Living Things and Their Environment

Human Excretory System - Review and assessment
Human Excretory System - Extension and enrichment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of excretory system
- Apply knowledge to solve health problems
- Show mastery of key concepts

- Complete comprehensive assessment questions
- Identify body organs and their functions
- List activities that promote organ health
- Provide health advice for kidney disorders

What have I learned about the human excretory system?

- Assessment papers
- Review materials
- Health case studies
- Advanced health resources
- Research materials
- Presentation tools

- Summative assessment - Written tests - Assessment rubrics

Living Things and Their Environment

Human Excretory System - Final integration and reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Synthesize learning from entire strand
- Reflect on personal growth and understanding
- Set goals for continued health learning

- Complete reflection on entire Living Things strand
- Connect reproductive and excretory systems
- Evaluate personal health practices
- Plan for continued health education

How has learning about living things and their environment changed my understanding of health?

- Reflection journals
- Integration activities
- Goal-setting materials

- Reflection assessment - Self-evaluation - Portfolio review

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Sources of electricity in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of electricity in the environment
- Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable sources
- Appreciate the variety of electricity sources

- Brainstorm on electrical energy uses
- Identify sources of electricity at school, home, hospital, market
- Study images and identify electricity sources
- Discuss sources used for laboratory experiments

What are the different sources of electricity in our environment?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 134
- Images of electricity sources
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical work

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Solar, hydro-electric and geothermal power
Electrical Energy - Wind, nuclear and other power sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how solar power is generated
- Explain hydro-electric power generation
- Understand geothermal energy production

- Search for information on solar, hydro-electric and geothermal power
- Study figures showing power generation systems
- Discuss advantages of renewable energy sources
- Compare different power generation methods

How do renewable energy sources generate electricity?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 135
- Digital resources
- Power generation diagrams
- Master Integrated Science pg. 136
- Energy conversion charts
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Assessment rubrics - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Electrical cells and batteries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electrical cells and batteries
- Understand how batteries store and release energy
- Recognize positive and negative terminals

- Examine electrical cells and identify terminals
- Study battery structure and function
- Practice identifying positive and negative terminals
- Discuss battery safety measures

How do electrical cells and batteries provide electricity?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 137
- Electrical cells
- Battery samples

- Practical work - Observation schedule - Safety checklist

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Flow of electric current in series circuits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate flow of electric current in series circuits
- Set up simple series circuits
- Understand circuit continuity

- Set up simple electrical circuits in series
- Use dry cells, connecting wires, switches and bulbs
- Observe what happens in each circuit setup
- Draw sketches of circuit arrangements

How does electric current flow in series circuits?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 138
- Electrical apparatus
- Circuit materials

- Assessment rubrics - Practical work - Observation

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Flow of electric current in parallel circuits
Electrical Energy - Understanding electrical circuits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate flow of electric current in parallel circuits
- Set up simple parallel circuits
- Compare series and parallel arrangements

- Set up electrical circuits in parallel arrangement
- Observe circuit behavior with parallel connections
- Draw electrical circuits for each setup
- Compare parallel with series circuits

How does electric current flow in parallel circuits?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 139
- Electrical components
- Circuit diagrams
- Master Integrated Science pg. 140
- Circuit analysis materials
- Switch demonstrations

- Practical work - Written tests - Peer assessment

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Series and parallel arrangements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare series and parallel arrangements
- Predict circuit behavior
- Understand current flow patterns

- Classify circuits as series or parallel
- Analyze effects of removing bulbs from circuits
- Compare brightness of bulbs in different arrangements
- Draw various circuit configurations

How do series and parallel arrangements affect circuit performance?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 141
- Circuit comparison charts
- Analysis worksheets

- Assessment rubrics - Problem solving - Circuit analysis

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Common electrical appliances
Electrical Energy - Safety measures with electrical appliances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify common electrical appliances
- Categorize appliances by function
- Appreciate the role of electricity in daily life

- Write names of electrical appliances on flashcards
- Exchange flashcards with classmates
- Identify appliances in pictures
- Find appliances used in different locations

What electrical appliances do we use in daily life?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 142
- Appliance pictures
- Flashcards
- Master Integrated Science pg. 143
- Safety guidelines
- Emergency procedures

