Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Sources of electricity in the environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify sources of electricity in the environment
- Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable sources
- Appreciate the variety of electricity sources

- Brainstorm on electrical energy uses
- Identify sources of electricity at school, home, hospital, market
- Study images and identify electricity sources
- Discuss sources used for laboratory experiments

What are the different sources of electricity in our environment?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 134
- Images of electricity sources
- Digital devices

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical work

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Solar, hydro-electric and geothermal power
Electrical Energy - Wind, nuclear and other power sources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe how solar power is generated
- Explain hydro-electric power generation
- Understand geothermal energy production

- Search for information on solar, hydro-electric and geothermal power
- Study figures showing power generation systems
- Discuss advantages of renewable energy sources
- Compare different power generation methods

How do renewable energy sources generate electricity?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 135
- Digital resources
- Power generation diagrams
- Master Integrated Science pg. 136
- Energy conversion charts
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Assessment rubrics - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Electrical cells and batteries

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electrical cells and batteries
- Understand how batteries store and release energy
- Recognize positive and negative terminals

- Examine electrical cells and identify terminals
- Study battery structure and function
- Practice identifying positive and negative terminals
- Discuss battery safety measures

How do electrical cells and batteries provide electricity?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 137
- Electrical cells
- Battery samples

- Practical work - Observation schedule - Safety checklist

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Flow of electric current in series circuits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate flow of electric current in series circuits
- Set up simple series circuits
- Understand circuit continuity

- Set up simple electrical circuits in series
- Use dry cells, connecting wires, switches and bulbs
- Observe what happens in each circuit setup
- Draw sketches of circuit arrangements

How does electric current flow in series circuits?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 138
- Electrical apparatus
- Circuit materials

- Assessment rubrics - Practical work - Observation

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Flow of electric current in parallel circuits
Electrical Energy - Understanding electrical circuits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate flow of electric current in parallel circuits
- Set up simple parallel circuits
- Compare series and parallel arrangements

- Set up electrical circuits in parallel arrangement
- Observe circuit behavior with parallel connections
- Draw electrical circuits for each setup
- Compare parallel with series circuits

How does electric current flow in parallel circuits?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 139
- Electrical components
- Circuit diagrams
- Master Integrated Science pg. 140
- Circuit analysis materials
- Switch demonstrations

- Practical work - Written tests - Peer assessment

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Series and parallel arrangements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare series and parallel arrangements
- Predict circuit behavior
- Understand current flow patterns

- Classify circuits as series or parallel
- Analyze effects of removing bulbs from circuits
- Compare brightness of bulbs in different arrangements
- Draw various circuit configurations

How do series and parallel arrangements affect circuit performance?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 141
- Circuit comparison charts
- Analysis worksheets

- Assessment rubrics - Problem solving - Circuit analysis

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Common electrical appliances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify common electrical appliances
- Categorize appliances by function
- Appreciate the role of electricity in daily life

- Write names of electrical appliances on flashcards
- Exchange flashcards with classmates
- Identify appliances in pictures
- Find appliances used in different locations

What electrical appliances do we use in daily life?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 142
- Appliance pictures
- Flashcards

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Safety measures with electrical appliances
Electrical Energy - Electrical safety in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify safety measures for electrical appliances
- Recognize electrical hazards
- Practice safe handling procedures

- Complete statements about safety measures
- Analyze scenarios with electrical hazards
- Discuss actions for electrical emergencies
- Search for safety information

How can we safely handle electrical appliances?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 143
- Safety guidelines
- Emergency procedures
- Master Integrated Science pg. 144
- Safety manuals
- Emergency resources

- Written tests - Safety demonstrations - Checklist

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Uses of electricity in daily life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify multiple uses of electricity
- Appreciate electricity's importance
- Connect electricity to modern living

- State uses of electricity in homes, schools, hospitals, factories
- Identify electricity uses in pictures
- Name other uses in daily life
- Discuss importance of electrical systems

How does electricity support modern life?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 145
- Usage examples
- Modern life illustrations

- Practical work - Oral questions - Written assignments

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Integration and application

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Integrate knowledge of electrical energy
- Apply electrical concepts to solve problems
- Design simple electrical solutions

- Complete comprehensive electrical energy questions
- Design simple circuits for specific purposes
- Solve electrical problems
- Connect electrical knowledge to other subjects

How can electrical energy knowledge be applied to solve real problems?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 145
- Problem-solving materials
- Design challenges

- Project assessment - Problem solving - Design evaluation

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Review and assessment
Electrical Energy - Extension and research

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate mastery of electrical energy concepts
- Identify learning gaps
- Plan for improvement

- Complete summative assessment on electrical energy
- Review performance and identify strengths
- Address areas needing improvement
- Set goals for continued learning

What have I learned about electrical energy and how can I improve?

