Uniform Circular Motion

Angular Displacement and Angular Acceleration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define uniform circular motion and give examples; Define angular displacement and its unit (radian); Convert between degrees and radians; Derive the relationship s = rθ; Solve Example 1 from textbook

Q/A on linear motion concepts; Introduction to circular motion using real-life examples (merry-go-round, wheels, planets); Definition and demonstration of angular displacement; Mathematical relationship between arc length, radius and angle; Practical measurement of angles in radians; Solution of Example 1

Merry-go-round model or pictures; String and objects for circular motion; Protractors; Calculators; Charts showing degree-radian conversion; Measuring wheels

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 37-39

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Acceleration and 
Centripetal Force

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define angular velocity (ω) and its units; Derive the relationship v = rω; Calculate period (T) and frequency (f) of circular motion; Solve Examples 2(a) and 2(b) from textbook; Relate linear and angular quantities
Explain the need for centripetal force in circular motion; State factors affecting centripetal force (mass, speed, radius); Derive centripetal force formula F = mv²/r = mrω²; Perform Experiment 2.1 investigating F vs ω²; Solve Example 4 from textbook

Review of angular displacement through Q/A; Introduction to angular velocity concept; Mathematical derivation of v = rω relationship; Exploration of period and frequency relationships; Step-by-step solution of Examples 2(a) and 2(b); Practical demonstration using rotating objects; Group calculations involving different circular motions
Review of Newton's laws and centripetal acceleration; Introduction to centripetal force concept; Experimental investigation of factors affecting centripetal force; Performance of Experiment 2.1 - relationship between F and ω²; Data collection and analysis; Solution of Example 4; Discussion of practical implications

Stopwatch; Rotating objects (turntables, wheels); String and masses; Calculators; Formula charts; Examples from textbook; Measuring equipment
Vector diagrams; Rotating objects; Calculators; Charts showing acceleration derivation; Example 3 materials; Demonstration of circular motion with varying speeds
Metal pegs; Turntable and motor; Variable resistor; Dry cell; Metal ball and string; Spring balance; Clock; Graph paper; Calculators
Same apparatus as Experiment 2.1; Graph paper; Additional measuring equipment; Data recording tables; Calculators; Analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 38-40
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 42-47

Uniform Circular Motion

Different Cases of Uniform Circular Motion : Levelled and banked circular m

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain circular motion of cars on level roads; Understand role of friction in providing centripetal force; Describe banking of roads and its advantages; Derive critical speed for banked tracks; Explain aircraft banking principles

Review of centripetal force concepts; Analysis of car motion on circular bends; Discussion of friction as centripetal force; Introduction to banked roads and critical speed; Mathematical analysis of banking angles; Explanation of aircraft banking mechanisms; Problem-solving involving banking situations

Model cars and tracks; Inclined plane demonstrations; Charts showing banking principles; Calculators; Friction demonstration materials; Pictures of banked roads and aircraft
Model cyclists; Pendulum apparatus; String and masses; Force diagrams; Calculators; Example 5 materials; Protractors for angle measurement

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 47-50

Uniform Circular Motion

Motion in Vertical and horizontal circles 

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze forces in vertical circular motion; Understand variation of tension at different positions; Derive expressions for tension at top and bottom positions; Calculate minimum speed for vertical circular motion; Apply concepts to practical examples (bucket of water, loop-the-loop)

Review of circular motion in horizontal plane; Introduction to vertical circular motion; Force analysis at different positions in vertical circle; Mathematical derivation of tension variations; Discussion of minimum speed requirements; Practical examples and safety considerations; Problem-solving involving vertical motion

String and masses for vertical motion; Bucket and water (demonstration); Model loop-the-loop track; Force analysis charts; Safety equipment; Calculators
Centrifuge model or pictures; Separation demonstration materials; Satellite orbit charts; Calculators; Newton's gravitation materials; Model solar system

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 52-54

Floating and Sinking

Cause of Upthrust and Archimedes' Principle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why objects feel lighter in fluids; Define upthrust and identify its effects; Perform Experiment 3.1 investigating upthrust and weight of fluid displaced; Derive mathematical expression for upthrust using pressure concepts; Verify Archimedes' principle experimentally

Q/A on pressure in liquids; Introduction using steel ferry floating on water; Performance of Experiment 3.1 - relationship between upthrust and weight of displaced fluid; Mathematical derivation of upthrust U = ρVg; Analysis of experimental results; Discussion of pressure differences causing upthrust

