Heating Effect of Electric Current

Introduction to heating effect

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define heating effect of electric current
- Explain mechanism of heat production in conductors
- Investigate effect of current on resistance wire
- Observe temperature changes in conductors

Q/A on electric current from previous units
- Experiment investigating effect of current on coil temperature
- Observation of heating in different parts of circuit
- Discussion on electron collision mechanism

Battery, Resistance wire coils, Ammeter, Variable resistor, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Connecting wires

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 195-197

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Factors affecting heat produced - current and time
Factors affecting heat produced - resistance

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate relationship between heat produced and current
- Investigate relationship between heat produced and time
- Plot graphs of temperature vs current² and time
- State H ∝ I²t relationship

Experiment varying current and measuring temperature change
- Investigation of heating time relationship
- Data collection and graph plotting
- Mathematical analysis of relationships

Resistance coils, Variable resistor, Ammeter, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Graph paper, Different current values
Coils of different resistance, Ammeter, Thermometer, Measuring instruments, Stopwatch, Calculation worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 197-199

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Joule's law and electrical energy
Electrical power and energy calculations
Applications - electrical lighting and heating devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Joule's law of heating
- Derive H = I²Rt = VIt = V²t/R
- Calculate electrical energy and power
- Solve numerical problems on heating calculations

Discussion on Joule's heating law
- Mathematical derivations of heating formulas
- Problem solving on energy calculations
- Practical applications of heating law

Formula charts, Calculators, Problem worksheets, Electrical devices for analysis
Calculators, Unit conversion charts, Household appliance ratings, Electricity bills, Problem sets
Filament lamps, Electric iron, Electric kettle, Heating elements, Energy saving bulbs, Appliance diagrams

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 200-201

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Electrical safety - fuses and circuit protection
Efficiency calculations and motor problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working principle of fuses
- Calculate appropriate fuse ratings
- Describe safety measures in electrical installations
- Analyze circuit protection methods

Demonstration of fuse operation
- Calculation of fuse ratings for appliances
- Discussion on electrical safety
- Analysis of circuit protection devices

Various fuses, Fuse holders, Circuit diagrams, Safety equipment demonstrations, Rating calculations
Motor specifications, Efficiency calculation worksheets, Power meters, Mechanical loading systems

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 203-204

Heating Effect of Electric Current
Quantity of Heat
Quantity of Heat

Series and parallel heating circuits
Heat capacity and specific heat capacity
Determination of specific heat capacity - method of mixtures for solids
Determination of specific heat capacity - electrical method
Specific heat capacity of liquids and continuous flow method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze heating in series and parallel circuits
- Calculate power dissipation in different configurations
- Compare heating effects in different circuit arrangements
- Solve complex circuit problems
Describe electrical method for solids
- Perform electrical heating experiment
- Calculate electrical energy supplied
- Determine specific heat capacity using electrical method

Circuit analysis of heating effects
- Comparison of series vs parallel heating
- Power distribution calculations
- Complex circuit problem solving
Experiment using electrical heating of metal block
- Measurement of voltage, current and time
- Calculation of electrical energy supplied
- Determination of specific heat capacity

Resistors in circuits, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Power calculation sheets, Circuit boards
Charts on heat definitions, Calculators, Simple problem worksheets, Various materials for comparison
Metal blocks, Beakers, Water, Thermometers, Weighing balance, Heat source, Well-lagged calorimeter, Stirrer
Metal cylinder with heater, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Insulating materials, Power supply
Calorimeter, Electrical heater, Water, Measuring instruments, Continuous flow apparatus diagram, Problem sets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 200-204
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 212-214

Quantity of Heat

Change of state and latent heat concepts
Specific latent heat of fusion
Specific latent heat of vaporization

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define latent heat of fusion and vaporization
- Explain change of state process
- Plot cooling curve for naphthalene
- Identify melting and boiling points from graphs

Experiment plotting cooling curve for naphthalene
- Observation of temperature plateaus during phase changes
- Discussion on latent heat concept
- Graph analysis and interpretation

Naphthalene, Test tubes, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Graph paper, Heat source, Cooling apparatus
Ice, Calorimeter, Thermometer, Electrical heater, Filter funnels, Beakers, Measuring cylinders
Steam generator, Condenser, Calorimeter, Electrical heater, Measuring instruments, Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 218-220

Quantity of Heat

Effects of pressure and impurities on melting and boiling points
Evaporation and cooling effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate effect of pressure on melting point of ice
- Demonstrate regelation phenomenon
- Investigate effect of pressure on boiling point
- Explain effect of impurities on phase transition temperatures

Regelation experiment with ice and wire
- Pressure effect on boiling point using flask
- Salt solution boiling point investigation
- Discussion on pressure cooker working

Ice blocks, Weighted wire, Round-bottomed flask, Thermometer, Salt solutions, Pressure cooker model
Various liquids, Beakers, Fans, Thermometers, Ether, Test tubes, Humidity measuring devices