- Assessment papers
- Performance reviews
- Improvement plans
- Advanced electrical resources
- Career information
- Research tools

- Summative assessment - Self-evaluation - Teacher feedback

Force and Energy

Electrical Energy - Innovation and creativity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design innovative electrical solutions
- Think creatively about electrical applications
- Demonstrate entrepreneurial thinking

- Design solutions for electrical problems in school/community
- Create models of innovative electrical devices
- Present creative electrical ideas
- Develop business plans for electrical innovations

How can I use creativity and innovation to solve electrical energy challenges?

- Innovation materials
- Design supplies
- Presentation tools

- Innovation assessment - Creativity evaluation - Entrepreneurship skills

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Identifying and demonstrating magnetic properties

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify magnets and their properties
- Demonstrate attractive and repulsive properties
- Understand magnetic force

- Study pictures of magnets and discuss their uses
- Use magnets with iron filings and iron nails
- Observe attraction when magnet approaches nail
- Record observations of magnetic attraction

What are the basic properties of magnets?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 146
- Bar magnets
- Iron filings and nails

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Demonstrating attraction and repulsion
Magnetism - Directional properties of magnets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate magnetic attraction and repulsion
- Understand interaction between magnets
- Predict magnetic behavior

- Place two bar magnets on flat surface
- Bring magnet ends close to each other
- Observe and record attraction or repulsion
- Reverse magnet ends and observe changes

How do magnets interact with each other?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 147
- Two bar magnets
- Observation sheets
- Master Integrated Science pg. 148
- Thread and retort stand
- Compass for reference

- Assessment rubrics - Practical work - Prediction skills

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Magnetic poles and their identification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify magnetic poles
- Label north and south poles
- Understand pole characteristics

- Place bar magnet on iron filings
- Observe where iron filings cling most
- Suspend magnet and identify north-pointing end
- Label north and south poles correctly

What are magnetic poles and how can they be identified?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 149
- Iron filings
- Pole identification materials

- Practical work - Written tests - Pole identification assessment

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Magnetic strength and measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate magnetic strength
- Compare strength of different magnets
- Understand factors affecting magnetic strength

- Use spring balance to measure magnetic strength
- Attach magnets to steel surfaces and measure detachment force
- Compare readings for different magnets
- Identify strongest magnets

How can magnetic strength be measured and compared?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 150
- Spring balance
- Various magnets

- Assessment rubrics - Measurement skills - Data analysis

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Basic law of magnetism
Magnetism - Magnetic and non-magnetic materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Understand the basic law of magnetism
- Predict magnetic interactions
- Apply magnetic principles

- Bring north pole to south pole of another magnet
- Bring north poles together
- Bring south poles together
- Record all observations and formulate law

What is the basic law of magnetism?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 151
- Multiple bar magnets
- Law formulation materials
- Master Integrated Science pg. 152
- Collection of materials
- Classification tables

- Scientific reasoning - Law application - Prediction accuracy

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Testing household materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply magnetic testing to household items
- Extend classification skills
- Connect learning to home environment

- Test household items with parent/guardian permission
- Use magnet to classify household materials
- Record observations in table format
- Share findings with classmates

What household materials are magnetic or non-magnetic?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 153
- Household materials
- Home testing permissions

- Home-school connection - Extended classification - Family involvement

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Uses of magnets in separation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify magnetic separation applications
- Understand industrial uses of magnets
- Appreciate practical applications

- Share experiences of magnet use in daily life
- Study pictures showing magnetic applications
- Discuss refrigerator door magnetism
- Analyze magnetic toy demonstrations

How are magnets used to separate mixtures and in toys?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 154
- Application examples
- Magnetic toys

- Observation - Application analysis - Real-world connections

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Magnets in technology and navigation
Magnetism - Practical applications and problem solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Understand magnets in speakers and compasses
- Appreciate magnetic navigation
- Connect magnetism to technology

- Explain magnetic demonstrations and magic tricks
- Suggest magnetic solutions for practical problems
- Study magnetic compass operations
- Research technological applications

How do magnets work in speakers, compasses, and other technologies?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 155
- Magnetic compass
- Speaker demonstrations
- Master Integrated Science pg. 156
- Problem-solving scenarios
- Design materials

- Assessment rubrics - Technology connections - Research skills

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Review and integration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate comprehensive understanding of magnetism
- Integrate magnetic concepts
- Apply knowledge in new contexts

- Complete comprehensive magnetism questions
- Classify magnetic and non-magnetic materials
- Predict magnetic interactions
- Solve magnetism problems

What have I learned about magnetism and its applications?