Spring balance; Objects (stones); String; Eureka can; Beaker; Water; Measuring cylinder; Beam balance; Dense objects; Charts showing pressure variation
Balloons; Helium or hydrogen (if available); Objects of known density; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Different liquids for demonstration; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 58-63

Floating and Sinking

Law of Flotation and Applications
Relative Density Determination
Archimedes' Principle and Moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.2 investigating upthrust on floating objects; State the law of flotation; Explain the relationship between weight of object and weight of displaced fluid; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 involving floating objects; Apply law of flotation to balloons and ships
Perform Experiment 3.3 determining relative density using moments; Understand the principle of moments in relative density determination; Plot graphs of d₁ against d₂ and determine slopes; Apply moments method to determine relative density of liquids; Explain advantages of moments method over direct weighing

Q/A on Archimedes' principle; Performance of Experiment 3.2 - investigating floating objects; Analysis of experimental observations; Statement of law of flotation; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Discussion of applications in balloons, ships, and everyday objects
Q/A on relative density calculations; Setup and performance of Experiment 3.3 - relative density using moments; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of graph slopes and their significance; Application to liquids determination; Discussion of method advantages and accuracy

Test tubes; Sand; Measuring cylinder; Water; Balance; Floating objects; Examples from textbook; Calculators; Model boats; Balloon demonstrations
Spring balance; Various solid objects; Different liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of unknown density; Data recording sheets
Metre rule; Clamps and stands; Solid objects; Metal blocks; Water and other liquids; Graph paper; Calculators; Data recording tables; Balance setup materials
Hydrometer (if available); Different density liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Charts showing hydrometer types; Battery acid hydrometer demonstration

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 64-69
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 71-74

Floating and Sinking

Applications of Law of Flotation and Archimedes Principle -hydro meters, Ships, Submarines, and Balloons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how steel ships float on water; Describe working principle of submarines; Understand how balloons achieve lift and control altitude; Analyze the role of displaced fluid in each application; Apply principles to solve practical problems involving floating vessels

Q/A on hydrometer applications; Analysis of ship design and floating principles; Detailed study of submarine operation and ballast tanks; Exploration of balloon physics and gas density effects; Discussion of load limits and stability; Problem-solving involving practical floating applications

Model ships and submarines; Balloon demonstrations; Charts showing ship cross-sections; Submarine ballast tank models; Different density materials; Calculators; Application examples
Ray box; Various convex and concave lenses; White screen; Plane mirror; Card with parallel slits; Sunlight or strong lamp
Various lenses; Rulers; Graph paper; Ray boxes; Charts showing lens terminology; Drawing materials; Laser pointers (if available)

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 77

Thin Lenses

Image Formation by Converging Lenses
Image Formation by Diverging Lenses and Linear Magnification
The Lens Formula
Determination of Focal Length I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Locate images for different object positions using ray diagrams; Describe image characteristics (real/virtual, erect/inverted, magnified/diminished); Explain applications in telescope, camera, projector and magnifying glass; Understand relationship between object position and image properties

Review of ray construction rules; Systematic ray diagram construction for objects at infinity, beyond 2F, at 2F, between F and 2F, at F, and between F and lens; Analysis of image characteristics for each position; Discussion of practical applications; Demonstration using lens, object and screen

Converging lenses; Objects; White screen; Metre rule; Candle; Graph paper; Charts showing applications; Camera (if available)
Diverging lenses; Graph paper; Rulers; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of known heights; Measuring equipment
Mathematical instruments; Charts showing derivation; Calculators; Worked examples; Sign convention chart; Practice worksheets
Converging lenses; Lens holders; Metre rule; White screen; Distant objects; Plane mirror; Pins; Cork; Glass rod; Light source; Cardboard with cross-wires

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 8-12

Thin Lenses

Determination of Focal Length II
Power of Lens and Simple Microscope
Compound Microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Determine focal length using lens formula method (Experiment 1.4); Plot and analyze 1/u vs 1/v graphs; Determine focal length from displacement method (Experiment 1.5); Solve Examples 8, 9, and 10 involving graphical methods

Review of previous focal length methods; Setup and performance of Experiment 1.4; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of Examples 8-10; Introduction to displacement method and conjugate points; Practical work with different graphical approaches

