Social Studies and Personal Development

Self-Exploration - Personal abilities and interests for holistic development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore personal abilities and interests for self-improvement
- Draw and fill personal abilities and interests in a table
- Value the importance of identifying personal abilities and interests

- Learners to think of their personal abilities and interests
- Draw and fill their personal abilities and interests in a table
- Write responses on how these personal abilities and interests can be exploited for holistic development
- Share findings with classmates
- Read dialogue between Grade 7 learners on personal abilities and interests for holistic development

How can personal abilities and interests influence career choices?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 1

- Observation - Oral questions 

Social Studies and Personal Development

Self-Exploration - Developing personal values for a steady personality
Self-Exploration - Managing emotions in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify personal values that contribute to a steady personality
- Explain how personal values help in developing a steady personality
- Appreciate the importance of personal values in daily life

- Learners to study a profile of a student with personal values and principles
- Discuss personal values and principles
- Develop own profile with personal values that can help them develop a steady personality
- Use digital or print resources to research on personal principles

How do personal values contribute to a steady personality?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 2

- Observation - Oral questions 

Social Studies and Personal Development

Self-Exploration - Personal awareness in day-to-day life
Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Social Studies - Entrepreneurial opportunities that match our personality

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of personal awareness
- Discuss the importance of personal awareness in day-to-day life
- Value the importance of personal awareness in day-to-day life

- Learners to discuss various scenarios in life that lead to various emotions
- Share reactions to these scenarios
- Discuss how best to manage emotions
- Read information on importance of personal awareness in day-to-day life
- Identify ways to enhance personal awareness in day-to-day life

Why is personal awareness important in day-to-day life?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 4

- Observation - Oral questions 

Social Studies and Personal Development

Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Social Studies - Categories of entrepreneurial opportunities
Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Social Studies - Requirements for social entrepreneurial opportunities
Entrepreneurial Opportunities in Social Studies - Appreciating entrepreneurial opportunities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different categories of entrepreneurial opportunities in Social Studies
- Classify entrepreneurial opportunities into various categories
- Show interest in various entrepreneurial opportunities in Social Studies

- Learners to use digital or print resources to search for entrepreneurial opportunities in Social Studies
- Classify the entrepreneurial opportunities into categories (Community Development, Cultural Heritage, Environmental Stewardship, Public Relations and Media)
- Create posters of common entrepreneurial opportunities in Social Studies using locally available materials
- Display the posters at the Social Studies learning corner

How can entrepreneurial opportunities in Social Studies be classified?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 7

- Observation - Oral questions

People, Population and Relationships

Human Origin - Traditional stories of human origin from African communities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify traditional stories of human origin from different African communities
- Narrate traditional stories of human origin from different African communities
- Appreciate traditional stories of human origin

- Learners to write down names they know about and the communities where the names belong
- Show deskmates what they have written and read out what their deskmates have written
- Share stories on how their communities came into existence
- Listen to traditional stories of human origin from different African communities
- Discuss the stories heard

How did human beings come to be?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 12

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Human Origin - Religious stories about the origin of humankind
Human Origin - Common aspects in traditional and religious stories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain religious stories about the origin of humankind
- Research on religious stories about human origin
- Acknowledge religious stories about the origin of humankind

- Learners to use digital or relevant print resources such as the Bible, Shruti(Heard) or Quran to research on the religious stories about human origin
- Write down findings including the Bible, Shruti(Heard) or Quran chapters
- Read and discuss a conversation between a teacher, expert and learners about religious stories of human origin
- Identify similarities and differences between different religious stories of human origin

What similarities and differences exist among religious stories of human origin?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 13

- Observation - Oral questions

People, Population and Relationships

Human Origin - Recording traditional stories of human origin

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss ways of recording traditional stories about human origin
- Compose a song to acknowledge religious and traditional stories of human origin
- Value the significance of recording traditional stories about human origin

- Learners to compose songs to acknowledge religious and traditional stories of human origin
- Rehearse the song in class
- Present the song during school events
- Read a poem about human origin stories
- Identify ways people used to record traditional stories of humankind
- Discuss various ways used to record information on human origin

Why is it important to record traditional stories about human origin?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 15