- Master Integrated Science pg. 157
- Review materials
- Assessment questions

- Summative assessment - Knowledge integration - Problem solving

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Extension and research

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Research advanced magnetic concepts
- Explore magnetic technologies
- Demonstrate expertise in magnetism

- Research electromagnets and magnetic levitation
- Study magnetic storage devices
- Investigate magnetic medical applications
- Create advanced magnetic projects

How are advanced magnetic technologies changing our world?

- Advanced magnetic resources
- Research materials
- Technology examples

- Research projects - Technology analysis - Advanced applications

Force and Energy

Magnetism - Innovation and creativity
Force and Energy Integration - Connecting electrical energy and magnetism

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design innovative magnetic solutions
- Think creatively about magnetic applications
- Demonstrate entrepreneurial thinking

- Design magnetic devices for community problems
- Create innovative magnetic toys or tools
- Develop business plans for magnetic innovations
- Present creative magnetic solutions

How can I use magnetism to create innovative solutions?

- Innovation materials
- Design supplies
- Presentation tools
- Integration materials
- Electromagnetic examples
- Concept mapping tools

- Innovation assessment - Creativity evaluation - Entrepreneurship skills

Force and Energy

Force and Energy Integration - Comprehensive review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate mastery of entire Force and Energy strand
- Apply concepts to complex problems
- Show readiness for advanced physics concepts

- Complete comprehensive Force and Energy assessment
- Solve complex problems involving electricity and magnetism
- Demonstrate practical skills in both areas
- Reflect on strand learning

What have I learned about Force and Energy and how will this help in future studies?

- Comprehensive assessment materials
- Complex problem scenarios
- Reflection guides

- Summative assessment - Practical skills evaluation - Future readiness assessment

Force and Energy

Force and Energy Integration - Real-world applications and careers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Connect Force and Energy concepts to real-world applications
- Explore careers in physics and engineering
- Demonstrate leadership in science education

- Research careers in electrical engineering and physics
- Visit local facilities using electrical and magnetic technologies
- Create presentations on Force and Energy applications
- Mentor younger students on physics concepts

How can Force and Energy knowledge contribute to careers and community development?

- Career information
- Field trip resources
- Community connections

- Career exploration - Community engagement - Leadership assessment

Force and Energy
Mlixtlures, Elements and Compounds
Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Force and Energy Integration - Future learning and reflection
Elements and compounds - Relationship between an atom, an element, a compound and a molecule
Elements and compounds - Protons, electrons and neutrons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Reflect on entire Force and Energy strand learning
- Set goals for advanced physics study
- Demonstrate readiness for STEM pathway

- Complete comprehensive reflection on Force and Energy learning
- Set goals for Senior School physics studies
- Create portfolio of best work from strand
- Plan for continued STEM education

How has learning about Force and Energy prepared me for advanced physics studies?

- Reflection portfolios
- Goal-setting materials
- STEM pathway information
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing atomic structure

- Portfolio assessment - Reflection quality - Goal-setting skills

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Elements and molecules
Elements and compounds - Molecules

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term element
- Distinguish between elements and compounds
- Appreciate the difference between elements and compounds

- Discuss the meaning of elements using digital devices or print resources
- Compare elements and compounds
- Give examples of elements and compounds

What is the difference between an element and a compound?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Relevant print resources
- Charts showing molecular structures
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Chemical symbols for common elements
Elements and compounds - Deriving symbols from element names
Elements and compounds - Symbols derived from Latin names

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify chemical symbols of common elements
- Write chemical symbols correctly
- Appreciate the importance of using symbols

- Study the table of elements and their symbols
- Practice writing chemical symbols
- Discuss rules for writing chemical symbols

Why do we use symbols for elements?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 2
- Periodic table charts
- Reference books
- Element name charts
- Digital resources
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 3
- Internet access

