Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Fire Safety - Meaning and importance of fire
Fire Safety - Possible causes of fire outbreaks
Fire Safety - Ways of preventing fire outbreaks

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term fire
- Explain the importance of fire in daily life
- Appreciate the role of fire in our lives

- Brainstorm on the meaning of fire
- Discuss the importance of fire in daily life
- Present findings in class

Why is fire important in our daily lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 1
- Pictures showing uses of fire
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 2
- Pictures of fire outbreak scenarios
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 5
- Pictures of fire prevention measures
- Fire safety equipment (smoke detectors, fire extinguishers, fire alarms)
- "No Smoking" signs

- Observation - Oral questions - Class presentations

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Fire Safety - Firefighting techniques: Cooling and smothering
Fire Safety - Firefighting techniques: Starving and interrupting
Fire Safety - Importance of fire safety
Data Safety - Meaning and importance of data
Data Safety - Threats to data: Viruses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the cooling method of extinguishing fire
- Explain the smothering method of extinguishing fire
- Apply appropriate firefighting techniques safely

- Study pictures showing firefighting techniques
- Discuss how cooling fire works by reducing temperature
- Discuss how smothering fire works by cutting off oxygen supply
- Identify when each method should be used and their limitations

How can fires be extinguished using cooling and smothering methods?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 7
- Pictures of firefighting methods
- Water containers
- Sand and blankets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 8
- Fire extinguisher
- Video clips on firefighting
- Charts showing firefighting methods
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 9
- Nearby workplace or workshop
- Fire safety equipment
- Resource person
- Notebooks
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 10
- Digital devices (computers, tablets, smartphones)
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 11
- Digital devices showing virus warnings
- Pictures of virus alerts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Data Safety - Threats to data: Unauthorized access
Data Safety - Ways of protecting data
Data Safety - Protecting data using passwords

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain unauthorized access as a threat to data
- Describe how unauthorized access can harm data
- Value the importance of data security

- Discuss unauthorized access and its effects on data
- Search for information on data threats using digital or print resources
- Note down findings and present them in class
- Share findings with other groups

How does unauthorized access threaten our data?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 12
- Digital devices
- Internet resources
- Case studies on data breaches
- Charts showing data protection methods
- Pictures of data protection techniques
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 13
- Password-protected files
- Internet resources on password creation

- Observation - Oral presentations - Written assignments

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies

Data Safety - Securing data with passwords on documents
Data Safety - Understanding antivirus software
Data Safety - Installing and scanning devices using antivirus

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Secure a document using a password
- Follow steps to encrypt documents with passwords
- Show confidence in securing data

- Create a new document or open an existing document
- Click "File" then "Info"
- Click "Protect document" and select "Encrypt with password"
- Insert password and confirm it
- Close document and test password protection

How do we secure documents with passwords on a computer?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 14
- Computers with word processing software
- Documents to be protected
- Step-by-step guides
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 15
- Digital devices with antivirus software
- Internet access
- Antivirus program interfaces
- Digital devices (phones, tablets, computers)
- Antivirus software
- Internet connection

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Foundations of Pre-Technical Studies
Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Data Safety - Securing school electronic devices
Data Safety - Importance of data safety in daily life
Data Safety - Debate on data safety importance
Plane Geometry - Instruments used in drawing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify electronic devices in school that need protection
- Secure data in school electronic devices using appropriate techniques
- Explain the importance of securing school devices

- Identify electronic devices in school (mobile phones, tablets, computers)
- Under teacher guidance, ensure data is secured in these devices
- Discuss why it is important to secure data in these devices using antivirus

Why is it important to secure data in school electronic devices?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 15
- School electronic devices
- Antivirus software
- Password protection tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 16
- Digital devices
- Case studies on data safety
- Real-life examples
- Debate guidelines
- Case studies
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 18
- Drawing instruments (set squares, compasses, rulers)
- Internet access

- Practical work - Observation - Oral questions

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plane Geometry - Layout of a drawing environment
Plane Geometry - Constructing combined shapes
Plane Geometry - Use of plane geometry in drawing
Dimensioning - Types of dimensioning in drawing
Dimensioning - Linear and angular dimensioning
Dimensioning - Radial dimensioning and lines used for dimensioning

