Numbers

Integers - Identification of integers
Integers - Representation of integers on number line

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define integers and distinguish them from non-integers
- Identify positive integers, negative integers and zero in different situations
- Appreciate the use of integers in daily life situations

- Discuss and find readings of thermometers showing positive and negative values
- Classify numbers as integers or non-integers
- Use real-life situations like floors above and below ground to represent integers

How do we identify integers in real life situations?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 1
- Thermometers
- Number cards
- Charts with integers
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 2
- Manila paper
- Rulers
- Markers
- Number lines

- Observation - Oral questions - Written exercises

Numbers

Integers - Addition of integers on number line
Integers - Subtraction of integers on number line
Integers - Combined operations on number line
Integers - Application of integers using IT resources
Fractions - Order of operations in fractions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State the rule for adding integers on a number line
- Carry out addition of integers on a number line correctly
- Value the importance of addition of integers in real life

- Use number cards and containers for selection
- Draw number lines on the ground
- Jump to the right to add positive numbers
- Mark and record positions after jumping

How do we carry out addition of integers?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 3
- Number cards
- Ground markings
- Chalk
- Counters
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 4
- Number lines
- Markers
- Playground space
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 5
- Temperature gauges
- Real-life problem cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 6
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Integer games/apps
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 8
- Fraction cards
- Calculators
- Charts showing BODMAS

- Observation - Practical activities - Oral questions

Numbers

Fractions - Operations on fractions from shopping activities
Fractions - Word problems involving fractions
Fractions - Games and IT activities on fractions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how fractions are used in shopping and trading
- Work out fraction operations from shopping activities
- Show responsibility in applying fractions to real situations

- Discuss and carry out operations on fractions from shopping and other real-life cases
- Role-play shopping scenarios
- Solve problems involving sharing and distribution

Where do we apply combined operations on fractions?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 9
- Shopping lists
- Price tags
- Play money
- Fraction pieces
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 10
- Word problem cards
- Fraction charts
- Measuring tools
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 11
- Tablets/computers
- Internet access
- Fraction games

- Problem-solving - Practical activities - Written assignments

Numbers

Fractions - Mixed practice on combined operations
Fractions - Application and reflection
Decimals - Conversion of fractions to decimals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Recall the order of operations in fractions
- Solve complex combined fraction operations proficiently
- Show confidence in working with fractions

- Practice solving mixed fraction problems
- Work in groups on challenging fraction tasks
- Present solutions to the class

What strategies help us solve complex fraction problems?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 12
- Exercise books
- Fraction worksheets
- Group work materials
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 13
- Portfolio materials
- Reflection journals
- Conversion charts
- Calculators
- Place value charts

- Written tests - Group presentations - Peer assessment

Numbers

Decimals - Identifying and converting recurring decimals
Decimals - Rounding off decimals to decimal places

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define recurring and non-recurring decimals
- Identify recurring decimals and convert them to fractions correctly
- Show interest in working with recurring decimals

- Discuss and classify non-recurring and recurring decimals
- Indicate recurring digits using dot notation
- Practice converting recurring decimals to fractions using algebraic method

How do we identify and work with recurring decimals?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 15
- Decimal cards
- Number cards
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 19
- Place value charts
- Decimal number cards
- Rounding worksheets

- Written tests - Practical exercises - Observation

Numbers

Decimals - Expressing numbers in significant figures
Decimals - Expressing numbers in standard form
Decimals - Combined operations on decimals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the meaning of significant figures
- Write decimal and whole numbers to given significant figures
- Show precision in expressing numbers

- Write decimal and whole numbers to given significant figures
- Discuss rules for identifying significant figures
- Practice expressing numbers to different significant figures

What are significant figures and why are they important?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 21
- Number charts
- Worksheets
- Scientific calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 23
- Standard form cards
- Calculators
- Charts
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 24
- Operation cards

- Written tests - Practical exercises - Observation

Numbers

Decimals - Application of decimals to real life
Decimals - Games and digital activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify situations where decimals are used in daily life
- Apply decimals to solve practical problems
- Promote use of decimals in daily activities

- Discuss and apply decimals to real life cases
- Solve problems involving money, measurements, temperature
- Work with real-life scenarios

Where do we use decimals in our daily lives?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 26
- Real-life problem cards
- Measuring instruments
- Price lists
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 27
- Digital devices
- Decimal games/apps
- Internet access