- Written tests - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Word equations for formation of compounds
Elements and compounds - More practice on word equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write word equations for simple reactions
- Identify reactants and products in equations
- Show interest in chemical reactions

- Study examples of word equations
- Write word equations for given reactions
- Identify elements and compounds in equations

How do elements combine to form compounds?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 5
- Charts with word equations
- Reference books
- Worksheets
- Digital resources

- Written assignments - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Application of common elements in society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of common elements
- Explain why certain elements are valuable
- Appreciate the importance of elements in daily life

- Study pictures showing uses of elements
- Discuss why elements like gold are valuable
- Identify elements used in construction and electronics

Why are some elements more valuable than others?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 6
- Pictures of items made from elements
- Real samples where available

- Observation - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Elements in jewellery, trophies and medals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements used in making valuable items
- Explain properties that make elements suitable for jewellery
- Show appreciation for precious elements

- Examine pictures of jewellery, trophies and medals
- Discuss properties of gold, silver and diamond
- Explain why these items are expensive

What makes precious elements valuable?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 6
- Pictures of jewellery and trophies
- Internet access

- Oral questions - Group presentations - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Elements in construction and electrical applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements used in construction
- Explain uses of copper and aluminium
- Appreciate the role of elements in industry

- Discuss uses of iron, aluminium and silicon
- Identify properties that make these elements suitable
- Examine electrical wires and construction materials

How are elements applied in construction and electricity?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 7
- Samples of wires and construction materials
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Mineral elements in food
Elements and compounds - Information on packaging labels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify mineral elements in food
- Explain nutritional benefits of mineral elements
- Appreciate the importance of minerals in diet

- Discuss mineral elements in food
- Study pictures of nutritious foods
- Explain benefits of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.

Why are mineral elements important in our diet?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 7
- Pictures of foods
- Nutrition charts
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 8
- Product packages
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Extended activity on elements at home

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements in household items
- Explain how elements affect value of products
- Show responsibility in completing assignments

- Identify items at home
- Name elements used in making them
- Explain how elements affect their value

How do elements affect the value of household items?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 8
- Homework assignment sheets
- Reference materials

- Project assessment - Oral presentations - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - End of sub-strand assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms: element, compound, atom, molecule
- Write chemical symbols and word equations
- Explain applications of elements

- Complete end of sub-strand test
- Reflect on learning progress
- Identify areas for improvement

Can you apply what you have learned about elements and compounds?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1-9
- Assessment papers
- Marking guides

- Written examination - Practical assessment - Portfolio review

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Characteristics of matter in different states
Physical and chemical changes - Matter is made of tiny particles (liquids)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe characteristics of solids, liquids and gases
- Explain that matter is made up of tiny particles
- Show interest in studying matter

- Discuss constituents of matter
- Carry out activities to show matter is made of particles
- Cut paper into tiny pieces

Can matter be subdivided into very small amounts?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 10
- Paper
- Scissors
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 11
- Colored liquid (juice or ink)
- Water
- Containers

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Matter is made of tiny particles (gases)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that gases are made of particles
- Observe dispersion of smoke
- Show interest in properties of gases

- Burn grass wrapped in paper to produce smoke
- Observe smoke dispersion
- Discuss findings

What happens to smoke as it moves away from the source?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 12
- Fresh grass
- Paper
- Lighter (teacher supervised)

- Observation - Oral questions - Safety compliance

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Particles are in continuous random motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate particle motion in matter
- Observe Brownian motion
- Appreciate that particles are always moving

- Sprinkle chalk dust on water surface
- Observe particle movement with hand lens
- Discuss observations

Do particles of matter move randomly?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 12
- Chalk dust
- Container with water
- Hand lens

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written records

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Particles have spaces between them
Physical and chemical changes - Summary of properties of different states

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that particles have spaces
- Explain dissolution process
- Show curiosity about particle arrangement

- Dissolve salt in water in a volumetric flask
- Observe volume changes
- Discuss why volume decreases

Why does the volume decrease when salt dissolves in water?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 13
- Salt or sugar
- Volumetric flask
- Water
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 14
- Charts showing particle arrangement
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Diffusion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffusion
- Demonstrate diffusion in liquids
- Explain factors affecting diffusion

- Put ink drops in cold and warm water
- Observe and compare diffusion rates
- Discuss temperature effect on diffusion