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Human Origin - Effects of traditional and religious stories

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore effects of traditional and religious stories on human origin
- Write an essay on traditional and religious stories of human origin
- Acknowledge the various stories of human origin for self-identity

- Learners to write essays on traditional and religious stories of human origin
- Read out essays in class
- Use relevant reference material or digital devices to find out the effects of traditional and religious stories on human origin
- Discuss the effects of traditional and religious stories on human origin
- Create songs on religious and traditional stories of human origin

How do traditional and religious stories of human origin affect our self-identity?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 16

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Early Civilization - Factors that led to the growth of ancient Egypt

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify factors that led to the growth of ancient Egypt
- Discuss factors that led to the growth of ancient Egypt
- Appreciate the significance of factors that led to the growth of ancient Egypt

- Learners to use digital or print resources to find out the factors that led to the growth of ancient Egypt
- Look at pictures showing factors that led to the growth of ancient Egypt
- Discuss what is shown in each picture
- Research on other factors that led to the growth of ancient Egypt
- Write down findings and share with classmates

How did ancient Egyptian civilization develop?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 18

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Early Civilization - Factors that led to the growth of Great Zimbabwe

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the location of Great Zimbabwe
- Examine factors that led to the growth of Great Zimbabwe
- Recognize the importance of factors that led to the growth of Great Zimbabwe

- Learners to use digital or print media to research on factors that led to the growth of Great Zimbabwe
- Match factors with correct explanation in a table
- Read statements about factors that led to the growth of Great Zimbabwe
- Discuss the factors that led to the growth of Great Zimbabwe
- Record the factors on a chart

What factors contributed to the growth of Great Zimbabwe?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 19

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Early Civilization - Factors that led to the growth of the Kingdom of Kongo
Early Civilization - Locating ancient kingdoms on a map of Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate the Kingdom of Kongo on a map
- Analyze factors that led to the growth of the Kingdom of Kongo
- Value the factors that led to the growth of the Kingdom of Kongo

- Learners to hold a group discussion on factors that contributed to the growth of the Kingdom of Kongo
- Write a report on the discussion
- Read a newspaper extract on the development of the Kingdom of Kongo
- Discuss how the factors highlighted in the newspaper led to the growth of the Kingdom of Kongo
- Identify other factors that led to the growth of the Kingdom of Kongo

How did the Kingdom of Kongo develop and grow?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 20

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Early Civilization - Contribution of ancient kingdoms to modern world

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify contributions of early African civilization to the modern world
- Assess the contribution of early African civilization to the modern world
- Recognize the contribution of early civilization to the development of the modern world

- Learners to use ancient inventions to write an essay on the contribution of early African civilization to the modern world
- Present and read out essays in class
- Study a chart showing contribution of early African civilization to the modern world
- Draw a chart to show contribution of early African civilization to the modern world
- Present work to the class

How has early African civilization influenced the world today?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 22

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Slavery and Servitude - Forms of slavery and servitude in traditional African society

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define slavery and servitude
- Identify various forms of slavery and servitude in traditional African society
- Show empathy for those who suffered from slavery and servitude

- Learners to talk to friends about the meaning of slavery and servitude
- Use digital or print resources to research on various forms of slavery and servitude in traditional African and contemporary society
- Read statements and choose correct words that fit the statements relating to forms of slavery and servitude
- Identify and discuss other forms of slavery and servitude in traditional African and contemporary society

Why has slavery and servitude existed for thousands of years?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 25

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Slavery and Servitude - Factors which led to development of Indian Ocean slave trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine factors which led to development of Indian Ocean slave trade
- Discuss the organization of the Indian Ocean slave trade
- Exhibit empathy for various social injustices committed on Africans during the Indian Ocean slave trade

- Learners to read a dialogue between Grade 7 learners on factors which led to development of Indian Ocean slave trade
- Identify the factors from the dialogue
- Discuss other factors that led to the development of the Indian Ocean slave trade
- Watch a video clip on factors which led to development of Indian Ocean slave trade
- Research on the organization of the Indian Ocean Slave trade

What factors led to the development of the Indian Ocean slave trade?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 26