- Practical tasks - Written assignments - Oral presentations

Numbers

Squares and Square Roots - Reading squares from tables
Squares and Square Roots - Squares of large numbers
Squares and Square Roots - Squares of numbers less than 1

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to read mathematical tables for squares
- Work out squares of numbers between 1.0 and 9.999 from tables
- Show accuracy in using mathematical tables

- Read and write the squares of numbers from tables
- Practice locating numbers in the table and reading their squares
- Work through examples using Table 1.3

What are squares of numbers?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 29
- Mathematical tables
- Number cards
- Worksheets
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 33
- Standard form charts
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 35
- Decimal cards

- Practical exercises - Written tests - Observation

Numbers

Squares and Square Roots - Reading square roots from tables
Squares and Square Roots - Square roots of large numbers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to read square root tables
- Work out square roots of numbers from 1 to 99.99 using tables
- Appreciate the relationship between squares and square roots

- Read and write the square roots of numbers from tables
- Practice using Table 1.4 for square roots
- Add values from the ADD column correctly

Where do we apply square roots in real life?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 37
- Mathematical tables
- Square root charts
- Number cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 39
- Mathematical tables (Tables 1.4 & 1.5)
- Worksheets
- Calculators

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Class tests

Numbers

Squares and Square Roots - Using calculators for squares and square roots
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Identifying rates

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the square and square root functions on a calculator
- Work out squares and square roots using a calculator correctly
- Appreciate the efficiency of using calculators

- Practice working out squares and square roots using a calculator
- Compare calculator results with table results
- Use IT devices or other materials to play square and square root games

How do calculators help us find squares and square roots?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 42
- Scientific calculators
- Digital devices
- Comparison worksheets
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 44
- Stopwatches
- Rate cards
- Mobile phones (for demonstration)

- Practical exercises - Observation - Written tests

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Working out rates
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Expressing fractions as ratios
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Comparing ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the method for calculating rates
- Calculate rates from given information accurately
- Show precision in rate calculations

- Carry out activities to determine rates
- Calculate rates per unit time or quantity
- Solve rate problems from real-life contexts

How do we calculate rates from given information?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 46
- Timers
- Measuring tools
- Rate worksheets
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 48
- Cut-out materials
- Ratio cards
- Counters
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 50
- Comparison charts
- Calculators

- Written tests - Problem-solving - Class activities

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Division of quantities in ratios
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Working out ratios

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of dividing quantities in given ratios
- Divide quantities in given ratios systematically
- Show fairness in sharing quantities

- Discuss and share quantities of concrete objects in different ratios
- Use counters or bottle tops to practice sharing
- Solve sharing problems

How do we divide quantities using ratios?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 51
- Counters
- Bottle tops
- Sharing materials
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 53
- Data cards
- Real-life examples
- Worksheets

- Practical exercises - Written assignments - Observation

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Increase and decrease using ratios
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Percentage increase
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Percentage decrease

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how ratios show increase or decrease in quantities
- Work out increase and decrease of quantities using ratios
- Apply ratio changes to real situations

- Discuss and determine increase and decrease using ratios
- Use the format new : old to express changes
- Solve problems involving ratio changes

How do ratios represent increase or decrease?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 55
- Change scenario cards
- Calculators
- Worksheets
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 57
- Percentage charts
- Problem cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 58
- Discount cards
- Price lists

- Written exercises - Class activities - Problem-solving

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Identifying direct proportions
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Working out direct proportions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define direct proportion
- Identify direct proportions in real life situations
- Appreciate proportional relationships in daily activities

- Use IT devices or other materials to explore proportions
- Role play shopping activities to show direct relationships
- Identify situations where increase in one leads to increase in other

What is direct proportion?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 59
- Proportion charts
- Real-life examples
- Digital devices
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 60
- Proportion tables
- Worksheets
- Calculators

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical activities

Numbers

Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Identifying indirect proportions
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Working out indirect proportions
Rates, Ratio, Proportions and Percentages - Application and reflection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define indirect proportion
- Identify indirect proportions in different situations
- Appreciate the difference between direct and indirect proportion

- Use hourglass to show and determine indirect relationships
- Identify situations where increase in one leads to decrease in other
- Practice with filling containers

What is indirect proportion?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 62
- Hourglass
- Containers
- Bottle tops
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 63
- Proportion worksheets
- Calculators
- Problem cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 64
- Video resources
- Digital devices
- Portfolio materials

- Observation - Practical work - Oral questions

Algebra

Algebraic Expressions - Factorisation of algebraic expressions
Algebraic Expressions - Identifying like and unlike terms in factorisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define factorisation as the reverse of expansion
- Identify the highest common factor (HCF) in algebraic expressions
- Appreciate the use of factorisation in simplifying expressions