Why does ink spread faster in warm water?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 15
- Ink
- Beakers
- Cold and warm water
- Droppers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Diffusion in gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain diffusion in gases
- Compare diffusion in liquids and gases
- Appreciate that diffusion is faster in gases

- Discuss examples of diffusion in gases
- Compare rates of diffusion in liquids and gases
- Give everyday examples

How does diffusion in gases differ from diffusion in liquids?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 16
- Reference books
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Pure and impure substances
Physical and chemical changes - Determining melting point of candle wax

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between pure and impure substances
- Give examples of each
- Show interest in purity of substances

- Define pure and impure substances
- Give examples
- Discuss how to test for purity

What is the difference between pure and impure substances?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 16
- Samples of pure and impure substances
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 17
- Candle wax
- Beaker
- Thermometer
- Heat source
- Stopwatch

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Interpreting heating curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Plot graph of temperature against time
- Interpret heating curves
- Identify melting and boiling points on graphs

- Plot graph from data collected
- Identify different sections of the curve
- Explain what happens at each section

What does a heating curve tell us about a substance?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 18
- Graph paper
- Data from previous lesson
- Rulers

- Graph assessment - Oral questions - Written explanations

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Effects of impurities on melting point

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare melting points of pure and impure wax
- Explain effect of impurities on melting point
- Show accuracy in observations

- Heat pure and impure candle wax
- Record temperatures for both
- Compare melting points

How do impurities affect the melting point?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 19
- Pure candle wax
- Impure candle wax
- Thermometers
- Heat sources

- Practical assessment - Comparative analysis - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Effects of impurities on boiling point
Physical and chemical changes - Physical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine boiling points of pure and impure water
- Explain effect of impurities on boiling point
- Appreciate importance of purity

- Heat pure ice and salty ice
- Record temperatures until boiling
- Compare boiling points

Why do pure and impure substances have different boiling points?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 20
- Pure ice
- Salty ice
- Thermometers
- Beakers
- Heat sources
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 21
- Chalk
- Tissue paper
- Water
- Containers

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Heating wax (physical change)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate physical change by heating wax
- Explain reversibility of the change
- Follow safety precautions

- Heat wax until it melts
- Cool and observe changes
- Discuss reversibility

What happens to wax when heated and cooled?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 21
- Wax
- Test tube
- Test tube holder
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Chemical changes introduction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define chemical change
- Distinguish between physical and chemical changes
- Show interest in chemical reactions

- Burn paper and collect ash
- Cook an egg
- Discuss reversibility

Can chemical changes be reversed?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 22
- Paper
- Matches
- Egg
- Heat source

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Temporary chemical changes
Physical and chemical changes - Reversing temporary chemical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate temporary chemical change
- Heat Cobalt (II) chloride safely
- Observe color changes

- Heat Cobalt (II) chloride crystals
- Collect water vapor
- Observe color changes

What happens when Cobalt (II) chloride is heated?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 23
- Cobalt (II) chloride
- Boiling tube
- Thermometer
- Heat source
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 24
- Anhydrous Cobalt (II) chloride
- Water
- Dropper

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Observation records

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Permanent chemical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate permanent chemical change
- Heat Copper (II) nitrate safely
- Observe formation of new substances

- Heat Copper (II) nitrate crystals
- Observe color changes and gas production
- Compare mass before and after

What happens when Copper (II) nitrate is heated?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 25
- Copper (II) nitrate
- Boiling tube
- Heat source
- Weighing balance

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Mass comparison

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Applications of physical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of physical changes
- Explain importance in daily life
- Appreciate usefulness of physical changes

- Discuss melting ice, boiling water, dissolving
- Study pictures of applications
- Give everyday examples

How are physical changes applied in daily life?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 26
- Pictures showing applications
- Reference books
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Group presentations - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Applications of chemical changes
Classes of fire - Causes of fire in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of chemical changes
- Explain uses in daily life
- Appreciate importance of chemical changes

- Discuss combustion, rusting, digestion
- Study chart of applications
- Research using digital devices

Why are chemical changes important in our lives?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 27
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 38
- Pictures of fire scenes
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Research presentations - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - More on causes of fire

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify more causes of fire
- Explain unsafe practices that cause fire
- Appreciate fire safety

- Study pictures of risky situations
- Discuss flammable materials
- Identify fire hazards

How can we prevent fires from starting?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 39
- Pictures
- Digital resources
- Safety posters