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify parts of a drawing environment
- Explain the layout of a drawing environment
- Appreciate the importance of proper drawing setup

- Search for information on drawing surface, margins, and title page
- Discuss the layout of a drawing environment
- Identify margins and title page on sample drawings
- Prepare drawing environment on a drawing sheet

Why is it important to set up a drawing environment before drawing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 20
- Drawing sheets
- Pencils and straight edges
- Sample drawings showing layout
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 23
- Drawing books
- Geometrical sets
- Compasses and rulers
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 26
- Drawing equipment
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Career brochures
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 27
- Charts showing dimensioned drawings
- Sample technical drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 28
- Drawing instruments
- Sample dimensioned drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 30
- Rulers and compasses
- Charts showing line types

- Observation - Practical work - Peer assessment

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Dimensioning - Rules for dimensioning straight lines
Dimensioning - Rules for dimensioning circles and curves
Dimensioning - Forms of dimensioning (chain, parallel, combined)
Dimensioning - Dimensioning shapes in drawings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain rules for dimensioning straight lines
- Apply correct dimensioning rules
- Show precision in dimensioning work

- Study dimensioned drawings and identify dimensioning rules
- Discuss placement of dimension lines and text
- Search for dimensioning standards using digital devices
- Practice applying dimensioning rules on sample drawings

What rules must we follow when dimensioning technical drawings?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 32
- Drawing equipment
- Digital devices
- Reference books on technical drawing
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 34
- Drawing instruments
- Compasses
- Sample drawings with circles
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 36
- Charts showing dimensioning forms
- Drawing books
- Digital resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 38
- Rulers and measuring tools
- Portfolio folders

- Written tests - Practical work - Observation

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plain Scale Drawing - Features of a plain scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Understanding plain scale components
Plain Scale Drawing - Interpreting a plain scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define scale drawing
- Identify features of a plain scale
- Appreciate the importance of scale in drawing

- Search for information on meaning of scale drawing
- Study pictures showing plain scales
- Discuss features of plain scale (main units, sub-units, zero mark, R.F)
- Identify features on sample plain scales

Why do we need to use scales when drawing large or small objects?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 41
- Charts showing plain scales
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Sample scale drawings
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 43
- Drawing instruments
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Sample plain scales
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 44
- Plain scale examples
- Rulers
- Practice worksheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Communication in Pre-Technical Studies

Plain Scale Drawing - Drawing figures to a given scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Drawing plane figures to scale
Plain Scale Drawing - Uses of plain scale drawing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Convert actual measurements to drawing measurements
- Apply Representative Fraction (R.F) correctly
- Draw lengths to given scale accurately

- Learn to convert meters to centimeters
- Calculate drawing length using R.F formula
- Practice drawing lengths using different R.F values
- Complete exercises on scale drawing

How do we reduce large objects to fit on paper?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 46
- Drawing books
- Rulers
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 47
- Drawing instruments
- Graph paper
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 50
- Maps and plans
- Digital devices
- Career brochures
- Community resources

- Practical work - Written assignments - Portfolio assessment

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Identifying composite materials in the locality
Composite Materials - Composition of composite materials
Composite Materials - Constituent materials of composites
Composite Materials - Matching composite materials to their uses
Composite Materials - Uses in work environment
Composite Materials - Searching for information on uses

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify composite materials in the locality
- Name items made from composite materials
- Show interest in learning about composite materials

- Study pictures showing composite materials
- Identify materials shown in the pictures
- Discuss which materials are found in their locality
- Identify constituent materials of composites

What are composite materials and where can we find them?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 63
- Pictures of composite materials
- Realia (concrete, bricks, manufactured boards)
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 64
- Internet access
- Charts showing composite compositions
- Sample composite materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 65
- Print resources
- Internet link provided
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 67
- Charts showing composite uses
- Pictures of furniture and buildings
- Real composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 68
- Pictures of work environments
- Charts showing sector applications
- Video clips
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 69
- Manila papers for charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Materials for Production