- Make three sets of cards showing algebraic expressions and their factored forms
- Match cards from different rows to form equations
- Discuss and identify common factors in terms
- Write HCF in front of brackets and remaining factors inside

How do we factorise algebraic expressions?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 65
- Number cards
- Algebraic expression cards
- Charts
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 67
- Factor cards
- Worksheets
- Group work materials

- Observation - Card matching activity - Oral questions

Algebra

Algebraic Expressions - Simplification of algebraic fractions
Algebraic Expressions - Advanced simplification practice
Algebraic Expressions - Using IT devices and application

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of simplifying algebraic fractions
- Simplify algebraic fractions by finding LCM of denominators
- Value accuracy in simplifying fractions

- Discuss like and unlike terms in algebraic fractions
- Find LCM of denominators in algebraic fractions
- Combine fractions with different denominators
- Practice simplifying complex algebraic fractions

How do we simplify algebraic expressions?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 68
- Fraction charts
- LCM charts
- Worksheets
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 69
- Practice worksheets
- Real-life problem cards
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 71
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Algebra apps/software

- Written tests - Practical exercises - Problem-solving

Algebra

Linear Equations - Forming linear equations in two unknowns
Linear Equations - More practice on forming equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define linear equations in two unknowns
- Form linear equations from real-life situations using two variables
- Show interest in forming equations from word problems

- Put masses on beam balance and add marbles to balance
- Give letters to represent unknowns
- Role play shopping activities to form equations
- Write equations from balancing scenarios

How do we solve linear equations in two unknowns?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 72
- Beam balance
- Masses (500g)
- Marbles
- Shopping scenario cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 73
- Word problem cards
- Real-life scenario cards
- Worksheets

- Observation - Practical activities - Oral questions

Algebra

Linear Equations - Solving by substitution method
Linear Equations - Advanced practice on substitution method
Linear Equations - Solving by elimination method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the substitution method for solving simultaneous equations
- Solve linear equations in two unknowns using substitution systematically
- Show precision in solving equations

- Write equations from fruit vendor scenario
- Name equations as (i) and (ii)
- Write one variable in terms of another
- Replace and simplify to find values of unknowns

How do we use substitution method to solve linear equations?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 74
- Fruit pictures
- Equation cards
- Step-by-step charts
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 75
- Practice worksheets
- Real-life problem cards
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 76
- Shopping scenario cards
- Elimination charts
- Step-by-step guides

- Written tests - Practical exercises - Oral questions

Algebra

Linear Equations - More practice on elimination method
Linear Equations - Application in real-life situations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify when to use elimination method
- Solve various simultaneous equations by elimination efficiently
- Show confidence in choosing appropriate methods

- Practice solving equations involving bread and tea leaves
- Work through problems with different coefficients
- Solve problems about costs of items
- Compare elimination and substitution methods

When is elimination method more suitable than substitution?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 78
- Comparison charts
- Practice worksheets
- Method selection guides
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 79
- Video resources
- Real-life scenario cards
- Digital devices
- Application worksheets

- Written tests - Class activities - Problem-solving

Measurements

Circles - Circumference of a circle
Circles - Finding circumference of circular objects
Circles - Length of an arc

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define circumference as the distance around a circle
- Calculate the circumference using the formula C=πD or C=2πr
- Appreciate the relationship between diameter and circumference

- Take a string and two sticks to draw circles on the ground
- Measure the distance between fixed points
- Use string and ruler to measure total length of line drawn
- Compare diameter measurement with circumference

How do we determine the circumference of a circle?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 81
- Strings
- Sticks
- Rulers
- Circular objects
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 82
- Bicycle wheels
- Clock models
- Measuring tape
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 84
- Cartons for clock
- Protractors

- Practical activities - Oral questions - Written exercises

Measurements

Circles - Perimeter of a sector
Circles - Application and use of IT resources

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain what a sector is and identify minor and major sectors
- Calculate perimeter of a sector using the formula: Perimeter = (θ/360 × 2πr) + 2r
- Show systematic approach in calculating sector perimeters

- Draw circles and mark points to form sectors
- Use string and ruler to determine arc length and add radii
- Measure angles at centre
- Calculate perimeter using formula and compare with measured values

How do we calculate the perimeter of a sector?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 86
- Drawing instruments
- Strings
- Rulers
- Protractors
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 87
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Real-life scenario cards