Experimental setup materials; Graph paper; Calculators; Data tables; Examples 8-10 from textbook; Materials for displacement method
Various lenses of different focal lengths; Magnifying glasses; Small objects; Calculators; Power calculation charts; Small print materials; Biological specimens
Compound microscope; Charts showing microscope structure; Lenses representing objective and eyepiece; Calculators; Example 11 from textbook; Ray tracing materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 19-25

Thin Lenses
Thin Lenses
Electromagnetic Spectrum

The Human Eye
Defects of Vision
The Camera and Applications Review
Introduction and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure of human eye and functions of each part; Explain accommodation process and role of ciliary muscles; Define near point and far point; Understand how eye focuses at different distances; Compare eye structure with camera
Describe camera structure and working principles; Explain functions of camera lens, shutter, aperture, and film; Compare camera with human eye highlighting similarities and differences; Review all applications of lenses in optical instruments

Introduction to human eye as natural optical instrument; Detailed study of eye structure using charts/models; Demonstration of accommodation using flexible lens model; Practical measurement of near and far points; Comparison table of eye vs camera similarities and differences
Review of optical instruments studied; Analysis of camera components and their functions; Detailed comparison of camera and eye; Discussion of focusing mechanisms; Comprehensive review of lens applications in telescope, microscope, camera, spectacles, and magnifying glass

Charts/models of human eye; Torch for demonstrations; Eye model with flexible lens; Objects at various distances; Measuring equipment; Camera comparison charts
Charts showing vision defects; Converging and diverging lenses; Eye models; Spectacles with different lenses; Vision test materials; Ray diagram materials
Camera (if available); Charts showing camera structure; Comparison tables; Review charts of all applications; Summary materials; Demonstration equipment
Electromagnetic spectrum charts; Wave demonstration materials; Calculators; Radio; Mobile phone; Examples from textbook; Charts showing wave properties

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 30-32
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 33-35

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I
Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain production of gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation; Describe detection methods for high-energy radiations; Understand energy transitions in atoms and nuclei; Relate wave energy to frequency using E = hf; Solve Example 3 involving X-ray calculations

Review of electromagnetic properties through Q/A; Study of high-energy radiation production mechanisms; Analysis of detection methods (photographic plates, G-M tubes, fluorescent materials); Discussion of atomic and nuclear energy changes; Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Safety considerations for high-energy radiations

Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations
Infrared sources (heaters); Thermometer with blackened bulb; Radio receivers; Microwave oven (demonstration); Oscillating circuit models; Various electromagnetic sources

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves I
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe medical applications of gamma rays and X-rays; Explain industrial uses of high-energy radiations; Understand applications in sterilization and cancer therapy; Discuss X-ray photography and crystallography; Analyze benefits and limitations of high-energy radiation applications

Review of radiation properties and production; Detailed study of gamma ray applications (sterilization, cancer treatment, flaw detection); Analysis of X-ray applications (medical photography, security, crystallography); Discussion of controlled radiation exposure; Examination of X-ray photographs and medical applications

X-ray photographs; Medical imaging examples; Industrial radiography charts; Cancer treatment information; Sterilization process diagrams; Safety protocol charts
UV lamp demonstrations; Optical fiber samples; Infrared thermometer; Microwave oven (demonstration); Radio equipment; Remote controls; Radar images; Communication devices

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-84

Electromagnetic Spectrum
Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube

Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking
Hazards and Safety Considerations
Thermionic Emission

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain principles of radar (radio detection and ranging); Describe microwave oven operation and safety features; Understand reflection and detection in radar systems; Explain how microwaves heat food molecules; Apply wave principles to practical technologies

Review of microwave and radio wave properties; Detailed analysis of radar operation and applications; Study of microwave oven components (magnetron, stirrer, safety features); Discussion of wave reflection and detection principles; Analysis of molecular heating mechanisms; Safety considerations and precautions

Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples
Radiation hazard charts; Safety equipment demonstrations; Chernobyl disaster information; Biological effect diagrams; Safety protocol materials; Radiation protection examples
Simple thermionic emission apparatus
Low voltage power supply (6V)
Milliammeter
Evacuated glass bulb
Heated filament
Charts showing electron emission

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 84-85

Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube
Cathode Rays and Cathode Ray Tube
X-Rays

Production and Properties of Cathode Rays
Structure of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope
CRO Controls and Operation
CRO as a Voltmeter
Frequency Measurement using CRO
The Television Tube
Problem Solving and Applications
Production of X-Rays

