symbols
- Interpret product labels (product identifier, signal words, hazard statements, precautionary statements)
- Create product labels for given substances

What information is found on product labels?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 18
- Various product labels
- Charts showing safety symbols
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral questions - Project

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling hazardous substances - Handling hazardous substances safely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate safe handling of hazardous substances
- Use personal protective equipment when handling hazardous substances
- Value the importance of safe handling practices

- Practice safe handling of poisonous, flammable and corrosive substances
- Role-play safe ways of handling hazardous substances
- Demonstrate wearing appropriate PPE
- Visit the locality to observe safe handling practices

How are hazardous substances handled safely?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 20
- Personal protective equipment
- Sample hazardous substances (properly sealed)
- Digital devices
- Role-play materials

- Practical work - Observation - Checklist - Oral questions

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling hazardous substances - Handling hazardous substances safely
Handling hazardous substances - Importance of observing safety

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain proper storage of hazardous substances
- Describe safe disposal methods for hazardous substances
- Show responsibility when handling hazardous substances

- Discuss proper storage of hazardous substances
- Learn about safe disposal methods (reduce, reuse, recycle)
- Visit workplaces to observe storage and disposal practices
- Practice safe handling procedures

How should hazardous substances be stored and disposed?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 20
- Storage containers
- Digital devices
- Video clips on disposal methods
- Reference materials
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 21
- Pictures showing accidents
- Word search puzzles
- Assessment tools

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling hazardous substances - Practical application and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify hazardous substances and their classifications
- Demonstrate safe handling of hazardous substances
- Apply safety measures when handling hazardous substances

- Identify and classify hazardous substances
- Demonstrate safe handling procedures
- Complete assessment activities
- Create safety posters on handling hazardous substances

How can you safely handle hazardous substances in your environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 18
- Various hazardous substances (sealed)
- PPE
- Assessment rubrics
- Manila paper

- Practical work - Written tests - Project - Self-assessment

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Handling hazardous substances - Review and consolidation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain classification and safe handling of hazardous substances
- Interpret safety information on product labels
- Show commitment to environmental safety

- Review key concepts on handling hazardous substances
- Discuss case scenarios on hazardous substance handling
- Complete assessment activities
- Reflect on learning progress

Why should we observe safety when handling hazardous substances?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 18
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Digital resources
- Product labels

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Checklist

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-exploration and career development - Ways of nurturing talents and abilities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ways of nurturing talents and abilities
- Identify personal talents and abilities
- Show interest in developing talents and abilities

- Discuss ways of nurturing talents and abilities
- Display talents and abilities through clubs and societies
- Brainstorm on how talents can be nurtured for business purposes
- Practice personal talents with peers

How are talents and abilities nurtured?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 38
- Digital devices
- Charts on talent development
- Reference materials
- Club and society materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical demonstration - Written assignments

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-exploration and career development - Career pathways in senior school
Self-exploration and career development - Career pathways and career opportunities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify career pathways offered in senior school
- Relate talents and abilities to career pathways
- Appreciate the importance of career pathways

- Use print or digital media to search for career pathways in senior school
- Make a list of talents and abilities and their corresponding career pathways
- Discuss career pathways (Arts and Sports Science, Social Sciences, STEM)
- Study pictures of learners demonstrating talents

What are the career pathways available in senior school?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 38
- Digital devices
- Career pathway charts
- Pictures of various careers
- Reference materials
- Resource person
- Career brochures
- Manila paper
- Career magazines

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical work - Observation

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-exploration and career development - Ethical and unethical practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical and unethical practices related to use of talents
- Analyse case scenarios on ethical and unethical practices
- Show commitment to ethical practices

- Read and discuss case scenarios on ethical and unethical practices
- Analyse ethical practices demonstrated by individuals
- Discuss unethical practices and their consequences
- Brainstorm on ethical use of talents and abilities

What are ethical and unethical practices in career development?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 38
- Case study materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Discussion guides

- Written tests - Oral questions - Group discussions - Case study analysis

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-exploration and career development - Choosing careers based on talents

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Choose a career based on talents and abilities
- Explain steps for choosing a career
- Value the importance of matching career to talents

- Study steps for choosing a career
- Assess personal skills and interests
- Choose a career based on personal talents and abilities
- Make presentations on career choices
- Complete crossword puzzle on careers