- Written tests - Class activities - Problem-solving

Measurements

Area - Area of a circle
Area - Calculating areas of circles with different radii
Area - Area of a sector of a circle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how the formula for area of circle is derived
- Calculate area of a circle using the formula A = πr²
- Appreciate the importance of knowing circle areas

- Draw and cut circles into equal sections
- Arrange sections to form rectangle-like shape
- Relate sides of rectangle to radius of circle
- Work out area of rectangle formed

How do we calculate the area of a circle?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 88
- Plain paper
- Scissors
- Rulers
- Circular cut-outs
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 89
- Calculators
- Worksheets
- Problem cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 91
- Drawing instruments
- Protractors
- Paper for folding

- Practical work - Written exercises - Oral questions

Measurements

Area - Surface area of cubes
Area - Surface area of cuboids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain that a cube has 6 equal square faces
- Calculate total surface area using formula: TSA = 6 × length × length
- Show understanding of closed and open cubes

- Study cubes and count number of faces
- Measure sides of each face
- Calculate area of each face
- Derive formula for surface area of closed and open cubes

How do we calculate surface area of cubes?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 92
- Cube models
- Rulers
- Measuring tape
- Worksheets
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 94
- Cuboid objects
- Cartons
- Measuring instruments

- Written tests - Practical work - Problem-solving

Measurements

Area - Surface area of cylinders
Area - Closed and open cylinders
Area - Surface area of triangular prisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain that a cylinder opens to form two circles and a rectangle
- Calculate curved surface area using formula: CSA = 2πrh
- Show systematic approach in cylinder calculations

- Select paper or plastic cylinders
- Cut out top and bottom circles
- Slit open hollow cylindrical part
- Measure opened figure and relate to circumference

How do we find surface area of cylinders?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 97
- Cylindrical objects
- Scissors
- Rulers
- Paper cylinders
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 99
- Cylinder models
- Calculators
- Real-life scenario cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 100
- Prism models
- Measuring instruments
- Worksheets

- Practical exercises - Written tests - Problem-solving

Measurements

Area - Applications of triangular prisms
Area - Area of irregular shapes using square grids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss real-life objects in the shape of triangular prisms
- Calculate surface areas of dust pans, tents, and goal posts
- Show interest in applying prism knowledge

- Calculate surface area of rabbit hutches
- Work out surface area of tents and dust pans
- Solve problems involving wedges
- Calculate surface area of handball goal posts covered with nets

Where do we find triangular prisms in real life?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 102
- Real-life problem cards
- Prism models
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 103
- Graph paper
- Square grids
- Leaves
- Pencils

- Written assignments - Problem-solving - Presentations

Measurements

Area - Estimating areas of maps and other irregular shapes
Money - Interest and principal
Money - Calculating simple interest

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply square grid method to various irregular shapes
- Estimate areas of maps, assembly zones, and hand traces
- Promote use of area estimation in real life

- Estimate area of fire assembly zones
- Work out area of constituency maps
- Estimate area of Kenya map
- Trace palm of hand and estimate its area

What are practical uses of estimating irregular areas?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 105
- Graph paper
- Maps
- Tracing paper
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 107
- Sample loan documents
- Financial scenario cards
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 109
- Formula charts
- Loan scenario cards

- Portfolio assessment - Practical work - Written assignments

Measurements

Money - Applications of simple interest
Money - Compound interest calculation step by step

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Discuss various situations where simple interest applies
- Calculate amount paid back including interest
- Apply simple interest to solve real-life problems

- Calculate interest for businessmen borrowing from financial institutions
- Work out amount in bank accounts after interest
- Find rate of simple interest from given information
- Calculate interest earned on deposits

Where do we use simple interest in real life?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 110
- Calculators
- Real-life problem cards
- Bank documents (samples)
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 112
- Step-by-step charts
- Comparison worksheets

- Written assignments - Problem-solving - Oral presentations

Measurements

Money - Working out appreciation per annum
Money - Working out depreciation per annum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define appreciation as gain in value of a commodity
- Calculate appreciation using compound interest method
- Show understanding that appreciation is calculated like compound interest

- Discuss meaning of appreciation in relation to monetary value
- List items that appreciate in value
- Calculate appreciation of land value year by year
- Apply appreciation formula to various scenarios

What items appreciate in value and why?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 115
- Calculators
- Appreciation scenario cards
- Charts
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 116
- Depreciation charts
- Real-life examples

- Written exercises - Problem-solving - Oral questions

Measurements
4.0: Geometry
4.0: Geometry

Money - Hire purchase
Money - Visiting financial institutions and using IT for shopping
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing parallel lines using ruler and compasses
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing parallel lines using set square and ruler

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain hire purchase as buying goods through installments
- Calculate total cost under hire purchase
- Show consumer awareness in comparing cash and hire purchase prices

- Visit places offering hire purchase or do online searches
- Discuss different terms of purchase
- Calculate installment periods and total amounts
- Compare hire purchase prices with cash prices for consumer protection

How do we pay for goods on hire purchase?

- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 117
- Hire purchase documents
- Price comparison charts
- Calculators
- Master Mathematics Grade 8, pg. 118
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Financial institution brochures
- Guest speakers
- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Pair of compasses
- Pencil
- Plain paper
- Set square
- Drawing paper

- Written assignments - Research projects - Oral presentations

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing perpendicular bisector of a line
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing perpendicular from a point to a line using compasses
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing perpendicular using set square and ruler
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Proportional division of a line
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Sum of interior angles of polygons

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define perpendicular bisector
- Construct perpendicular bisector using ruler and compasses
- Value accuracy in constructions

- Draw a line of given length
- Use compass to mark arcs from both ends
- Identify intersection points of arcs
- Join intersection points to form perpendicular bisector
- Measure and verify equal segments and right angles

Why is the perpendicular bisector important in geometry?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Pair of compasses
- Protractor
- Pencil
- Plain paper
- Set square
- Drawing paper
- Calculator

- Observation - Practical construction - Written assignments

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Exterior angles of polygons
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing regular triangles
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing regular quadrilaterals (squares)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define exterior angles of polygons
- Calculate sum of exterior angles and size of each exterior angle in regular polygons
- Appreciate the constant sum of exterior angles

- Draw polygons and measure exterior angles
- Calculate sum of exterior angles
- Verify sum equals one complete revolution
- Calculate exterior angle of regular polygons using formula
- Complete table of polygon properties

Why is the sum of exterior angles always constant for any polygon?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Protractor
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Chart showing polygon properties
- Pair of compasses
- Pencil
- Plain paper

- Observation - Written tests - Problem-solving tasks

4.0: Geometry

4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing regular pentagons
4.1: Geometrical Constructions - Constructing regular hexagons and circles
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Drawing labelled Cartesian plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Recall that interior angle of regular pentagon is 108°
- Construct regular pentagon using ruler and protractor
- Show patience in multi-step constructions

- Draw line of given length
- Measure specified interior angle at one end
- Mark point along the line at given distance
- Repeat process at each new vertex
- Join last vertex to starting point to complete pentagon
- Verify all sides and angles are equal

Why is each interior angle of a regular pentagon 108°?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 119
- Ruler
- Protractor
- Pencil
- Calculator
- Pair of compasses
- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical construction - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Drawing Cartesian plane with different scales
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Identifying points on Cartesian plane

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of scale in graphs
- Draw Cartesian plane with specified scales on both axes
- Demonstrate accuracy in scaling

- Draw Cartesian plane with various scales
- Practice with different unit representations
- Label axes correctly with chosen scale
- Discuss when to use different scales
- Compare graphs with different scales

How does scale affect the appearance of a graph?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Calculator
- Worksheet with points

- Observation - Practical tasks - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Plotting points on Cartesian plane
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Reading coordinates from graphs
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Generating table of values from linear equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of plotting coordinates
- Plot given coordinates on Cartesian plane accurately
- Demonstrate accuracy in plotting

- Identify x-coordinate and locate on x-axis
- Check sign of y-coordinate
- Draw line upward for positive y, downward for negative y
- Locate y-coordinate on y-axis
- Mark point where lines meet
- Practice plotting points in all quadrants

How do we use coordinates to mark exact positions?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- List of coordinates
- Graph paper with plotted points
- Practice worksheets
- Calculator

- Observation - Practical tasks - Peer assessment

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Completing tables for linear equations
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Determining appropriate scale for graphs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify given values in equation tables
- Complete given tables using equations accurately
- Demonstrate algebraic skills in context

- Complete tables for equations in various forms
- Substitute given values to find missing values
- Generate complete tables for different equations
- Practice with whole numbers and fractions
- Verify completed tables

How do different forms of equations affect table generation?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Calculator
- Pencil
- Exercise book
- Practice worksheets
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Data tables