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Electrical safety in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply electrical safety in real situations
- Recognize dangerous electrical conditions
- Take appropriate safety actions

- Read safety precautions on electrical appliances
- Discuss safety with parents or guardians
- Write articles on electrical safety
- Practice emergency responses

Why is electrical safety important in daily life?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 144
- Safety manuals
- Emergency resources

- Assessment rubrics - Safety projects - Community feedback

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Uses of electricity in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify multiple uses of electricity
- Appreciate electricity's importance
- Connect electricity to modern living

- State uses of electricity in homes, schools, hospitals, factories
- Identify electricity uses in pictures
- Name other uses in daily life
- Discuss importance of electrical systems

How does electricity support modern life?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 145
- Usage examples
- Modern life illustrations

- Practical work - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Integration and application
Electrical Energy - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Integrate knowledge of electrical energy
- Apply electrical concepts to solve problems
- Design simple electrical solutions

- Complete comprehensive electrical energy questions
- Design simple circuits for specific purposes
- Solve electrical problems
- Connect electrical knowledge to other subjects

How can electrical energy knowledge be applied to solve real problems?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 145
- Problem-solving materials
- Design challenges
- Assessment papers
- Performance reviews
- Improvement plans

- Project assessment - Problem solving - Design evaluation

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Extension and research

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Research advanced electrical concepts
- Explore careers in electrical engineering
- Demonstrate leadership in electrical safety

- Research current developments in electrical energy
- Explore careers in electrical fields
- Create electrical safety campaigns
- Mentor younger students on electrical concepts

How can electrical energy knowledge contribute to future careers and community safety?

- Advanced electrical resources
- Career information
- Research tools

- Research projects - Career exploration - Community service assessment

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Innovation and creativity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design innovative electrical solutions
- Think creatively about electrical applications
- Demonstrate entrepreneurial thinking

- Design solutions for electrical problems in school/community
- Create models of innovative electrical devices
- Present creative electrical ideas
- Develop business plans for electrical innovations

How can I use creativity and innovation to solve electrical energy challenges?

- Innovation materials
- Design supplies
- Presentation tools

- Innovation assessment - Creativity evaluation - Entrepreneurship skills

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Identifying and demonstrating magnetic properties
Magnetism - Demonstrating attraction and repulsion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify magnets and their properties
- Demonstrate attractive and repulsive properties
- Understand magnetic force

- Study pictures of magnets and discuss their uses
- Use magnets with iron filings and iron nails
- Observe attraction when magnet approaches nail
- Record observations of magnetic attraction

What are the basic properties of magnets?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 146
- Bar magnets
- Iron filings and nails
- Master Integrated Science pg. 147
- Two bar magnets
- Observation sheets

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Directional properties of magnets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate directional properties of magnets
- Understand magnetic alignment
- Appreciate magnetic navigation principles

- Tie thread around center of bar magnet
- Suspend magnet from retort stand
- Allow magnet to rotate and settle
- Observe direction of magnetic alignment

Why do freely suspended magnets point in specific directions?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 148
- Thread and retort stand
- Compass for reference

- Checklist - Observation schedule - Scientific reasoning

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Magnetic poles and their identification
Magnetism - Magnetic strength and measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify magnetic poles
- Label north and south poles
- Understand pole characteristics

- Place bar magnet on iron filings
- Observe where iron filings cling most
- Suspend magnet and identify north-pointing end
- Label north and south poles correctly

What are magnetic poles and how can they be identified?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 149
- Iron filings
- Pole identification materials
- Master Integrated Science pg. 150
- Spring balance
- Various magnets

- Practical work - Written tests - Pole identification assessment

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Basic law of magnetism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Understand the basic law of magnetism
- Predict magnetic interactions
- Apply magnetic principles

- Bring north pole to south pole of another magnet
- Bring north poles together
- Bring south poles together
- Record all observations and formulate law

What is the basic law of magnetism?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 151
- Multiple bar magnets
- Law formulation materials

- Scientific reasoning - Law application - Prediction accuracy

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Magnetic and non-magnetic materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify materials as magnetic or non-magnetic
- Test materials with magnets
- Understand material properties