How can you choose a career based on your talents?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 38
- Career assessment tools
- Digital devices
- Crossword puzzles
- Presentation materials
- Career guides

- Presentations - Written tests - Oral questions - Self-assessment - Portfolio

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Self-exploration and career development - Review and consolidation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ways of nurturing talents and career pathways
- Analyse ethical practices in career development
- Make informed career choices based on talents

- Review key concepts on self-exploration and career development
- Complete word search activity on careers
- Discuss personal career choices
- Reflect on learning progress

Why is self-exploration important for career development?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 38
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Word search puzzles
- Digital resources

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Materials for Production

Wood - Classification according to physical characteristics
Wood - Classification and characteristics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify wood as softwood or hardwood
- Identify physical characteristics of different wood types
- Show interest in learning about wood

- Take a walk around school/community to identify trees
- Observe physical characteristics of each tree
- Use checklist to sort wood as softwood or hardwood
- Use print or digital media to search for types of wood

What are the types of wood available?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Wood samples
- Checklist
- Pictures of trees
- Comparison chart
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Checklist - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Conversion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of wood conversion
- Describe methods of wood conversion
- Show interest in wood preparation processes

- Visit a sawmill to observe wood conversion process
- Discuss the process of converting logs into timber
- Use print or digital media to search for conversion methods
- Study plain sawing and quarter sawing methods

Why are logs converted into timber?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Pictures of sawmills
- Diagrams showing conversion methods
- Video clips

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written assignments

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Conversion methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between plain sawing and quarter sawing
- Draw diagrams of conversion methods
- Value different wood preparation techniques

- Study diagrams of plain sawing method
- Study diagrams of quarter sawing method
- Discuss advantages of each method
- Draw images representing each conversion method

What are the methods of wood conversion?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Drawing paper
- Diagrams of conversion
- Wood samples showing different cuts
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Drawings - Oral questions - Written tests

Materials for Production

Wood - Preparation: Seasoning
Wood - Preparation: Seasoning methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of wood seasoning
- Describe methods of wood seasoning
- Appreciate the importance of seasoning wood

- Study images showing wood seasoning methods
- Discuss natural/air seasoning method
- Discuss artificial/kiln seasoning method
- Learn objectives of timber seasoning

How is wood seasoned?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of air seasoning
- Pictures of kiln
- Digital devices
- Video clips
- Comparison chart
- Pictures of seasoning facilities
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions

Materials for Production

Wood - Types and their uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Relate types of wood to their uses
- Explain uses of wood in different trades
- Value the importance of wood

- Brainstorm on uses of wood in the community
- Match wood types to their uses
- Study pictures showing items made of wood
- Discuss best wood types for different purposes

What are the uses of wood in the community?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Pictures of wood products
- Wood samples
- Matching activity cards
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching activity - Observation

Materials for Production

Wood - Uses in various trades

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify uses of wood in construction, furniture making, and other trades
- Create charts matching wood to uses
- Appreciate versatility of wood

- Use print or digital media to find uses of wood in trades
- Visit locality to explore uses of wood
- Discuss wood in construction, furniture, music, sports
- Create photomontage or chart showing uses

How is wood used in different trades?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Digital devices
- Manila paper
- Pictures from magazines
- Glue and scissors

- Charts/posters - Oral presentations - Written tests - Creativity assessment

Materials for Production

Wood - Importance in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of wood in daily life
- Discuss wood as renewable resource
- Show commitment to environmental conservation

- Name wooden items in environment
- Discuss importance of wood (fuel source, building material, decoration)
- Learn about carbon storage in wood
- Discuss sustainable use of wood

Why is wood important in our daily life?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Wooden items
- Digital devices
- Environmental conservation posters
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Environmental awareness

Materials for Production

Wood - Review and assessment
Handling waste materials - Waste materials in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify wood and explain preparation methods
- Relate wood types to their uses
- Demonstrate understanding of wood as material

- Complete crossword puzzle on wood
- Review key concepts on wood
- Discuss case scenarios on wood selection
- Reflect on learning progress

How is wood classified, prepared and used?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 83
- Crossword puzzles
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Wood samples
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Pictures of waste materials
- Garbage bags
- Gloves
- Digital devices

- Written tests - Crossword completion - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Types of waste

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe plastic, wood, glass, metal, electronic and construction waste
- Explain characteristics of each waste type
- Appreciate the need for proper waste management