- Observation - Written tests - Oral questions

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Drawing line graphs from tables
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Drawing graphs for various linear equations
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Introduction to simultaneous equations graphically

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Recall steps for drawing line graphs
- Draw straight lines through plotted points using appropriate scale
- Show accuracy in graphing

- Generate table of values using given equation
- Choose suitable scale
- Plot coordinates on Cartesian plane
- Join plotted points using ruler
- Draw line graphs for various equations
- Verify line passes through all points

Why do linear equations produce straight line graphs?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Calculator
- Set of equations
- Number cards

- Observation - Practical construction - Peer assessment

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Solving simultaneous linear equations graphically
4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Practice solving simultaneous equations with different forms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the graphical method for solving simultaneous equations
- Solve simultaneous equations using graphs accurately
- Demonstrate systematic approach

- Generate tables for both equations
- Choose appropriate scale for both equations
- Plot both lines on same Cartesian plane
- Identify point of intersection accurately
- Write solution as ordered pair
- Verify solution satisfies both equations

Why must the solution satisfy both equations?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Pencil
- Scientific calculator

- Observation - Problem-solving - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.2: Coordinates and Graphs - Applying simultaneous equations to real-life problems
4.3: Scale Drawing - Representation of length to given scale
4.3: Scale Drawing - Converting actual length to scale length

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State real-life situations involving simultaneous equations
- Formulate and solve simultaneous equations from word problems graphically
- Appreciate practical applications of mathematics

- Formulate equations from shopping scenarios
- Set up equations from pricing problems
- Solve using graphical method
- Interpret solutions in context
- Discuss other real-life applications

How do simultaneous equations help solve everyday problems?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 147
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Real-life problem cards
- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Tape measure
- Pencil
- Drawing paper
- Conversion tables

- Observation - Problem-solving - Oral questions

4.0: Geometry

4.3: Scale Drawing - Converting scale length to actual length
4.3: Scale Drawing - Interpreting linear scales in statement form

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of converting scale to actual measurements
- Convert scale measurements to actual measurements accurately
- Show systematic calculation approach

- Measure lengths on scale diagrams
- Use given scales to find actual lengths
- Calculate actual distances
- Work with different unit conversions
- Practice reverse calculations

How do we find real dimensions from scale drawings?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Scale drawings
- Pencil
- Maps with linear scales
- Sample plans

- Observation - Written tests - Practical tasks

4.0: Geometry

4.3: Scale Drawing - Writing linear scales in statement form
4.3: Scale Drawing - Interpreting linear scales in ratio form
4.3: Scale Drawing - Writing linear scales in ratio form

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Recall the format for writing scales in statement form
- Express scales in statement form clearly and accurately
- Demonstrate understanding of scale notation

- Express given scales in statement form
- Write statements using proper format
- Practice with scales showing various divisions
- Convert linear scales to statements
- Discuss advantages of statement form

Why is statement form useful for describing scales?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Ruler
- Linear scale examples
- Pencil
- Drawing paper
- Calculator
- Conversion charts
- Conversion tables
- Practice worksheets

- Observation - Written tests - Practical tasks

4.0: Geometry

4.3: Scale Drawing - Converting scale from statement to ratio form
4.3: Scale Drawing - Converting scale from ratio to statement form

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List the steps for converting statement to ratio form
- Convert statement form scales to ratio form systematically
- Show computational proficiency

- Convert statement scales to ratio form
- Practice with different unit combinations
- Apply systematic conversion process
- Work with plans and maps
- Verify conversions

What steps ensure correct conversion from statement to ratio?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Calculator
- Ruler
- Unit conversion chart
- Pencil
- Atlas

- Observation - Written tests - Practical tasks

4.0: Geometry

4.3: Scale Drawing - Making scale drawings with calculations
4.3: Scale Drawing - Scale drawings with distance calculations
4.3: Scale Drawing - Using maps and demonstrating scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify dimensions needed for scale drawings
- Calculate scale lengths and make accurate scale drawings
- Show precision in measurements and drawing

- Calculate scale lengths before drawing
- Make accurate scale drawings of various shapes
- Apply appropriate scales
- Measure and verify dimensions
- Calculate areas from scale drawings

Why must we calculate scale lengths before drawing?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Calculator
- Drawing paper
- Pair of compasses
- Graph paper
- Atlas
- Maps
- Digital resources

- Observation - Practical construction - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.3: Scale Drawing - Application problems with scale
4.3: Scale Drawing - Using ICT for scale and maps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify given information in scale problems
- Solve complex problems involving scale, area, volume, time and speed
- Show advanced problem-solving skills