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Safety awareness

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Components of the fire triangle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the three components of fire triangle
- Explain role of each component
- Show understanding of combustion

- Discuss fuel, heat and oxygen
- Draw fire triangle
- Explain how fire starts

What three things are needed for fire to burn?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 40
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Reference books

- Observation - Diagram assessment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Role of components in fire triangle
Classes of fire - Classification of fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain role of fuel in combustion
- Explain role of heat and oxygen
- Appreciate how fire is sustained

- Discuss types of fuel
- Identify ignition sources
- Explain role of oxygen

How does each component of the fire triangle contribute to combustion?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 40
- Charts
- Sample fuels
- Reference materials
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 41
- Flashcards
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Class A and B fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe Class A fires
- Describe Class B fires
- Distinguish between the two classes

- Discuss fires from ordinary materials
- Discuss fires from combustible liquids
- Compare the two classes

What is the difference between Class A and Class B fires?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 42
- Pictures
- Sample materials
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Classification exercises - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Class C, D and K fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe Class C, D and K fires
- Give examples of each
- Show understanding of all fire classes

- Discuss electrical fires
- Discuss metal fires
- Discuss kitchen fires

What types of fires occur in kitchens and laboratories?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 42
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Controlling fire using extinguishers
Classes of fire - Types of fire extinguishers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of fire extinguishers
- Match extinguishers to fire classes
- Appreciate importance of correct extinguisher use

- Study pictures of extinguishers
- Research on types of extinguishers
- Discuss which extinguisher for each fire class

Why is it important to use the correct fire extinguisher?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 43
- Pictures of extinguishers
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 44
- Extinguisher pictures
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Research presentations - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Water and foam extinguishers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe water extinguishers
- Describe foam extinguishers
- Explain when not to use them

- Discuss water extinguisher uses
- Discuss foam extinguisher uses
- Explain dangers of misuse

Why should water extinguishers not be used on electrical fires?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 44
- Extinguisher information
- Safety guidelines
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Safety awareness - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Breaking the fire triangle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to stop fire by removing components
- Describe removal of heat, fuel and oxygen
- Show understanding of fire control

- Discuss removing sources of heat
- Discuss removing fuel
- Discuss removing oxygen (smothering)

How can we use the fire triangle to control fires?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 45
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Removal of heat and fuel
Classes of fire - Removal of oxygen (smothering)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate removing heat to stop fire
- Demonstrate removing fuel to stop fire
- Apply fire control methods

- Practice spraying water on paper fire
- Practice removing unburnt materials
- Discuss effectiveness

How does removing heat or fuel stop a fire?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 46
- Water
- Paper
- Safe burning area
- Supervision
- Candle
- Glass
- Matches
- Fire blanket

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Fire safety at school

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fire risks at school
- Suggest fire prevention measures
- Show responsibility for fire safety

- Identify combustible materials at school
- Identify ignition sources
- Discuss likely fire classes at school

What fire safety measures should be in our school?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 47
- School compound tour
- Safety guidelines

- Observation - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Fire control measures at school

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fire control equipment at school
- Explain fire drill procedures
- Appreciate importance of preparedness

- Locate fire extinguishers
- Identify emergency exits
- Discuss evacuation procedures

How can we prepare for fire emergencies at school?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 47
- School safety equipment
- Emergency plans

- Observation - Oral questions - Drill participation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Practicing fire control measures
Classes of fire - Right to safety information on flammable substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Practice fire drill procedures
- Use appropriate control methods
- Demonstrate fire safety awareness

- Participate in fire drill
- Practice using fire extinguishers (with supervision)
- Follow evacuation procedures

How well can you respond to a fire emergency?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 48
- Fire extinguishers
- Emergency exits
- Safety equipment
- Sample containers with labels
- Hazard symbol charts

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Participation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Project on fire safety posters

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create fire safety posters
- Display fire control information
- Show creativity and responsibility

- Design posters on fire classes and control
- Include fire safety messages
- Display in strategic locations

How can we educate others about fire safety?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 38-48
- Chart paper
- Colors
- Reference materials

- Project assessment - Creativity - Information accuracy

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - End of sub-strand assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify causes of fire
- Classify fires correctly
- Explain fire control methods

- Complete assessment test
- Answer questions on fire triangle
- Match extinguishers to fire classes

Can you apply fire safety knowledge effectively?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 38-48
- Assessment papers
- Marking guides

- Written examination - Practical assessment - Portfolio review