Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Relationship between an atom, an element, a compound and a molecule

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term atom
- Describe the structure of an atom
- Show interest in learning about atoms

- Discuss the meaning of an atom and illustrate its structure
- Search the Internet or use reference books to get information about the atom
- Draw the structure of an atom

How is the structure of the atom important?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access and reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Protons, electrons and neutrons
Elements and compounds - Elements and molecules
Elements and compounds - Molecules

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the subatomic particles in an atom
- Explain the location and electrical charges of subatomic particles
- Show interest in the study of atoms

- Discuss the composition of an atom
- Locate the components within the atom
- Discuss the electrical charges of protons, electrons and neutrons

How small are atoms and are they divisible?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts showing atomic structure
- Digital devices
- Relevant print resources
- Charts showing molecular structures
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Chemical symbols for common elements
Elements and compounds - Deriving symbols from element names
Elements and compounds - Symbols derived from Latin names

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify chemical symbols of common elements
- Write chemical symbols correctly
- Appreciate the importance of using symbols

- Study the table of elements and their symbols
- Practice writing chemical symbols
- Discuss rules for writing chemical symbols

Why do we use symbols for elements?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 2
- Periodic table charts
- Reference books
- Element name charts
- Digital resources
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 3
- Internet access

- Written tests - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Word equations for formation of compounds
Elements and compounds - More practice on word equations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write word equations for simple reactions
- Identify reactants and products in equations
- Show interest in chemical reactions

- Study examples of word equations
- Write word equations for given reactions
- Identify elements and compounds in equations

How do elements combine to form compounds?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 5
- Charts with word equations
- Reference books
- Worksheets
- Digital resources

- Written assignments - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Application of common elements in society
Elements and compounds - Elements in jewellery, trophies and medals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of common elements
- Explain why certain elements are valuable
- Appreciate the importance of elements in daily life

- Study pictures showing uses of elements
- Discuss why elements like gold are valuable
- Identify elements used in construction and electronics

Why are some elements more valuable than others?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 6
- Pictures of items made from elements
- Real samples where available
- Pictures of jewellery and trophies
- Internet access

- Observation - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Elements in construction and electrical applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements used in construction
- Explain uses of copper and aluminium
- Appreciate the role of elements in industry

- Discuss uses of iron, aluminium and silicon
- Identify properties that make these elements suitable
- Examine electrical wires and construction materials

How are elements applied in construction and electricity?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 7
- Samples of wires and construction materials
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Mineral elements in food
Elements and compounds - Information on packaging labels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify mineral elements in food
- Explain nutritional benefits of mineral elements
- Appreciate the importance of minerals in diet

- Discuss mineral elements in food
- Study pictures of nutritious foods
- Explain benefits of sodium, potassium, calcium, etc.

Why are mineral elements important in our diet?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 7
- Pictures of foods
- Nutrition charts
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 8
- Product packages
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - Extended activity on elements at home

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify elements in household items
- Explain how elements affect value of products
- Show responsibility in completing assignments

- Identify items at home
- Name elements used in making them
- Explain how elements affect their value

How do elements affect the value of household items?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 8
- Homework assignment sheets
- Reference materials

- Project assessment - Oral presentations - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and compounds - End of sub-strand assessment
Physical and chemical changes - Characteristics of matter in different states

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define terms: element, compound, atom, molecule
- Write chemical symbols and word equations
- Explain applications of elements

- Complete end of sub-strand test
- Reflect on learning progress
- Identify areas for improvement

Can you apply what you have learned about elements and compounds?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 1-9
- Assessment papers
- Marking guides
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 10
- Paper
- Scissors
- Reference books

- Written examination - Practical assessment - Portfolio review

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Matter is made of tiny particles (liquids)
Physical and chemical changes - Matter is made of tiny particles (gases)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that liquids are made of particles
- Explain the dilution process
- Appreciate the particulate nature of liquids

- Dilute coloured liquid with water
- Observe color intensity changes
- Record findings

How can we prove that liquids are made of tiny particles?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 11
- Colored liquid (juice or ink)
- Water
- Containers
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 12
- Fresh grass
- Paper
- Lighter (teacher supervised)

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Particles are in continuous random motion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate particle motion in matter
- Observe Brownian motion
- Appreciate that particles are always moving