- Solve problems involving height and scale
- Find scales used in given scenarios
- Calculate areas from scale diagrams
- Determine time and speed using map scales
- Work with various measurement scenarios
- Apply multiple concepts together

How do professionals use scale in their work?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 160
- Calculator
- Ruler
- Problem cards
- Reference materials
- Digital devices (tablets/computers)
- Internet access
- Digital mapping software
- Projector

- Observation - Problem-solving - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.4: Common Solids - Identifying common solids from environment
4.4: Common Solids - Properties of solids (faces, edges, vertices)
4.4: Common Solids - Sketching nets of cubes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Name common solids: cubes, cuboids, cylinders, pyramids and cones
- Classify solids by their properties
- Show awareness of geometric shapes in environment

- Collect objects from environment
- Group objects by shape categories
- Identify properties of each solid type
- Discuss examples in daily life
- Create display of classified solids

Where do we see these solids in our daily lives?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 176
- Collection of solid objects
- Models of solids
- Pictures of buildings
- Digital images
- Ruler
- Labels
- Worksheet
- Model cubes
- Scissors/razor blade
- Pencil
- Plain paper

- Observation - Practical classification - Oral questions

4.0: Geometry

4.4: Common Solids - Sketching nets of cuboids
4.4: Common Solids - Sketching nets of cylinders

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify faces of cuboids
- Sketch nets of closed and open cuboids
- Show accuracy in net construction

- Label cuboid vertices
- Cut along specified edges
- Spread faces on flat surface
- Sketch net with all faces for closed cuboid
- Sketch net with appropriate faces for open cuboid
- Identify pairs of equal faces

How does the net of a cuboid differ from that of a cube?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 176
- Model cuboids
- Scissors/razor blade
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Grid paper
- Model cylinders
- Pair of compasses

- Observation - Practical tasks - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.4: Common Solids - Sketching nets of pyramids
4.4: Common Solids - Sketching nets of cones

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe components of pyramid nets
- Sketch nets of pyramids with different bases
- Show precision in drawing nets

- Label pyramid vertices
- Cut along slant edges
- Lay faces on flat surface
- Sketch net showing base and triangular faces
- Ensure triangular faces connect to base edges
- Practice with different base dimensions

How many triangular faces does a square-based pyramid have?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 176
- Model pyramids
- Scissors/razor blade
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Drawing paper
- Model cones
- Protractor
- Pair of compasses

- Observation - Practical tasks - Peer review

4.0: Geometry

4.4: Common Solids - Matching solids to nets and vice versa
4.4: Common Solids - Surface area of cubes from nets
4.4: Common Solids - Surface area of cuboids from nets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify solids from their nets
- Match given solids to correct nets
- Demonstrate spatial reasoning

- Match various solids to their nets
- Identify which solid each net will form
- Draw solid that corresponds to given net
- Practice visualizing 3D from 2D
- Sketch nets for solids with various dimensions

How can we visualize the solid from looking at its net?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 176
- Various nets
- Model solids
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Matching cards
- Model cubes
- Calculator
- Net templates
- Model cuboids
- Grid paper

- Observation - Practical matching - Problem-solving

4.0: Geometry

4.4: Common Solids - Surface area of cylinders from nets
4.4: Common Solids - Surface area of pyramids from nets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State components of cylinder surface area
- Calculate total surface area of cylinder from nets
- Demonstrate formula application

- Identify net components
- Calculate area of circular faces
- Find rectangle dimensions using circumference
- Calculate rectangular area
- Add areas for total surface area
- Practice with different dimensions

How is the circumference used in finding surface area?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 176
- Model cylinders
- Ruler
- Calculator
- Pair of compasses
- Formula chart
- Model pyramids
- Pencil
- Net templates

- Observation - Problem-solving - Written tests

4.0: Geometry

4.4: Common Solids - Surface area of cones and distance on surfaces
4.4: Common Solids - Making models of hollow solids (cubes and cuboids)
4.4: Common Solids - Making models of cylinders, cones and pyramids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- State formula for surface area of cone
- Calculate surface area of cone from net and determine shortest distances on solid surfaces
- Show advanced spatial reasoning

- Identify cone net components
- Calculate circular base area
- Calculate sector area using given angle
- Find total surface area
- Open cuboid into net to find paths between points
- Measure distances along net surface