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe how cathode rays are produced
State the properties of cathode rays
Explain evidence that cathode rays are streams of electrons
Demonstrate properties using simple experiments

Measure frequency of AC signals using CRO
Calculate period and frequency from CRO traces
Apply the relationship f = 1/T
Determine peak voltage of AC signals

Review of thermionic emission
Description of cathode ray tube construction
Demonstration of cathode ray properties
Experiments showing straight line travel and shadow formation
Discussion on deflection by electric and magnetic fields
Review of voltage measurement with CRO
Demonstration of AC signal display on CRO
Measurement of wavelength and period
Calculation of frequency from time base setting
Practice problems on frequency determination

Cathode ray tube (simple)
High voltage supply (EHT)
Fluorescent screen
Maltese cross or opaque object
Bar magnets
Charged plates
CRO (demonstration model)
Charts showing CRO structure
Diagrams of electron gun
Models of deflection plates
High voltage power supply
Working CRO
Signal generator
Connecting leads
Various input signals
Time base control charts
Oscilloscope manual
DC power supplies
AC signal sources
Digital voltmeter
Graph paper
Calculators
Working CRO with time base
Audio frequency generator
Connecting leads
Graph paper for measurements
Calculators
Stop watch
TV tube (demonstration model)
Deflection coils
TV receiver (old CRT type)
Charts comparing TV and CRO
Color TV tube diagram
Problem-solving worksheets
Sample CRO traces
Past examination questions
Graph paper
Reference materials
Charts showing X-ray tube structure
Diagram of X-ray production process
Models of rotating anode
Pictures of medical X-ray equipment
Video clips of X-ray tube operation

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 131-133
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 139-141

X-Rays

Properties of X-Rays and Energy Concepts
Hard and Soft X-Rays
Uses of X-Rays in Medicine and Industry
Dangers of X-Rays and Safety Precautions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

State the properties of X-rays
Explain X-rays as electromagnetic radiation
Calculate the energy of X-rays using E = hf
Relate X-ray energy to accelerating voltage

Review of X-ray production
Demonstration of X-ray properties using simulations
Calculation of X-ray energy and frequency
Problem-solving on energy-voltage relationships
Comparison with other electromagnetic radiations

Calculators
Electromagnetic spectrum chart
Energy calculation worksheets
Constants and formulae charts
Sample X-ray images
Comparison charts of hard vs soft X-rays
Penetration demonstration materials
Voltage control diagrams
Medical X-ray examples
Industrial X-ray applications
Medical X-ray images
CT scan pictures
Industrial radiography examples
Crystal diffraction patterns
Airport security equipment photos
Charts of various X-ray applications
Safety equipment samples (lead aprons)
Radiation warning signs
Pictures of X-ray protection facilities
Dosimeter badges
Charts showing radiation effects
Safety protocol posters

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 145-147

X-Rays
Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect
Photoelectric Effect

Problem Solving and Applications Review
Demonstration and Introduction to Photoelectric Effect
Light Energy and Quantum Theory
Einstein's Photoelectric Equation and Work Function

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Solve numerical problems involving X-ray energy and wavelength
Apply X-ray principles to practical situations
Calculate minimum wavelength of X-rays
Evaluate advantages and limitations of X-ray technology

Review of all X-ray concepts
Problem-solving sessions on energy calculations
Analysis of real-world X-ray applications
Discussion on modern developments in X-ray technology
Assessment and evaluation exercises

Calculators
Problem-solving worksheets
Past examination questions
Real X-ray case studies
Modern X-ray technology articles
Assessment materials
UV lamp (mercury vapor)
Zinc plate
Gold leaf electroscope
Glass barrier
Metal plates
Galvanometer
Connecting wires
Electromagnetic spectrum chart
Planck's constant reference
Worked example sheets
Wave equation materials
Color filters
Work function data table
Einstein's equation reference
Metal samples (theoretical)
Energy level diagrams

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 144-149

Photoelectric Effect

Factors Affecting Photoelectric Effect
Applications of Photoelectric Effect
Problem Solving and Applications Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain how intensity affects photoelectric emission
Describe the relationship between frequency and kinetic energy
Analyze the effect of different metal types
Interpret graphs of stopping potential vs frequency