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Slavery and Servitude - Geographical extent of Indian Ocean slave trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Sketch the geographical extent of the regions covered by Indian Ocean slave trade in Africa
- Identify the routes used in the Indian Ocean slave trade
- Show concern for the regions affected by the Indian Ocean slave trade

- Learners to study a map showing the geographical extent of the regions covered by Indian Ocean Slave Trade in Africa
- Sketch the map in exercise books
- Show the routes used by the Indian Ocean slave trade routes along the Red Sea, Mediterranean Sea and the Indian Ocean
- Use digital or print media to search for a map showing the geographical extent of the regions covered by the Indian Ocean slave trade in Africa
- Draw this map on manila paper using different colors to illustrate routes and regions

How widespread was the Indian Ocean slave trade in Africa?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 27

 Observation 

People, Population and Relationships

Slavery and Servitude - Promoting human dignity
Socio-economic organisation of selected African Communities up to 1900 - Locating selected African communities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss ways of promoting human dignity for a just and peaceful world
- Develop slogans on ways of promoting human dignity
- Desire to promote human dignity for a just and peaceful world

- Learners to discuss how various ways promote human dignity for a just and peaceful world
- Read and discuss slogans on ways of promoting human dignity for a just and peaceful world
- Develop own slogans on ways of promoting human dignity for a just and peaceful world
- Share slogans with the rest of the class

How can we promote human dignity for a just and peaceful world?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 28

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Socio-economic organisation of selected African Communities up to 1900 - Social and economic activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the socio-economic organisation of selected African communities up to 1900
- Research on socio-economic organisation of selected African communities
- Recognize the value of socio-economic organisation of selected African communities

- Learners to use print or digital devices to research on socio-economic organisation of selected African communities up to 1900 (The Ogiek, Zulu, Asante)
- Brainstorm on the aspects of socio-economic organisations of the selected African communities
- Present their findings to the class
- Take notes on the socio-economic organisations of the selected communities

How were African communities organized up to 1900?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 30

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Socio-economic organisation of selected African Communities up to 1900 - Comparing socio-economic organisations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare the socio-economic organisations of the selected African communities up to 1900
- Debate on differences and similarities in socio-economic organisation of the selected communities
- Desire to apply effective communication to promote positive social interactions

- Learners to debate on the differences and similarities in socio-economic organisation of the selected African communities up to 1900
- Create a comparison chart showing similarities and differences in socio-economic organisation
- Interact with learners from other communities and share on socio-economic organisation in the locality
- Present their findings to the class

How can we promote positive interactions among communities?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 30

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Socio-economic organisation of selected African Communities up to 1900 - Cultural practices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify cultural practices of the selected African communities
- Discuss the cultural practices of the selected African communities
- Appreciate the cultural diversity of selected African communities

- Learners to research on cultural practices of the Ogiek, Zulu and Asante communities
- Create a chart showing the cultural practices of each community
- Present their findings to the class
- Discuss the importance of preserving cultural practices
- Role play some of the cultural practices of the selected communities

Why is it important to preserve cultural practices of different communities?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 31

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Origin of Money - Comparison between barter trade and currency trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify currencies used in different African countries
- Compare barter trade and the use of currency trade in Africa
- Appreciate the evolution from barter trade to currency trade

- Learners to study currencies used in different African countries
- Discuss how buying and selling of items was done before introduction of currencies
- Identify types of trade highlighted in pictures
- Discuss differences between barter trade and currency trade
- Complete a table comparing barter trade and currency trade

How has money transformed trade in Africa?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 31

- Observation - Oral questions

People, Population and Relationships

Origin of Money - Role-playing barter and currency trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate understanding of barter and currency trade through role play
- Identify advantages and challenges of both trade systems
- Value the significance of currency in modern trade

- Learners to divide into groups
- Role-play on barter trade and currency trade in an African village market
- Take turns to role-play in class with other groups providing constructive criticism
- Write down key points learned from the role-play
- Discuss the advantages and challenges of both trade systems

What are the practical differences between barter and currency trade?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 32