How does opening a solid help find distances on its surface?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 176
- Model cones and cuboids
- Protractor
- Calculator
- String
- Scissors
- Manila paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Glue/paste
- Colored markers
- Pair of compasses
- Glue

- Observation - Problem-solving - Practical tasks

4.0: Geometry
5.0: Data Handling and Probability
5.0: Data Handling and Probability
5.0: Data Handling and Probability

4.4: Common Solids - Using IT devices and drawing technology
5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Collecting data and drawing bar graphs
5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Drawing bar graphs with suitable scale
5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Interpreting bar graphs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify technology tools for learning about solids
- Use technology to explore and draw solids and nets
- Appreciate technology in mathematics learning

- Watch educational videos about solids
- Use software to draw 3D shapes
- Explore rotating solids digitally
- Practice drawing nets using technology
- Use apps to visualize net folding
- Share digital creations

How does technology enhance our understanding of 3D shapes?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 176
- Computers/tablets
- Internet access
- GeoGebra software
- Projector
- 3D modeling apps
- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 197
- Ruler
- Graph paper
- Pencil
- Data collection sheets
- Calculator
- Data tables
- Sample bar graphs
- Question sheets

- Observation - Digital portfolio - Oral presentation - Peer evaluation

5.0: Data Handling and Probability

5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Drawing line graphs
5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Interpreting line graphs
5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Identifying mode of discrete data
5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Calculating mean of discrete data
5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Working out averages from different sets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define line graph and state its uses
- Draw line graphs from given data
- Appreciate line graphs for showing trends

- Choose suitable scale for x-axis
- Choose suitable scale for y-axis
- Plot points from table of values
- Join plotted points using straight lines
- Label axes appropriately
- Practice drawing line graphs for different data sets

When is it appropriate to use a line graph instead of a bar graph?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 197
- Graph paper
- Ruler
- Pencil
- Calculator
- Data tables
- Sample line graphs
- Question sheets
- Number cards
- Exercise books
- Data sets
- Problem cards

- Observation - Practical construction - Peer assessment

5.0: Data Handling and Probability

5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Determining median of discrete data
5.1: Data Presentation and Interpretation - Using IT for data presentation and calculations
5.2: Probability - Identifying events involving chance in real life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define median and explain the process of finding it
- Determine the median of discrete data for odd and even sets
- Show systematic approach in finding median

- Arrange data in ascending or descending order
- Identify middle value for odd sets
- Calculate median for even sets by averaging two middle values
- Practice finding median for various data sets
- Compare median with mode and mean
- Discuss applications

Why must data be arranged in order before finding the median?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 197
- Number cards
- Pencil
- Exercise books
- Calculator
- Computers/tablets
- Spreadsheet software
- Internet access
- Projector
- Data sets
- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 210
- Pictures of chance events
- Chart paper
- Real-life scenario cards

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

5.0: Data Handling and Probability

5.2: Probability - Discussing likely and unlikely events
5.2: Probability - Performing chance experiments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- List the likelihood scale terms: impossible, unlikely, equally likely, likely, certain
- Classify events as impossible, unlikely, equally likely, likely or certain
- Show critical thinking in analyzing probability

- Examine likelihood scale
- Discuss meaning of each term
- Classify statements using likelihood terms
- Identify impossible events
- Identify certain events
- Distinguish between likely and unlikely
- Practice with various statements

How do we describe the likelihood of different events happening?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 210
- Likelihood scale chart
- Event cards
- Pencil
- Exercise books
- Coins
- Dice
- Colored balls/beads
- Bags
- Spinners
- Recording sheets

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

5.0: Data Handling and Probability

5.2: Probability - Writing experimental probability outcomes
5.2: Probability - Expressing probability outcomes as fractions
5.2: Probability - Expressing probability as decimals and percentages
5.2: Probability - Using IT to play probability games
5.2: Probability - Using IT to play probability games

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the concept of experimental probability
- Write all possible outcomes from chance experiments
- Demonstrate systematic recording of outcomes

- List possible outcomes from coin toss
- Write outcomes from die roll
- Determine outcomes from spinners
- List outcomes from drawing objects
- Form combinations of outcomes
- Record outcomes systematically
- Share findings with class

How do we list all possible outcomes from an experiment?

- MASTER Mathematics Grade 8 Learner's Book pg. 210
- Coins
- Dice
- Number cards
- Pencil
- Exercise books
- Colored balls/beads
- Bags
- Calculator
- Conversion charts
- Computers/tablets
- Internet access
- Probability apps/software
- Projector
- Recording sheets

- Observation - Written tests - Problem-solving