Review of Einstein's equation applications
Experimental analysis of intensity effects
Investigation of frequency-energy relationships
Interpretation of stopping potential graphs
Calculation of Planck's constant from experimental data

Experimental setup diagrams
Graph paper
Stopping potential data
Frequency vs energy graphs
Different metal characteristics
Calculators
Photoemissive cell samples
Light-dependent resistor (LDR)
Solar panel demonstration
Application circuit diagrams
Conveyor belt counting model
Burglar alarm circuit
Comprehensive problem sets
Past examination questions
Constants and formulae sheets
Assessment materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 156-160

Electromagnetic Induction

Introduction and Historical Background
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Straight Conductor
Conditions for Electromagnetic Induction - Coils
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Rate of Change

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electromagnetic induction and its significance; Explain Faraday's discovery and its impact on modern technology; Understand the relationship between magnetism and electricity; Identify examples of electromagnetic induction in daily life; Appreciate the importance of relative motion in electromagnetic phenomena
Perform Experiment 5.1 using coils; Compare induction effects in straight conductors vs coils; Observe effects of magnet movement into and out of coils; Understand flux linkage concept; Analyze why coils are more effective than single conductors

Q/A on magnetic fields and electric current relationships from previous studies; Introduction to Michael Faraday's discovery and its historical significance; Discussion of electromagnetic induction examples in daily life (generators, transformers, motors); Overview of chapter content and learning objectives; Introduction to practical applications in power generation and electronics
Continuation of Experiment 5.1 using coil instead of straight conductor; Investigation of magnet movement into coil, out of coil, and stationary positions; Comparison of deflection magnitudes between straight conductor and coil setups; Analysis of why coils produce larger induced e.m.f.; Discussion of magnetic flux and flux linkage concepts

Charts showing Faraday's experiments; Pictures of power stations; Transformers; Generators; Historical timeline of electromagnetic discoveries; Real-world applications display
Thick electric conductor; U-shaped magnet; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Clamp and stand setup; Data recording sheets
Coils of different sizes; Magnets of various strengths; Galvanometer; Connecting wires; Comparison data sheets
Coil of at least 50 turns; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Stopwatch; Data collection tables; Graph paper for analysis

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 86
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 87-88

Electromagnetic Induction

Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Magnetic Field Strength
Factors Affecting Induced E.M.F. - Number of Turns

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.3 investigating magnetic field strength effects; Understand relationship between field strength and induced e.m.f.; Control variables in electromagnetic experiments; Use electromagnets to vary field strength; Apply experimental findings to solve problems

Performance of Experiment 5.3 investigating relationship between magnetic field strength and induced e.m.f.; Setup of electromagnet with variable current control; Investigation of wire PQ movement in different field strengths; Recording galvanometer deflections for different electromagnet currents; Analysis of results and relationship establishment

U-shaped electromagnet; Variable resistor; Wire PQ; Galvanometer; Ammeter; Connecting wires; Power supply; Data recording materials
Insulated copper wire; Sensitive galvanometer; Magnet; Connecting wires; Wire cutting and measuring tools; Data analysis sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 89

Electromagnetic Induction

Lenz's Law and Direction of Induced Current
Fleming's Right-Hand Rule

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 5.5 determining direction of induced current; State Lenz's law and explain its significance; Understand energy conservation in electromagnetic induction; Predict current direction using Lenz's law; Relate Lenz's law to conservation of energy principle

Performance of Experiment 5.5(a) establishing galvanometer deflection direction; Performance of Experiment 5.5(b) investigating induced current direction with magnet movement; Analysis of current directions and magnetic pole formation; Statement and explanation of Lenz's law; Discussion of energy conservation and opposition principle; Practice in predicting current directions

Variable resistor; Sensitive center-zero galvanometer; Connecting wires; Coil; Magnet; Switch; Battery; Direction analysis charts
U-shaped magnet; Thick wire AB; Marked center-zero galvanometer; Hand models for rule demonstration; Example 1 setup materials; Direction analysis worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 90-93

Electromagnetic Induction

Applications of Induction Laws
Mutual Induction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Solve Examples 2 and 3 involving current direction; Apply Lenz's law to predict current directions in circuits; Understand induced current effects in neighboring circuits; Analyze changing magnetic fields and their effects; Use both Fleming's rule and Lenz's law in problem solving