- Collect various materials from school environment
- Test each material with suspended magnet
- Classify materials into magnetic and non-magnetic
- Create classification table

How can materials be classified based on their response to magnets?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 152
- Collection of materials
- Classification tables

- Practical work - Classification skills - Material testing

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Testing household materials
Magnetism - Uses of magnets in separation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply magnetic testing to household items
- Extend classification skills
- Connect learning to home environment

- Test household items with parent/guardian permission
- Use magnet to classify household materials
- Record observations in table format
- Share findings with classmates

What household materials are magnetic or non-magnetic?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 153
- Household materials
- Home testing permissions
- Master Integrated Science pg. 154
- Application examples
- Magnetic toys

- Home-school connection - Extended classification - Family involvement

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Magnets in technology and navigation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Understand magnets in speakers and compasses
- Appreciate magnetic navigation
- Connect magnetism to technology

- Explain magnetic demonstrations and magic tricks
- Suggest magnetic solutions for practical problems
- Study magnetic compass operations
- Research technological applications

How do magnets work in speakers, compasses, and other technologies?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 155
- Magnetic compass
- Speaker demonstrations

- Assessment rubrics - Technology connections - Research skills

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Practical applications and problem solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply magnetic knowledge to solve problems
- Design magnetic solutions
- Demonstrate creative thinking

- Listen to resource person on magnet applications
- Create posters on daily life uses of magnets
- Solve practical problems using magnets
- Design magnetic devices for specific purposes

How can magnetic knowledge be used to solve real-world problems?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 156
- Problem-solving scenarios
- Design materials

- Problem-solving assessment - Design evaluation - Creative thinking

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Review and integration
Magnetism - Extension and research

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of magnetism
- Integrate magnetic concepts
- Apply knowledge in new contexts

- Complete comprehensive magnetism questions
- Classify magnetic and non-magnetic materials
- Predict magnetic interactions
- Solve magnetism problems

What have I learned about magnetism and its applications?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 157
- Review materials
- Assessment questions
- Advanced magnetic resources
- Research materials
- Technology examples

- Summative assessment - Knowledge integration - Problem solving

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Innovation and creativity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design innovative magnetic solutions
- Think creatively about magnetic applications
- Demonstrate entrepreneurial thinking

- Design magnetic devices for community problems
- Create innovative magnetic toys or tools
- Develop business plans for magnetic innovations
- Present creative magnetic solutions

How can I use magnetism to create innovative solutions?

- Innovation materials
- Design supplies
- Presentation tools

- Innovation assessment - Creativity evaluation - Entrepreneurship skills

Force and Energy

Force and Energy Integration - Connecting electrical energy and magnetism
Force and Energy Integration - Comprehensive review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Connect electrical energy and magnetism concepts
- Understand electromagnetic relationships
- Integrate Force and Energy strand learning

- Compare electrical and magnetic forces
- Explore connections between electricity and magnetism
- Investigate electromagnetic devices
- Create integrated concept maps

How are electrical energy and magnetism related?

- Integration materials
- Electromagnetic examples
- Concept mapping tools
- Comprehensive assessment materials
- Complex problem scenarios
- Reflection guides

- Integration assessment - Concept understanding - Relationship analysis

Force and Energy

Force and Energy Integration - Real-world applications and careers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Connect Force and Energy concepts to real-world applications
- Explore careers in physics and engineering
- Demonstrate leadership in science education

- Research careers in electrical engineering and physics
- Visit local facilities using electrical and magnetic technologies
- Create presentations on Force and Energy applications
- Mentor younger students on physics concepts

How can Force and Energy knowledge contribute to careers and community development?

- Career information
- Field trip resources
- Community connections

- Career exploration - Community engagement - Leadership assessment

Force and Energy
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Force and Energy Integration - Future learning and reflection
Elements and Compounds - Atoms, elements, molecules and compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Reflect on entire Force and Energy strand learning
- Set goals for advanced physics study
- Demonstrate readiness for STEM pathway

- Complete comprehensive reflection on Force and Energy learning
- Set goals for Senior School physics studies
- Create portfolio of best work from strand
- Plan for continued STEM education

How has learning about Force and Energy prepared me for advanced physics studies?