Composite Materials - Importance in the locality
Ceramic Materials - Identifying common ceramic materials
Ceramic Materials - Collecting ceramic items
Ceramic Materials - Physical properties of ceramics

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain importance of composite materials in locality
- Identify structures made from composites
- Value the impact of composites on community life

- Identify structures or items made from composites in locality
- Explain importance to the community
- Discuss how lives have been impacted by composites
- Present findings to classmates

Why are composite materials important in our community?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 70
- Community resources
- Pictures of local structures
- Digital devices
- Sample composite items
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 71
- Pictures of ceramic items
- Real ceramic items (pots, plates, tiles)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 72
- Collection bags
- Notebooks for recording
- Storage boxes
- Safety gloves
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 73
- Print resources
- Pictures showing properties
- Sample ceramic items

- Oral presentations - Written tests - Observation

Materials for Production

Ceramic Materials - Investigating properties
Ceramic Materials - Understanding properties
Ceramic Materials - Uses in work environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate brittleness of ceramic materials
- Test fire resistance of ceramics
- Examine heat and water resistance
- Demonstrate safe investigation procedures

- Drop ceramic material from height to test brittleness
- Hold ceramic using tongs and place on flame
- Place pot over low flame to test heat resistance
- Place water inside glass to test water resistance
- Record observations

How can we test the properties of ceramic materials?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 74
- Ceramic items (glass, pots)
- Water
- Source of heat
- Tongs
- Safety equipment
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 75
- Charts showing properties
- Sample ceramic items
- Pictures demonstrating properties
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 76
- Digital devices
- Manila papers for charts
- Workplace access
- Resource persons

- Practical work - Observation - Written reports - Safety compliance

Materials for Production
Tools and Production
Tools and Production
Tools and Production
Tools and Production
Tools and Production

Ceramic Materials - Importance in the locality
Cutting Tools - Identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Collecting and identifying cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Uses of hacksaws and handsaws
Cutting Tools - Uses of chisels and planes
Cutting Tools - Uses of snips, scrappers and other cutting tools

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify importance of ceramic materials in locality
- Discuss uses in kitchen, construction, decoration
- Explain healthcare applications
- Value ceramic materials in daily life

- Study pictures of people making and using ceramics
- Identify ceramic materials shown
- Discuss importance in the locality
- Debate statement about ceramic importance
- Share with parents importance of ceramics at home

Why are ceramic materials important in our daily lives?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 78
- Pictures of ceramic uses
- Digital devices
- Debate guidelines
- Reference materials
- Community resources
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 80
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Real cutting tools (hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, planes, snips)
- Charts showing cutting tools
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 81
- Various cutting tools from locality
- Storage containers
- Notebooks for recording
- Hacksaws and handsaws
- Metal rods, plastic pipes, wood pieces
- Pictures showing tool applications
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 82
- Wood chisels and cold chisels
- Various types of planes
- Wood and metal samples
- Safety equipment
- Tin snips and aviation snips
- Scrappers
- Various knives
- Wire strippers
- Different types of cutters

- Oral presentations - Written reports - Debate participation - Self-reflection

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Selecting appropriate cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Using a handsaw safely
Cutting Tools - Using a hacksaw safely
Cutting Tools - Using a wood chisel
Cutting Tools - Using snips to cut metal sheets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Select appropriate cutting tools for specific tasks
- Sort tools according to their uses
- Present findings in an organized manner

- Discuss the use of each cutting tool collected earlier
- Sort tools for cutting paper and fabric
- Sort tools for cutting wood, metallic rods, pipes and sheets
- Identify tools for stripping wire insulations
- Present findings in a table format

How do we select the right tool for a specific task?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 83
- Previously collected cutting tools
- Classification charts
- Notebooks for recording
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 85
- Handsaws
- Pieces of timber
- Tape measure, try square, pencil
- Clamps
- Working surface
- Protective gear (gloves, goggles)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 86
- Hacksaws
- Metal rods and plastic pipes
- Scriber
- Bench vice
- Working bench
- Protective gloves and overalls
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 88
- Wood chisels
- Mallet
- Pencil and ruler
- Protective gloves and goggles
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 89
- Tin snips or aviation snips
- Metallic sheets
- Scriber and steel rule
- Tape measure
- Protective gloves