- Sprinkle chalk dust on water surface
- Observe particle movement with hand lens
- Discuss observations

Do particles of matter move randomly?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 12
- Chalk dust
- Container with water
- Hand lens

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written records

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Particles have spaces between them
Physical and chemical changes - Summary of properties of different states

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate that particles have spaces
- Explain dissolution process
- Show curiosity about particle arrangement

- Dissolve salt in water in a volumetric flask
- Observe volume changes
- Discuss why volume decreases

Why does the volume decrease when salt dissolves in water?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 13
- Salt or sugar
- Volumetric flask
- Water
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 14
- Charts showing particle arrangement
- Reference books

- Practical assessment - Oral questions - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Diffusion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffusion
- Demonstrate diffusion in liquids
- Explain factors affecting diffusion

- Put ink drops in cold and warm water
- Observe and compare diffusion rates
- Discuss temperature effect on diffusion

Why does ink spread faster in warm water?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 15
- Ink
- Beakers
- Cold and warm water
- Droppers

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Diffusion in gases
Physical and chemical changes - Pure and impure substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain diffusion in gases
- Compare diffusion in liquids and gases
- Appreciate that diffusion is faster in gases

- Discuss examples of diffusion in gases
- Compare rates of diffusion in liquids and gases
- Give everyday examples

How does diffusion in gases differ from diffusion in liquids?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 16
- Reference books
- Digital resources
- Samples of pure and impure substances

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Determining melting point of candle wax
Physical and chemical changes - Interpreting heating curves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine melting point experimentally
- Record temperature changes over time
- Show accuracy in measurements

- Heat candle wax in a beaker
- Record temperature every 30 seconds
- Note when melting occurs

At what temperature does candle wax melt?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 17
- Candle wax
- Beaker
- Thermometer
- Heat source
- Stopwatch
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 18
- Graph paper
- Data from previous lesson
- Rulers

- Practical assessment - Data recording - Safety compliance

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Effects of impurities on melting point

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compare melting points of pure and impure wax
- Explain effect of impurities on melting point
- Show accuracy in observations

- Heat pure and impure candle wax
- Record temperatures for both
- Compare melting points

How do impurities affect the melting point?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 19
- Pure candle wax
- Impure candle wax
- Thermometers
- Heat sources

- Practical assessment - Comparative analysis - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Effects of impurities on boiling point
Physical and chemical changes - Physical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine boiling points of pure and impure water
- Explain effect of impurities on boiling point
- Appreciate importance of purity

- Heat pure ice and salty ice
- Record temperatures until boiling
- Compare boiling points

Why do pure and impure substances have different boiling points?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 20
- Pure ice
- Salty ice
- Thermometers
- Beakers
- Heat sources
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 21
- Chalk
- Tissue paper
- Water
- Containers

- Practical assessment - Data analysis - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Heating wax (physical change)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate physical change by heating wax
- Explain reversibility of the change
- Follow safety precautions

- Heat wax until it melts
- Cool and observe changes
- Discuss reversibility

What happens to wax when heated and cooled?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 21
- Wax
- Test tube
- Test tube holder
- Heat source

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Chemical changes introduction
Physical and chemical changes - Temporary chemical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define chemical change
- Distinguish between physical and chemical changes
- Show interest in chemical reactions

- Burn paper and collect ash
- Cook an egg
- Discuss reversibility

Can chemical changes be reversed?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 22
- Paper
- Matches
- Egg
- Heat source
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 23
- Cobalt (II) chloride
- Boiling tube
- Thermometer

- Observation - Oral questions - Group discussions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Reversing temporary chemical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Reverse temporary chemical change
- Observe heat production
- Explain the reversibility

- Add water to anhydrous Cobalt (II) chloride
- Observe color and temperature changes
- Discuss findings

Can temporary chemical changes be reversed?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 24
- Anhydrous Cobalt (II) chloride
- Water
- Thermometer
- Dropper

- Practical assessment - Observation - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Permanent chemical changes
Physical and chemical changes - Applications of physical changes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate permanent chemical change
- Heat Copper (II) nitrate safely
- Observe formation of new substances

- Heat Copper (II) nitrate crystals
- Observe color changes and gas production
- Compare mass before and after