- Reflection portfolios
- Goal-setting materials
- STEM pathway information
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table chart

- Portfolio assessment - Reflection quality - Goal-setting skills

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Identifying common elements
Elements and Compounds - Symbols of common elements
Elements and Compounds - Historical development of chemical symbols

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify common elements from everyday items
- Classify materials based on their elemental composition
- Value the importance of elements in daily life

- Examine assorted items made of selected elements
- Compare and match items with photographs
- List characteristics used to identify substances
- Collaboratively sample labelled containers of different substances

How can we identify different elements in our surroundings?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25
- Sample items (copper wire, iron nails, aluminium foil, charcoal)
- Labelled containers
- Magnifying glass
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 32
- Periodic table chart
- Manila paper
- Felt pens
- Flash cards
- Reference books
- Internet-enabled devices
- Charts showing historical symbols

- Practical activity - Written exercise - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Word equations for reactions
Elements and Compounds - Reaction between iron and sulphur
Elements and Compounds - Reaction between magnesium and oxygen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write word equations to represent reactions of selected elements to form compounds
- Identify reactants and products in chemical reactions
- Show interest in chemical reactions

- Use word equations to represent reactions of elements to form compounds (sodium chloride, water, carbon dioxide, copper oxide, aluminium oxide)
- Identify elements in selected compounds
- Practice writing word equations

How can we represent chemical reactions using words?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 27
- Manila paper
- Felt pens
- Sample compounds
- Iron fillings
- Sulphur powder
- Magnet
- Crucible
- Heat source
- Tripod stand
- Magnesium ribbon
- Pair of tongs
- Bunsen burner
- Heat-proof mat
- Safety goggles

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Peer review

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Differences between elements and compounds
Elements and Compounds - Classifying substances as elements or compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the differences between elements and compounds
- Compare physical properties of compounds with constituent elements
- Develop analytical skills

- Research physical properties of hydrogen, oxygen and water
- Research properties of sodium, chlorine and sodium chloride
- Compare properties of compounds with constituent elements
- Tabulate differences between elements and compounds

How do the properties of a compound differ from its constituent elements?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Sample elements and compounds
- Classification charts
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Comparative table - Class presentation - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Chemical formulae of compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write chemical formulae of simple compounds
- Interpret chemical formulae
- Appreciate the importance of chemical formulae

- Learn how to write chemical formulae from combining ratios
- Study formulae of water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂)
- Work out formulae of compounds given combining ratios
- Practice writing formulae

What does the formula H₂O tell us about water?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 38
- Manila paper
- Periodic table
- Practice worksheets

- Written exercises - Formula writing test - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Building simple molecules
Elements and Compounds - Uses of common elements (metals)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Construct models of simple molecules
- Demonstrate understanding of molecular structure
- Show creativity in model building

- Use atomic models to build molecules
- Build models of water, ammonia, methane, carbon dioxide
- Draw diagrams of molecules made
- Write corresponding formulae

How can we represent the structure of molecules using models?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 40
- Atomic model sets
- Manila paper
- Coloured markers
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 44
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Sample metal items

- Practical activity - Model assessment - Diagram drawing

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Uses of common elements (non-metals)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of common non-metallic elements
- Explain uses of hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
- Value the importance of non-metals

- Research uses of hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
- Discuss applications in fuel, balloons, fertilisers, breathing
- Present findings to class

What are the uses of oxygen in our daily lives?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 44
- Internet-enabled devices
- Charts
- Manila paper

- Presentation - Written assignment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Importance and market values of elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain factors determining market value of elements
- Compare prices of different elements
- Appreciate economic value of elements

- Research market prices of gold, silver, copper, diamond
- Discuss why some elements are expensive
- Explain factors affecting element prices
- Search online trading listings

Why are gold and silver more expensive than iron and copper?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 44
- Internet access
- Price charts
- Reference materials

- Research report - Class discussion - Written exercise

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Information on packaging labels
Elements and Compounds - Rights to safety information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements and compounds on packaging labels
- Interpret information on consumer product labels
- Appreciate the importance of packaging information

- Observe labels on containers of drinking water, toothpaste, beverages, medicine
- Identify elements in ingredients
- Note important information for consumers
- Discuss safe disposal methods