- Observation - Written assignments - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Using wire cutters
Cutting Tools - Using planes and scrappers
Cutting Tools - Using wire strippers and knives

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use wire cutters to cut wires of different sizes
- Hold wire cutters properly
- Observe safety when cutting wires

- Identify and mark point on wire for cutting
- Hold wire cutter with dominant hand correctly
- Open handles to open blades
- Place wire between blades ensuring proper alignment
- Apply force to close blades and cut wire
- Practice cutting wires of different sizes

How do we cut wires safely using wire cutters?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 91
- Wire cutters
- Wires of different sizes
- Marking tools
- Protective gloves
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 90
- Jack plane
- Scrappers
- Pieces of timber
- Surfaces with embedded dirt
- Safety goggles
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 92
- Wire strippers
- Insulated wires
- Utility/sliding knives
- Cardboard paper
- Ruler and pencil

- Practical work - Observation - Peer assessment

Tools and Production

Cutting Tools - Caring for cutting tools
Cutting Tools - Importance of cutting tools in the workplace
Computer Software - Meaning and examples of computer software

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of caring for different cutting tools
- Explain maintenance procedures for each tool
- Demonstrate responsibility in tool care

- Study pictures showing ways of caring for cutting tools
- Discuss how tools are being cared for
- Use digital devices or print resources to search for ways of caring for cutting tools
- Discuss maintenance for hacksaws, handsaws, chisels, snips, cutters, planes, scrappers, strippers and knives

Why is it important to care for cutting tools?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 95
- Various cutting tools
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Tool maintenance materials
- Pictures of tool care
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 96
- Manila papers
- Markers and colors
- Pictures of cutting tools
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 97
- Digital devices (computers, tablets)
- Pictures showing software use
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Categories of computer software
Computer Software - Functions of word processors
Computer Software - Using Microsoft Word

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify categories of computer software
- Distinguish between system software and application software
- Explain the role of operating systems

- Learn about system software and application software
- Discuss system software (operating systems like Microsoft Windows)
- Study application software (word processors, spreadsheets, presentations)
- Understand that system software runs in the background
- Learn that application software is user-oriented

How do system software and application software differ?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 99
- Computers with different software
- Microsoft Windows
- Examples of application software
- Digital devices
- Charts showing software categories
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Computer laboratory
- Microsoft Word software
- Sample documents
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 101
- Computers with Microsoft Word
- Printers
- Practice documents
- Step-by-step guides

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of presentation software
Computer Software - Using Microsoft PowerPoint
Computer Software - Saving and printing PowerPoint presentations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of presentation software
- Identify Microsoft PowerPoint as presentation software
- Create visual presentations for audiences

- Learn about PowerPoint for creating visual presentations
- Discuss functions: creating presentations from templates, adding text, images, art and videos
- Study adding transitions, animations and cinematic motion
- Observe how presentations are used in different settings

What is presentation software used for?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft PowerPoint software
- Digital devices
- Sample presentations
- Projector (if available)
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 103
- Computers with Microsoft PowerPoint
- Practice presentation topics
- Step-by-step guides
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 107
- Computers with PowerPoint
- Printers
- Email access
- USB drives for saving

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Tools and Production

Computer Software - Functions of spreadsheet software
Computer Software - Using Microsoft Excel
Computer Software - Saving and printing Excel worksheets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the functions of spreadsheet software
- Identify Microsoft Excel as spreadsheet software
- Understand how spreadsheets organize data

- Learn about spreadsheets arranged in rows and columns
- Discuss Microsoft Excel functions: creating charts and graphs, searching, sorting and calculating data
- Study data analysis and saving capabilities
- Understand spreadsheet applications in workplaces