What happens when Copper (II) nitrate is heated?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 25
- Copper (II) nitrate
- Boiling tube
- Heat source
- Weighing balance
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 26
- Pictures showing applications
- Reference books
- Digital resources

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Mass comparison

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and chemical changes - Applications of chemical changes
Classes of fire - Causes of fire in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify applications of chemical changes
- Explain uses in daily life
- Appreciate importance of chemical changes

- Discuss combustion, rusting, digestion
- Study chart of applications
- Research using digital devices

Why are chemical changes important in our lives?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 27
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference materials
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 38
- Pictures of fire scenes
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Research presentations - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - More on causes of fire

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify more causes of fire
- Explain unsafe practices that cause fire
- Appreciate fire safety

- Study pictures of risky situations
- Discuss flammable materials
- Identify fire hazards

How can we prevent fires from starting?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 39
- Pictures
- Digital resources
- Safety posters

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Safety awareness

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Components of the fire triangle
Classes of fire - Role of components in fire triangle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the three components of fire triangle
- Explain role of each component
- Show understanding of combustion

- Discuss fuel, heat and oxygen
- Draw fire triangle
- Explain how fire starts

What three things are needed for fire to burn?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 40
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Reference books
- Charts
- Sample fuels
- Reference materials

- Observation - Diagram assessment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Classification of fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different classes of fire
- Classify fires according to fuel type
- Show awareness of fire types

- Study flashcards on fire classes
- Discuss Class A, B, C, D, K fires
- Give examples of each class

How are fires classified?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 41
- Flashcards
- Charts
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Class A and B fires
Classes of fire - Class C, D and K fires

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe Class A fires
- Describe Class B fires
- Distinguish between the two classes

- Discuss fires from ordinary materials
- Discuss fires from combustible liquids
- Compare the two classes

What is the difference between Class A and Class B fires?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 42
- Pictures
- Sample materials
- Reference books
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Classification exercises - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Controlling fire using extinguishers
Classes of fire - Types of fire extinguishers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of fire extinguishers
- Match extinguishers to fire classes
- Appreciate importance of correct extinguisher use

- Study pictures of extinguishers
- Research on types of extinguishers
- Discuss which extinguisher for each fire class

Why is it important to use the correct fire extinguisher?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 43
- Pictures of extinguishers
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 44
- Extinguisher pictures
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Observation - Research presentations - Written reports

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Water and foam extinguishers

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe water extinguishers
- Describe foam extinguishers
- Explain when not to use them

- Discuss water extinguisher uses
- Discuss foam extinguisher uses
- Explain dangers of misuse

Why should water extinguishers not be used on electrical fires?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 44
- Extinguisher information
- Safety guidelines
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Safety awareness - Written assignments

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Breaking the fire triangle
Classes of fire - Removal of heat and fuel

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how to stop fire by removing components
- Describe removal of heat, fuel and oxygen
- Show understanding of fire control

- Discuss removing sources of heat
- Discuss removing fuel
- Discuss removing oxygen (smothering)

How can we use the fire triangle to control fires?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 45
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Reference books
- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 46
- Water
- Paper
- Safe burning area
- Supervision

- Oral questions - Group discussions - Written tests

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Removal of oxygen (smothering)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain smothering as a fire control method
- Demonstrate smothering a small fire
- Show understanding of oxygen's role

- Cover candle with inverted glass
- Observe fire going out
- Discuss why fire stops

Why does fire stop when oxygen is removed?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 46
- Candle
- Glass
- Matches
- Fire blanket

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Fire safety at school
Classes of fire - Fire control measures at school

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fire risks at school
- Suggest fire prevention measures
- Show responsibility for fire safety

- Identify combustible materials at school
- Identify ignition sources
- Discuss likely fire classes at school

What fire safety measures should be in our school?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 47
- School compound tour
- Safety guidelines
- School safety equipment
- Emergency plans

- Observation - Oral questions - Project work

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Practicing fire control measures
Classes of fire - Right to safety information on flammable substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Practice fire drill procedures
- Use appropriate control methods
- Demonstrate fire safety awareness

- Participate in fire drill
- Practice using fire extinguishers (with supervision)
- Follow evacuation procedures

How well can you respond to a fire emergency?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 48
- Fire extinguishers
- Emergency exits
- Safety equipment
- Sample containers with labels
- Hazard symbol charts