What information should we look for on product labels?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 46
- Product packages
- Labels from various products
- Magnifying glass
- Product labels
- Safety symbol charts
- Internet access

- Label analysis - Observation - Written report

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate understanding of elements and compounds
- Apply knowledge in solving problems
- Show competence in the sub-strand

- Review key concepts on elements and compounds
- Solve revision questions
- Write symbols and formulae
- Discuss applications of elements

What are the key differences between elements and compounds?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25-49
- Revision worksheets
- Past questions
- Manila paper

- Written test - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Remedial and extension activities
Physical and Chemical Changes - Properties of matter in different states

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Master challenging concepts in elements and compounds
- Extend knowledge through advanced tasks
- Develop confidence in chemistry

- Conduct remedial teaching for slow learners
- Provide extension activities for fast learners
- Build molecular models
- Research advanced applications

How can we apply our knowledge of elements and compounds?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25-49
- Remedial worksheets
- Extension materials
- Atomic models
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts showing particle arrangement

- Individualized assessment - Practical tasks - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate physical properties of solids
- Determine mass and volume of solids
- Show accuracy in measurements

- Examine appearance of solids (stone, glass prism)
- Squeeze solids to test compressibility
- Determine mass using weighing balance
- Determine volume by displacement method
- Calculate density

What are the physical properties of solids?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 2
- Piece of stone
- Glass prism
- Weighing balance
- 250ml beaker
- Water
- Thread

- Practical activity - Calculation exercises - Written report

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate physical properties of liquids
- Explain why liquids take shape of container
- Demonstrate understanding of density in liquids

- Transfer water between containers of different shapes
- Observe shape of water in each container
- Fill syringe with water and attempt to compress
- Mix coloured water and kerosene
- Explain observations

Why do liquids take the shape of their containers?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 4
- 250ml beaker
- Measuring cylinder
- Conical flask
- 100ml syringe
- Water
- Kerosene

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of gases
Physical and Chemical Changes - Diffusion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate physical properties of gases
- Demonstrate that gases have mass and can be compressed
- Observe safety when handling bromine

- Balance two empty balloons
- Inflate one balloon and observe
- Draw air into syringe and compress
- Observe diffusion of bromine vapour
- Compare diffusion in upper and lower jars

Do gases have mass and can they be compressed?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 6
- Two balloons
- Meter rule
- Syringe
- Gas jars
- Bromine liquid
- Dropper
- Vaseline jelly
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 10
- 250ml beaker
- Potassium manganate(VII) crystals
- Water
- Straw
- Spatula

- Practical activity - Safety compliance - Written observations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Applications of diffusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline applications of diffusion in daily life
- Relate diffusion to real-life situations
- Value the importance of diffusion

- Discuss diffusion in preparation of beverages
- Explain diffusion during cooking
- Describe pheromone traps in agriculture
- Discuss cooking gas leakage detection

How is diffusion applied in our daily activities?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 11
- Reference materials
- Charts
- Internet access

- Class discussion - Written assignment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary physical change (zinc oxide)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe temporary physical changes
- Investigate the effect of heat on zinc oxide
- Identify characteristics of temporary physical changes

- Observe appearance of zinc oxide
- Weigh zinc oxide in test-tube
- Heat zinc oxide until no further change
- Allow to cool and observe
- Reweigh and compare mass

What happens when zinc oxide is heated and cooled?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 12
- 5g zinc oxide
- Test-tubes
- Test-tube holders
- Heat source
- Weighing balance

- Practical activity - Observation - Mass comparison

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary physical change (wax)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary chemical change (hydrated salts)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of heat on wax
- Compare changes in zinc oxide and wax
- Explain characteristics of temporary physical changes

- Observe appearance of wax
- Weigh wax in test-tube
- Heat wax and observe melting
- Allow to cool and observe solidification
- Compare mass before and after heating

What are the characteristics of temporary physical changes?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 13
- 5g wax
- Test-tubes
- Test-tube holders
- Heat source
- Weighing balance
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 14
- Copper(II) sulphate crystals
- Boiling tube
- Delivery tube
- Beaker
- Clamp and stand