- Observation - Oral questions

People, Population and Relationships

Origin of Money - Factors that led to introduction of money in Africa
Origin of Money - Impact of introduction of money in Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine the transformation brought by introduction of money in Africa
- Explain factors that led to introduction of money in Africa
- Recognize the importance of money in trade development

- Learners to study images showing factors that led to introduction of money in Africa
- Discuss how these factors led to introduction of money
- Read a conversation between a resource person and Grade 7 learners on factors that led to introduction of money in Africa
- Identify the factors from the conversation
- Research on other factors that led to introduction of money in Africa

What factors necessitated the introduction of money in Africa?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 33

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Human Diversity and interpersonal relationships - Factors determining human diversity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define human diversity
- Identify factors that determine human diversity in society
- Appreciate human diversity in society

- Learners to use a dictionary or reference material to find out the meaning of human diversity
- Discuss how human diversity influences relationships among people
- Study a picture and identify human diversities shown
- Research factors that determine human diversity in society
- Complete a personal journal identifying personal characteristics

How do varied personalities shape society?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 40

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Human Diversity and interpersonal relationships - Interpersonal skills

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify interpersonal skills that enhance healthy interactions
- Analyze life skills that promote healthy relationships
- Value interpersonal skills that enhance healthy interactions

- Learners to listen to a resource person talk about interpersonal skills that enhance healthy interactions in a multicultural society
- Use digital devices or print media to read about negotiation skills and other interpersonal skills
- Create a table categorizing skills that enhance or hinder healthy interactions
- Make a poster displaying interpersonal skills with brief descriptions

Why is respect and appreciation of diversity crucial for social cohesion?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 41
 

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Human Diversity and interpersonal relationships - Desirable and undesirable personality attributes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Categorize desirable and undesirable personality attributes
- Match personality attributes with correct descriptions
- Develop positive personality attributes

- Learners to use digital device or print media to read on desirable and undesirable personal attributes
- Listen to a conversation and identify personality attributes mentioned
- Read a poem on personal attributes and identify desirable and undesirable ones
- Match personality attributes with their correct descriptions
- Design a poster showing desirable and undesirable personal attributes

How do personality attributes affect interactions in society?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 42

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Human Diversity and interpersonal relationships - Benefits of healthy relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of building healthy relationships in a multicultural society
- Compose a poem on the importance of healthy relationships
- Appreciate the importance of building healthy relationships

- Learners to research the importance of building healthy relationships in a multicultural society
- Read a placard designed by a Grade 7 learner about healthy relationships
- Read a dialogue between students discussing the importance of healthy relationships
- Compose a poem on the importance of building healthy relationships
- Inquire from parents/guardians on importance of building healthy relationships

What are the benefits of healthy relationships in a multicultural society?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 44

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Human Diversity and interpersonal relationships - Promoting inclusion and diversity
Peace and conflict resolution - Qualities of a peaceful person

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss ways to promote inclusion and diversity
- Create messages that promote inclusion and diversity
- Show respect for diversity in society

- Learners to sing a song about interpersonal skills and cultural harmony
- Recite a poem on respect and diversity
- Discuss ways to show inclusion and respect to people who are different
- Create posters with messages promoting inclusion and diversity
- Compose poems or songs celebrating diversity

How can we promote inclusion and respect for diversity in our society?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 45

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Peace and conflict resolution - Factors promoting peaceful coexistence

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify factors that promote peaceful coexistence
- Discuss how these factors promote peaceful coexistence
- Show commitment to promoting peaceful coexistence

- Learners to listen to a resource person talk about factors that promote peaceful coexistence
- Take notes from what the resource person says
- Read factors that promote peaceful coexistence written on a chalkboard
- Discuss how these factors promote peaceful coexistence
- Create a chart showing factors that promote peaceful coexistence

How can we promote peace for mutual social well-being?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 54

- Observation - Oral questions 

People, Population and Relationships

Peace and conflict resolution - Peaceful conflict resolution process

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify steps in peaceful conflict resolution process
- Apply steps in peaceful conflict resolution in day-to-day life
- Value the importance of peaceful conflict resolution

- Learners to study a chart showing peaceful conflict resolution process
- Write down the steps of peaceful conflict resolution process
- Research more about peaceful conflict resolution process
- Create a chart on peaceful conflict resolution process
- Role-play conflict resolution scenarios