- Identify waste materials in pictures (plastic, glass, metal, wood, electronic, construction)
- Discuss characteristics of each waste type
- Mention areas where each waste type is found
- Group waste materials by type

What are the types of waste materials?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Samples of waste materials
- Classification chart
- Digital devices
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Classification activity - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Safe ways of handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe safe ways of handling waste materials
- Explain reusing, recycling and composting
- Show commitment to proper waste handling

- Use print or digital media to search for safe handling methods
- Discuss safe ways of handling waste (reduce, reuse, recycle, compost, burn)
- Study pictures showing waste handling methods
- Read instructions on handling hazardous waste

How should waste materials be handled safely?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing waste handling
- Safety equipment
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - Discussions

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Reusing and recycling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain reusing waste materials
- Explain recycling waste materials
- Value waste as a resource

- Discuss examples of reusing waste (tins for storage, newspapers for wrapping)
- Discuss examples of recycling (paper to tissue, glass to bottles, iron to steel)
- Study pictures showing reused and recycled items
- Practice sorting waste for recycling

How can waste materials be reused and recycled?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Reusable waste items
- Recycled products
- Sorting bins
- Pictures

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions - Project

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Composting, burning and reducing
Handling waste materials - Disposing waste safely

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain composting organic waste
- Describe proper burning of waste
- Show understanding of waste reduction

- Learn about composting wood and organic waste into fertilizer
- Discuss safe burning of waste at high temperatures
- Discuss reducing waste by using resources efficiently
- Visit locality to observe waste handling practices

What are other methods of handling waste?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Compost bin
- Pictures of waste disposal
- Digital devices
- Safety equipment
- Personal protective equipment (gloves, masks, boots)
- Garbage bags/containers
- Soap and water
- Sorting bins

- Observation - Oral questions - Field notes - Written tests

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Need for proper handling

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of proper waste disposal
- Discuss benefits of waste management
- Embrace environmental responsibility

- Visit locality to learn about importance of waste management
- Discuss how proper disposal prevents contamination
- Learn about recycling reducing need for raw materials
- Discuss health benefits of proper waste management

Why is proper handling of waste materials important?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Digital devices
- Pictures showing clean environments
- Reference materials
- Community visit notes

- Oral questions - Written tests - Discussions - Field observations

Materials for Production

Handling waste materials - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify and classify waste materials
- Explain safe handling and disposal methods
- Demonstrate proper waste management

- Review key concepts on waste materials
- Complete assessment activities
- Discuss case scenarios on waste management
- Reflect on learning progress

How should waste materials be handled in the environment?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 93
- Assessment tools
- Self-reflection checklist
- Case study materials
- Waste samples

- Written tests - Oral questions - Self-reflection - Portfolio assessment

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Financial institutions in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify financial institutions available in Kenya
- Give examples of financial institutions
- Show interest in financial services

- Study diagram showing types of financial institutions
- Identify examples of each type
- Name financial institutions in locality
- Use print or digital media to search for information

What are financial institutions?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Pictures of banks and SACCOs
- Financial institution brochures
- Reference materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments - List completion

Entrepreneurship

Financial services - Classification of financial institutions
Financial services - Services offered

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify financial institutions as banking or non-banking
- Explain differences between classifications
- Appreciate financial sector organization

- Study learner's presentation on classification
- Discuss banking financial institutions
- Discuss non-banking financial institutions
- Complete table describing each classification

How are financial institutions classified in Kenya?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Classification chart
- Examples of institutions
- Digital devices
- Comparison table
- Case study materials
- Bank brochures
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Table completion - Oral questions - Discussions

Entrepreneurship
Government and business

Financial services - Services by other institutions
Reasons for government involvement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain services offered by insurance companies, micro-finance institutions and SACCOs
- Compare services of different institutions
- Appreciate diversity of financial services

- Discuss services offered by insurance companies
- Learn about micro-finance services
- Discuss SACCO services
- Create presentation on financial services

What services do different financial institutions offer?

- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 160
- Digital devices
- Presentation materials
- Service comparison chart
- Manila paper
- Spotlight Pre-Technical Studies Learner's Book Grade 9 pg. 169
- Pictures of public services
- Flashcards
- Discussion guides

- Presentations - Written tests - Oral questions - Comparison charts