- Practical demonstration - Comparison table - Written report

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary chemical change (cobalt chloride)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of heat on hydrated cobalt(II) chloride
- Compare changes in different hydrated salts
- Identify characteristics of temporary chemical changes

- Heat cobalt(II) chloride crystals
- Observe colour change from pink to blue
- Collect water vapour
- Add water to anhydrous salt
- Observe colour change and heat evolution

How do hydrated salts behave when heated?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 15
- Cobalt(II) chloride crystals
- Boiling tube
- Heat source
- Test-tubes
- Droppers
- Water

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Comparative analysis

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent chemical change (potassium manganate VII)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent chemical change (copper II nitrate)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe permanent chemical changes
- Investigate decomposition of potassium manganate(VII)
- Test for oxygen gas

- Weigh potassium manganate(VII) in test-tube
- Heat crystals strongly
- Observe colour change to black-green
- Test gas with glowing splint
- Reweigh residue and compare mass

What type of change occurs when potassium manganate(VII) is heated?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 17
- Potassium manganate(VII) crystals
- Test-tube
- Test-tube holder
- Cotton wool
- Weighing balance
- Heat source
- Glowing splint
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 19
- Copper(II) nitrate
holder

- Practical activity - Gas test - Mass calculation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Kinetic theory of matter

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the kinetic theory of matter
- Describe characteristics of particles in three states
- Demonstrate diffusion in liquids and gases

- Carry out activities to demonstrate particle characteristics
- Perform experiments on diffusion in liquids and gases
- Use water and ink to illustrate kinetic theory
- Discuss movement of particles

How do particles move in different states of matter?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Beakers
- Water
- Ink
- Digital resources
- Animations

- Practical activity - Oral questions - Class discussion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Heating curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw and interpret a heating curve
- Explain changes during heating
- Identify melting and boiling points

- Carry out experiments to plot heating curve
- Draw the heating curve
- Discuss trends on the curve
- Identify phase changes on the curve

What does a heating curve tell us about state changes?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Thermometer
- Beaker
- Ice
- Heat source
- Stopwatch
- Graph paper

- Graph drawing - Interpretation exercise - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Boiling and melting points of pure substances
Physical and Chemical Changes - Effects of impurities on boiling and melting points

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine boiling and melting points of pure substances
- Explain fixed melting and boiling points
- Show accuracy in measurements

- Carry out experiments to determine boiling point of water
- Determine melting point of ice
- Record observations
- Compare with standard values

What are the melting and boiling points of pure water?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Thermometer
- Beakers
- Ice
- Water
- Heat source
- Stopwatch
- Thermometers
- Salt

- Practical activity - Data recording - Comparison table

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (freezing)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of freezing in daily life
- Discuss ice cream making process
- Appreciate practical uses of state changes

- Discuss process of making ice cream
- Explain role of dry ice in ice cream carts
- Research other applications of freezing
- Present findings

How is freezing applied in food preservation and storage?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 22
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- Pictures

- Class discussion - Research presentation - Written assignment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (evaporation and condensation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of evaporation in drying clothes
- Describe condensation in misting of car windows
- Relate state changes to weather phenomena

- Discuss drying of clothes in sun
- Explain misting of car windows
- Discuss formation of clouds and fog
- Research other applications

How do evaporation and condensation occur in our environment?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 23
- Reference materials
- Internet access
- Charts showing water cycle

- Class discussion - Written report - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (sublimation)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Review physical and chemical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of sublimation
- Describe applications of sublimation
- Appreciate use of air fresheners

- Discuss how solid air fresheners work
- Explain sublimation of dry ice
- Research other substances that sublimate
- Present findings

What is sublimation and where is it applied?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 23
- Air fresheners
- Reference books
- Internet access
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1-23
- Revision worksheets
- Past questions
- Charts

- Class presentation - Written assignment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Assessment and remedial work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate mastery of physical and chemical changes
- Perform practical tasks confidently
- Improve on weak areas

- Conduct formal assessment
- Mark and discuss assessment
- Provide remedial teaching
- Give extension activities

What are the key concepts in physical and chemical changes?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1-23
- Assessment papers
- Practical materials
- Remedial worksheets

- Written examination - Practical test - Individualized support