Q/A review of Fleming's rule and Lenz's law; Step-by-step solution of Example 2 (current in conductor AB affecting nearby loop); Detailed analysis of Example 3 (magnet movement and coil current direction); Practice problems involving current direction prediction; Group work on applying both laws to various scenarios; Discussion of consistency between different methods

Examples 2 and 3 setup materials; Problem-solving worksheets; Charts showing current direction analysis; Group work materials; Calculators
Two coils P and S; Galvanometer; Battery; A.C. power source; Switch; Rheostat; Connecting wires; Soft iron rod; Soft iron ring; Enhancement demonstration materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 94-97

Electromagnetic Induction

Transformers - Basic Principles
Transformer Equations and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe transformer structure and components; Explain working principle based on mutual induction; Perform Experiment 5.10 investigating secondary e.m.f. variation; Understand primary and secondary coil functions; Distinguish between step-up and step-down transformers

Review of mutual induction through Q/A; Introduction to transformer structure (primary coil, secondary coil, iron core); Performance of Experiment 5.10 - variation of secondary e.m.f. with number of turns; Observation of bulb brightness changes with turn variations; Analysis of step-up vs step-down transformer characteristics; Introduction to transformer symbols and representations

Long insulated copper wire; Soft iron rod; Low frequency A.C. source; A.C. voltmeter; Switch; Bulb; Transformer construction materials; Symbol charts
Calculators; Examples 4 and 5 materials; Mathematical derivation charts; Efficiency calculation worksheets; Transformer specification data

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 100-102

Electromagnetic Induction
Mains Electricity

Transformer Energy Losses and Example 6
Applications - Generators, Microphones, and Induction Coils
Sources of Mains Electricity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify four main energy losses in transformers; Explain methods to minimize each type of energy loss; Understand lamination and its purpose; Solve Example 6 involving power transmission system; Calculate efficiency and power losses in practical systems

Review of ideal transformer equations; Analysis of energy losses (flux leakage, copper losses, eddy currents, hysteresis loss); Study of loss minimization techniques including core lamination; Discussion of practical transformer efficiency; Step-by-step solution of Example 6 (complex power transmission system); Analysis of step-up and step-down transformer roles

Charts showing energy losses; Laminated core samples; Example 6 complex setup; Power transmission diagrams; Efficiency calculation materials; Loss minimization demonstration aids
A.C. generator model; D.C. generator model; Moving-coil microphone demonstration; Induction coil setup; Output waveform charts; Slip ring and commutator comparisons; Bicycle dynamo
Pictures of power stations
Charts showing different energy sources
Videos of power generation
Maps of Kenya's power grid
Sample coal, biomass materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 105-108

Mains Electricity
Mains Electricity
Radioactivity

The Grid System and Power Transmission
High Voltage Transmission and Power Losses
Domestic Wiring System
Fuses, Circuit Breakers and Safety Devices
Ring Mains Circuit and Three-Pin Plugs
Electrical Energy Consumption and Costing
Problem Solving and Applications
Atomic Structure and Nuclear Notation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define the national grid system
Explain the need for interconnected power stations
Describe high voltage transmission
State the voltage levels in power transmission

Describe the ring mains circuit
Explain advantages of ring mains system
Wire a three-pin plug correctly
Identify wire color coding in electrical systems

Q&A on previous lesson
Drawing and labeling the grid system
Discussion on power transmission in Kenya
Explaining voltage step-up process
Problem-solving on power transmission
Q&A on fuses and safety devices
Drawing ring mains circuit diagrams
Practical wiring of three-pin plugs
Color coding identification exercise
Safety demonstration with earthing

Chart of national grid system
Transmission line models
Maps showing power lines
Transformer models
Voltage measurement devices
Calculators
Worked example sheets
Pictures of transmission towers
Safety warning signs
Formula charts
House wiring components
Fuse box model
Different types of fuses
Electrical cables (samples)
Circuit diagrams
Multimeter
Various fuses (2A, 5A, 13A)
Circuit breakers
Fuse wire samples
Electrical appliances
Safety equipment samples
Three-pin plugs
Electrical cables
Wire strippers
Screwdrivers
Ring mains circuit model
Color-coded wires
Calculators
Sample electricity bills
Electrical appliances with ratings
Stop watches
Energy meter model
Formula charts
Problem sheets
Past examination questions
Real electricity bills
Energy conservation charts
Atomic structure models
Periodic table
Nuclear notation examples
Isotope charts
Atomic structure diagrams
Element samples (safe)