- Practical assessment - Safety compliance - Participation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of fire - Project on fire safety posters

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create fire safety posters
- Display fire control information
- Show creativity and responsibility

- Design posters on fire classes and control
- Include fire safety messages
- Display in strategic locations

How can we educate others about fire safety?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 38-48
- Chart paper
- Colors
- Reference materials

- Project assessment - Creativity - Information accuracy

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds
Living Things and their Environment
Living Things and their Environment

Classes of fire - End of sub-strand assessment
The Cell - Cell structure as seen under a light microscope
The Cell - Cell structure as seen under a light microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify causes of fire
- Classify fires correctly
- Explain fire control methods

- Complete assessment test
- Answer questions on fire triangle
- Match extinguishers to fire classes

Can you apply fire safety knowledge effectively?

- Mentor Bk 8 pg. 38-48
- Assessment papers
- Marking guides
- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 49
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts showing cell structures
- Diagrams of plant cells
- Drawing materials

- Written examination - Practical assessment - Portfolio review

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Safety when handling a microscope
The Cell - Preparation of temporary slides of plant cells
The Cell - Observing plant cells under a light microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify safety measures when using a microscope
- Demonstrate proper handling of a microscope
- Show responsibility in handling laboratory equipment

- Discuss safety measures when handling microscopes
- Practice proper carrying techniques
- Demonstrate cleaning procedures
- Practice proper storage methods

Why is safety important when handling microscopes?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 50
- Light microscope
- Soft tissue paper
- Ethanol
- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 52
- Glass slides
- Cover slips
- Plant materials
- Water
- Scalpel
- Prepared slides
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Functions of parts of a plant cell
The Cell - Functions of nucleus, vacuole and chloroplast
The Cell - Observing animal cells under a light microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe functions of cell wall and cell membrane
- Explain the role of cytoplasm
- Appreciate the importance of cell structures

- Search for information on functions of plant cell parts
- Discuss functions of cell wall, cell membrane and cytoplasm
- Present findings to classmates

Why does each cell part have a specific function?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 52
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Internet access
- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 53
- Charts
- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 54
- Light microscope
- Permanent slides of animal cells
- Drawing materials

- Oral presentations - Written assignments - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Differentiating between plant and animal cells
The Cell - Characteristics of plant and animal cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify similarities between plant and animal cells
- List differences between the two cell types
- Appreciate diversity in cell structures

- Study diagrams of plant and animal cells
- Discuss similarities (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm)
- Identify differences (cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast)
- Record findings

What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 55
- Diagrams
- Charts
- Textbooks
- Digital resources

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Extended activity: Making cell models
The Cell - Role of cells in living organisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create models of plant and animal cells
- Label cell parts correctly
- Demonstrate creativity in model making

- Use locally available materials (cartons, plasticine, clay)
- Make models of plant and animal cells
- Label parts correctly
- Display and peer-assess work

How can we represent cells using models?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 56
- Cartons
- Plasticine
- Clay
- Manila papers
- Glue
- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 57
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts

- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Magnification of cells: Understanding magnification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define magnification
- Explain the concept of magnification
- Show interest in microscopy

- Search for meaning of magnification
- Discuss why microscopes have eye-piece and objective lenses
- Explain how magnification helps us see cells

What is magnification and why is it important?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 57
- Digital devices
- Microscope
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Calculating magnification
The Cell - Microscope lenses and their magnifications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate total magnification of a microscope
- Apply the magnification formula
- Appreciate mathematical applications in science

- Learn magnification formula
- Calculate total magnification using eye-piece and objective lens
- Solve example problems
- Practice calculations

How do we calculate magnification?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 58
- Calculator
- Worksheets
- Microscope specifications
- Microscope
- Charts
- Reference books

- Written tests - Calculations - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Assessment: Drawing and magnification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw a plant cell with labels
- Calculate magnification problems
- Explain microscope care

- Draw and label a plant cell
- Adjust microscope for clear viewing
- Calculate magnification from given values
- Explain purposes of thin specimens and staining

How well do you understand cells and microscopy?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 59
- Drawing materials
- Calculator
- Assessment sheets

- Written tests - Drawings - Calculations