What tasks can spreadsheet software perform?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 100
- Microsoft Excel software
- Sample spreadsheets with data
- Charts and graphs examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 109
- Computers with Microsoft Excel
- Sample data for entry
- Step-by-step guides
- Practice worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 111
- Computers with Excel
- Printers
- Sample worksheets
- USB drives
- Portfolios for storing work

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Tools and Production
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship
Entrepreneurship

Computer Software - Importance of application software
Bookkeeping - Meaning of assets, liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Identifying assets
Bookkeeping - Understanding liabilities and capital
Bookkeeping - Meaning and importance of bookkeeping
Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of application software in workplaces
- Identify benefits of using application software
- Appreciate the role of software in productivity

- Discuss importance in schools, companies, agriculture and sports
- Learn that software creates professional documents and presentations
- Understand software improves creativity and increases productivity
- Debate: "Without computer application software, it would be difficult to perform different tasks in our school"
- Prepare charts showing importance in various workplaces

Why is application software important in different workplaces?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Studies Grade 8 pg. 112
- Manila papers and markers
- Case studies of software use
- Reference materials
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 114
- Textbooks
- Internet access
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 115
- Pictures of assets
- Charts
- Real business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 116
- Case study materials
- Business scenarios
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 117
- Charts showing bookkeeping importance
- Sample business records
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 118
- Calculators
- Practice worksheets
- Charts showing equation

- Observation - Debate participation - Chart assessment - Oral presentations

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Bookkeeping equation (Assets = Capital + Liabilities)
Bookkeeping - Expressing scenarios using bookkeeping equation
Bookkeeping - Business transactions (Cash and Credit)
Bookkeeping - Types of business transactions
Bookkeeping - Cost, price, profit and loss

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply full bookkeeping equation
- Calculate assets, capital and liabilities
- Solve bookkeeping equation problems

- Learn expanded equation: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Read scenarios involving loans and debts
- Calculate value of liabilities in examples
- Complete practice exercises
- Share findings with class

How do liabilities affect the bookkeeping equation?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 119
- Calculators
- Practice exercises
- Business scenarios
- Worksheets
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 120
- Practice tables
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 121
- Case study materials
- Real transaction examples
- Charts
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 122
- School canteen examples
- Transaction scenarios
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 123
- Pictures of business transactions
- Practice scenarios

- Written tests - Practical work - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Bookkeeping - Statement of financial position
Bookkeeping - Preparing statement of financial position
Income and Budgeting - Sources of income for an individual

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of statement of financial position
- Explain how to prepare the statement
- Appreciate importance of financial statements

- Discuss what shows financial position of business
- Identify components of statement
- Study example of Brian Mobile Phones
- Learn structure: Assets = Capital + Liabilities
- Discuss how both sides must balance

What is a statement of financial position?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 124
- Sample statements
- Charts
- Business examples
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 125
- Practice exercises
- Calculators
- Blank statement templates
- Business data
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 136
- Charts showing income sources
- Digital devices
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Understanding income sources
Income and Budgeting - Importance of budgeting
Income and Budgeting - Benefits of budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain employment income
- Describe business income
- Identify investment income and other sources

- Study chart showing income sources in detail
- Discuss employment income (salary, wages, allowances)
- Learn about business income (profits from sales)
- Understand investment income (rent, dividends, interest)
- Explore gifts, donations, and government transfers

What are the different categories of income sources?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 137
- Income source charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital resources
- Sample income statements
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 138
- Budget examples
- Family scenario materials
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 139
- Case study materials
- Charts showing benefits

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Ways of spending money wisely
Income and Budgeting - Preparing a simple budget
Income and Budgeting - Ethical practices in budgeting

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways to spend money wisely
- Create tips for wise spending
- Demonstrate financial responsibility

- Study poster made by Grade 8 learners
- Discuss tips on spending money wisely
- Discuss other ways of spending money wisely
- Create quotes on spending money wisely
- Display work in classroom for peer review

What are smart ways to spend money?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 140
- Sample posters
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Digital devices
- Display materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 141
- Sample budgets
- Budget templates
- Calculators
- Practice scenarios
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 142
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Reference materials