How can I manage stress and emotion to promote inner peace?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 55

 Observation 

People, Population and Relationships

Peace and conflict resolution - Resolving conflicts in everyday situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate peaceful conflict resolution in everyday situations
- Explain the process of resolving conflicts
- Show commitment to resolving conflicts peacefully

- Learners to practice resolving conflicts between friends arguing over ownership of a textbook
- Explain and assess the process followed in resolving the conflict
- Help resolve a disagreement between two learners over a burst ball
- Role-play the conflict resolution process
- Present the play to the class

What steps should be followed when resolving conflicts?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 56

- Observation Oral questions

People, Population and Relationships

Peace and conflict resolution - Importance of peaceful coexistence

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of peaceful coexistence
- Debate on the importance of peaceful coexistence
- Appreciate the value of peaceful coexistence

- Learners to recite a poem on the importance of peaceful coexistence
- Identify the importance of peaceful coexistence from the poem
- Explain other importance of peaceful coexistence in the community
- Organize a debate on the importance of peaceful coexistence
- Write points and share with classmates

Why is peaceful coexistence important in our society?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 57

 Observation 

People, Population and Relationships
Community Service Learning
Community Service Learning

Peace and conflict resolution - Managing stress and emotions
Community Service Learning Project - Key terms used in community service learning
Community Service Learning Project - Community Services

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways to manage stress and emotions
- Demonstrate techniques for managing stress and emotions
- Value the importance of emotional management for inner peace

- Learners to discuss various sources of stress and emotional challenges
- Research techniques for managing stress and emotions
- Practice relaxation techniques such as deep breathing and positive self-talk
- Create a personal stress management plan
- Share effective strategies with classmates

How can stress and emotions be managed to promote inner peace?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 7 pg. 58

- Observation - Oral questions 

Community Service Learning

Community Service Learning Project - Case Study of Community Service Learning
Community Service Learning Project - Meaning of key terms in CSL

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify components of a CSL project from a case study
- Analyze different aspects of a CSL project
- Value the importance of CSL projects in the community

- Read the story about Okello and his CSL activities
- Identify the activities Okello and his friends did as a community service
- Identify other community services people engage in
- Identify the project which Okello and his friends started in the village
- Identify the problem members of Kolol village were facing
- Write down the solution they came up with

How can community service learning contribute to community development?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 61-62

- Observation - Oral questions 

Community Service Learning

Community Service Learning Project - Importance of CSL
Community Service Learning Project - Benefits of CSL to self
Community Service Learning Project - Benefits of CSL to the community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of CSL to self
- Explain the importance of CSL to the community
- Appreciate the value of CSL to personal and community development

- Discuss the benefits of CSL for self and for the community
- Use a table to write down findings on benefits to self and community
- Make group presentations to the rest of the class
- Create posters highlighting the importance of CSL

How can community service learning contribute to community development?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 64

- Observation - Oral questions

Community Service Learning

Community Service Learning Project - Steps of a CSL project
Community Service Learning Project - Problem identification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify steps involved in carrying out a CSL project
- Explain the significance of each step in the CSL process
- Appreciate the importance of following the steps in a CSL project

- Using digital resources or print media, find out the steps involved in carrying out a CSL project
- Note down findings
- Take turns to make presentations to the rest of the class
- Create a flowchart showing the CSL project steps

What steps should be followed when conducting a CSL project?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 65

- Observation - Oral questions 

Community Service Learning

Community Service Learning Project - Problem solving through CSL
Community Service Learning Project - Steps of CSL

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyze a given scenario about a problem
- Develop strategies to address the problem through CSL
- Appreciate the role of CSL in problem solving

- Read the scenario about Grade Seven learners from Malkia School whose classrooms were destroyed by strong winds
- Fill in a table on how they were going to deal with the situation (Problem, Plan of solving the problem, Possible solutions, Implementing the solutions, Reflection on the project)
- From the activity, write down the possible steps of carrying out a CSL
- Take turns to make presentations

How can CSL help in solving real-life problems?

Distinction Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 66-67.

 Observation