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 117-118
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 124-125

Radioactivity

Nuclear Stability and Discovery of Radioactivity
Types of Radiations
Alpha and Beta Decay Processes
Penetrating Power of Radiations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain nuclear stability and instability
Describe Becquerel's discovery of radioactivity
Interpret the stability curve (N vs Z graph)
Identify conditions for radioactive decay

Review of atomic structure concepts
Historical account of radioactivity discovery
Analysis of nuclear stability curve
Discussion on neutron-to-proton ratios
Explanation of why some nuclei are unstable

Historical pictures of scientists
Stability curve graph
Nuclear stability charts
Uranium compound samples (pictures)
Photographic plate demonstrations
Magnetic field demonstration setup
Radiation source (simulation)
Lead box model
Nuclear equation examples
Property comparison charts
Deflection diagrams
Nuclear equation worksheets
Decay chain diagrams
Calculators
Periodic table
Practice problem sets
Worked examples
Absorber materials (paper, aluminum, lead)
Radiation detector simulation
Absorption curve graphs
Range measurement diagrams
Safety equipment models
Penetration demonstration setup

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 166-168

Radioactivity

Ionising Effects of Radiations
Radiation Detectors - Photographic Emulsions and Cloud Chambers
Geiger-Muller Tube and Background Radiation
Decay Law and Mathematical Treatment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain how radiations cause ionization
Compare ionizing abilities of different radiations
Relate ionization to radiation energy and speed
Describe applications of ionization effects

Review of penetrating power concepts
Explanation of ionization process
Comparison of ionizing powers of alpha, beta, and gamma
Discussion on relationship between ionization and energy loss
Analysis of ionization applications

Ionization chamber models
Ion formation diagrams
Comparison charts of ionizing power
Air molecule models
Energy transfer illustrations
Ionization applications examples
Photographic film samples
Cloud chamber diagrams
Track pattern examples
Dry ice demonstration setup
Alcohol vapor materials
Detection comparison charts
G-M tube model/diagram
High voltage supply diagrams
Pulse amplification illustrations
Background radiation source charts
Count rate measurement examples
Cosmic ray detection materials
Mathematical formula charts
Decay curve examples
Calculators
Exponential function graphs
Statistical concepts illustrations
Decay constant calculations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 172

Radioactivity

Half-life Calculations and Applications
Applications of Radioactivity - Carbon Dating and Medicine

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define half-life of radioactive materials
Calculate half-life from experimental data
Use half-life in decay calculations
Plot and interpret decay graphs

Review of decay law and mathematical concepts
Explanation of half-life concept with examples
Practice calculations using half-life formula
Graph plotting and interpretation exercises
Problem-solving with half-life applications

Graph paper
Calculators
Half-life data tables
Decay curve examples
Sample calculation problems
Radioactive material half-life charts
Carbon dating examples
Archaeological samples (pictures)
Medical radioisotope charts
Gamma ray therapy illustrations
Dating calculation worksheets
Medical application diagrams

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 178-181

Radioactivity

Industrial and Agricultural Applications
Hazards of Radiation and Safety Precautions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe industrial uses of radioactivity
Explain thickness gauging and flaw detection
Analyze agricultural applications with tracers
Evaluate leak detection methods

Review of medical applications
Explanation of industrial thickness measurement
Description of weld testing and flaw detection
Discussion on radioactive tracers in agriculture
Analysis of pipe leak detection methods

Industrial thickness gauge models
Flaw detection examples
Tracer experiment diagrams
Agricultural application charts
Leak detection illustrations
Industrial radiography samples
Safety equipment samples
Radiation warning signs
Protective clothing examples
Lead shielding materials
Dosimeter badges
Safety protocol posters

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 181-182

Radioactivity
Radioactivity
Electronics
Electronics

Nuclear Fission Process and Chain Reactions
Nuclear Fusion and Energy Applications
Comprehensive Review and Problem Solving
Introduction to Electronics and Energy Band Theory
Conductors, Semiconductors, and Insulators

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define nuclear fission
Describe the fission of uranium-235
Explain chain reactions and critical mass
Analyze energy release in nuclear fission

Solve complex radioactivity problems
Apply all radioactivity concepts to practical situations
Analyze examination-type questions
Evaluate nuclear technology benefits and risks