- Practical work - Portfolio assessment - Peer review

Entrepreneurship

Income and Budgeting - Unethical practices to avoid
Income and Budgeting - Importance of financial planning
Marketing of Goods and Services - Meaning of market and marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify unethical practices in budgeting
- Explain consequences of unethical practices
- Demonstrate commitment to ethical behavior

- Identify unethical practices from case study
- Learn about budgeting beyond means
- Understand dangers of not sticking to budget
- Discuss budgeting from illegal sources
- Learn about saving before spending

What unethical practices should we avoid in budgeting?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 143
- Charts showing practices
- Scenarios
- Discussion materials
- Reference books
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 144
- Case study materials
- Financial planning examples
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 147
- Reference materials

- Written tests - Group discussions - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Understanding marketing process
Marketing of Goods and Services - Importance of marketing
Marketing of Goods and Services - Sources of market information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain advertising
- Describe selling process
- Understand product delivery

- Learn marketing includes advertising, selling, delivery
- Discuss advertising through TV, radio, internet
- Understand selling as exchange for money
- Learn about delivery of products to customers
- Study examples of each marketing activity

What activities are involved in marketing?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 148
- Marketing examples
- Pictures of advertisements
- Digital resources
- Sample marketing materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 149
- Pictures and posters
- Flashcards
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 150
- Newspaper articles
- Sample surveys
- Social media examples

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Group discussions

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Analyzing market information sources
Marketing of Goods and Services - Factors in selecting markets
Marketing of Goods and Services - ICT tools for marketing

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Use digital devices to search market information
- Analyze information from customers
- Prepare reports on findings

- Search for market information using digital devices
- Observe school bags classmates use
- Identify improvements students want
- Gather information about market for school bags
- Write summary notes on sources

How can we gather and analyze market information?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 151
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Textbooks
- Sample market research
- Notebooks
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 152
- Case study materials
- Charts showing factors
- Business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 153
- Social media examples
- Marketing case studies

- Practical work - Written reports - Observation

Entrepreneurship

Marketing of Goods and Services - Recognizing suitable markets
Distribution of Goods and Services - Meaning and role of intermediaries
Distribution of Goods and Services - Roles of wholesalers and retailers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify suitable markets for products
- Match products to appropriate markets
- Demonstrate market selection skills

- Analyze different products and their markets
- Discuss suitability of markets for goods
- Match services to appropriate markets
- Present findings on market selection
- Review market selection criteria

How do we identify suitable markets for different products?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 154
- Product samples
- Market analysis charts
- Digital resources
- Case studies
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 156
- Pictures of distribution
- Charts
- Product examples
- Digital devices
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 157
- Charts showing roles
- Case study materials
- Reference books

- Written tests - Oral presentations - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Channels for distributing goods
Distribution of Goods and Services - Preparing distribution charts
Distribution of Goods and Services - Case study on distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different distribution channels
- Explain Channel 1 (direct distribution)
- Describe other channels

- Search for video clips on distribution channels
- Study chart showing different channels
- Learn Channel 1: Producer to Consumer direct
- Understand Channel 2: Producer to Retailer to Consumer
- Study Channel 3 with wholesaler

What are the different channels for distributing goods?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 158
- Distribution charts
- Video clips
- Digital devices
- Business examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 159
- Manila papers
- Markers
- Business case studies
- Chart examples
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 160
- Case study materials
- Charts
- Product samples
- Digital resources

- Observation - Written assignments - Practical work

Entrepreneurship

Distribution of Goods and Services - Ethics in distribution
Distribution of Goods and Services - Importance of distribution in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ethical practices in distribution
- Explain unethical practices to avoid
- Value ethical business conduct

- Debate on ethical practices statement
- Study diagram on ethics in distribution
- Identify ethical practices (honesty, quality goods, legal compliance)
- Learn about keeping customer information private
- Discuss avoiding discrimination and corruption

What ethical practices should be followed in distribution?

- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 161
- Debate guidelines
- Ethics diagrams
- Case studies
- Reference materials
- Mentor Pre-Technical Grade 8, pg. 162
- Case study materials
- Community examples
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Debate participation - Written tests - Observation