Review of radiation safety concepts
Explanation of nuclear fission mechanism
Description of uranium-235 bombardment and splitting
Analysis of chain reaction development
Discussion on controlled vs uncontrolled reactions
Comprehensive review of all chapter concepts
Problem-solving sessions covering decay, half-life, and applications
Analysis of nuclear equations and calculations
Discussion on future of nuclear technology
Assessment and evaluation exercises

Nuclear fission diagrams
Chain reaction illustrations
Uranium nucleus models
Neutron bombardment demonstrations
Energy release calculations
Nuclear reactor pictures
Nuclear fusion reaction diagrams
Stellar fusion illustrations
Fusion reactor concepts
Energy comparison charts
Temperature and pressure requirement data
Fusion research pictures
Calculators
Comprehensive problem sets
Past examination questions
Nuclear data tables
Assessment materials
Reference books
Electronic devices samples
Energy level diagrams
Band theory charts
Atomic structure models
Crystal lattice illustrations
Energy band comparison charts
Material samples (metals, semiconductors, insulators)
Energy band diagrams for each type
Conductivity measurement setup
Temperature effect illustrations
Comparison charts
Multimeter for resistance testing

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 183-184
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 166-184

Electronics

Intrinsic Semiconductors and Crystal Structure
Doping Process and Extrinsic Semiconductors
n-type Semiconductors
p-type Semiconductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Define intrinsic semiconductors
Describe silicon and germanium crystal structures
Explain covalent bonding in semiconductor crystals
Analyze electron-hole pair formation

Q&A on material classification
Examination of silicon crystal structure
Drawing covalent bonding diagrams
Explanation of electron-hole pair creation
Analysis of temperature effects on intrinsic semiconductors

Silicon crystal models
Covalent bonding diagrams
Semiconductor samples
Crystal lattice structures
Electron-hole illustrations
Temperature demonstration materials
Doping process diagrams
Pure vs doped semiconductor samples
Impurity atom models
Conductivity comparison charts
Doping concentration illustrations
Electronic structure diagrams
n-type semiconductor models
Pentavalent atom diagrams
Charge carrier illustrations
Donor atom examples (phosphorus, arsenic)
Majority/minority carrier charts
Crystal structure with impurities
p-type semiconductor models
Trivalent atom diagrams
Hole formation illustrations
Acceptor atom examples (boron, gallium)
Comparison charts
Crystal structure with acceptor atoms

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 189-190

Electronics

Fixed Ions and Charge Carrier Movement
The p-n Junction Formation
Biasing the p-n Junction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Explain formation of fixed ions in doped semiconductors
Distinguish between mobile and fixed charges
Analyze charge carrier movement in electric fields
Describe thermal generation of minority carriers

Q&A on p-type semiconductor formation
Explanation of fixed ion creation
Analysis of charge mobility differences
Description of thermal excitation effects
Discussion on minority carrier generation

Fixed ion diagrams
Charge mobility illustrations
Thermal excitation models
Electric field effect demonstrations
Carrier movement animations
Temperature effect charts
p-n junction models
Diffusion process diagrams
Depletion layer illustrations
Potential barrier graphs
Junction formation animations
Electric field diagrams
Biasing circuit diagrams
Forward bias demonstration setup
Reverse bias configuration
Current flow illustrations
Barrier potential graphs
Bias voltage sources

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 191-192

Electronics

Semiconductor Diode Characteristics
Diode Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving
Rectification - Half-wave and Full-wave
Smoothing Circuits and Applications Review

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

Describe diode structure and symbol
Plot I-V characteristics of a diode
Explain cut-in voltage and breakdown voltage
Analyze non-ohmic behavior of diodes

Review of p-n junction biasing
Introduction to diode as electronic component
Experimental plotting of diode characteristics
Analysis of forward and reverse characteristics
Discussion on breakdown phenomena

Actual diodes (various types)
Diode characteristic curve graphs
Voltmeter and ammeter
Variable voltage source
Circuit breadboard
Graph plotting materials
Circuit analysis worksheets
Diode circuit examples
Calculators
Circuit simulation software
Problem-solving guides
Worked example sheets
Rectifier circuit diagrams
AC signal generator
Oscilloscope for waveform display
Transformer (center-tapped)
Bridge rectifier circuit
Load resistors
Smoothing capacitors
Ripple waveform displays
Efficiency calculation sheets
Power supply applications
Comprehensive problem sets
Assessment materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 194-197