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 227-230

Gas Laws

Introduction to gas behavior and Boyle's Law
Boyle's Law experiments and calculations
Boyle's Law applications and kinetic theory explanation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe relationship between pressure and volume of gases
- State Boyle's Law
- Demonstrate pressure-volume relationship using syringe
- Plot P vs V and P vs 1/V graphs

Q/A on gas properties from previous studies
- Demonstration using syringe to show pressure-volume relationship
- Discussion on molecular explanation
- Introduction to gas law investigations

Syringes, J-shaped tubes, Oil, Bourdon gauge, Foot pump, Metre rule, Graph paper
Thick-walled J-shaped tube, Oil, Pressure gauge, Measuring instruments, Data tables, Graph paper, Calculators
Problem worksheets, Kinetic theory diagrams, Calculator, Gas bubble scenarios, Atmospheric pressure data

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 235-237

Gas Laws

Charles's Law
Charles's Law applications and absolute temperature scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Charles's Law for constant pressure processes
- Demonstrate volume-temperature relationship
- Perform experiments to verify V ∝ T relationship
- Plot V vs T and V vs θ graphs

Experiment using gas column in tube with varying temperature
- Temperature and volume measurements
- Graph plotting showing linear relationship
- Discussion on absolute zero concept

Gas tubes, Water baths, Thermometers, Measuring cylinders, Heating apparatus, Graph paper, Temperature control equipment
Temperature conversion charts, Problem sets, Calculators, Hot air balloon examples, Gas heating scenarios

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 238-241

Gas Laws

Pressure Law (Gay-Lussac's Law)
Combined gas laws and ideal gas behavior
Kinetic theory of gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State relationship between pressure and temperature at constant volume
- Demonstrate pressure-temperature experiments
- Verify P ∝ T relationship
- Derive pressure law formula

Experiment using constant volume gas with temperature variation
- Pressure measurements at different temperatures
- Graph plotting of P vs T
- Verification of linear relationship through origin

Constant volume gas apparatus, Pressure gauges, Temperature control, Water baths, Thermometers, Graph materials
Combined law worksheets, Complex problem sets, Calculators, Ideal gas assumption charts
Kinetic theory diagrams, Molecular motion animations, Temperature-energy relationship charts, Theoretical discussion materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 242-244

Gas Laws
Gas Laws
Thin Lenses
Thin Lenses

Absolute zero and temperature scales
Comprehensive applications and problem solving
Types of Lenses and Effects on Light
Definition of Terms and Ray Diagrams

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain concept of absolute zero temperature
- Extrapolate gas law graphs to find absolute zero
- Convert between temperature scales
- Analyze relationship between Celsius and Kelvin scales
Solve complex multi-step gas law problems
- Apply gas laws to real-world situations
- Analyze atmospheric and weather-related phenomena
- Review all gas law concepts and applications

Graph extrapolation to determine absolute zero
- Mathematical analysis of temperature scale relationships
- Problem solving with temperature conversions
- Discussion on theoretical and practical aspects of absolute zero
Comprehensive problem solving session
- Analysis of weather balloons, scuba diving, and atmospheric pressure effects
- Review of all gas laws
- Preparation for examinations with complex scenarios

Graph paper, Extrapolation exercises, Temperature scale diagrams, Conversion worksheets, Scientific calculators
Past examination papers, Multi-step problem sets, Real-world scenario worksheets, Summary charts, Calculators
Ray box; Various convex and concave lenses; White screen; Plane mirror; Card with parallel slits; Sunlight or strong lamp
Various lenses; Rulers; Graph paper; Ray boxes; Charts showing lens terminology; Drawing materials; Laser pointers (if available)

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 241-245
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 235-245

Thin Lenses

Image Formation by Converging Lenses
Image Formation by Diverging Lenses and Linear Magnification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Locate images for different object positions using ray diagrams; Describe image characteristics (real/virtual, erect/inverted, magnified/diminished); Explain applications in telescope, camera, projector and magnifying glass; Understand relationship between object position and image properties

Review of ray construction rules; Systematic ray diagram construction for objects at infinity, beyond 2F, at 2F, between F and 2F, at F, and between F and lens; Analysis of image characteristics for each position; Discussion of practical applications; Demonstration using lens, object and screen

Converging lenses; Objects; White screen; Metre rule; Candle; Graph paper; Charts showing applications; Camera (if available)
Diverging lenses; Graph paper; Rulers; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of known heights; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 8-12

Thin Lenses

The Lens Formula
Determination of Focal Length I
Determination of Focal Length II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive the lens formula using similar triangles; Understand and apply the Real-is-positive sign convention; Use the lens formula to solve problems involving object distance, image distance and focal length; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 from textbook

Review of magnification concepts; Mathematical derivation of lens formula from similar triangles; Introduction to sign convention rules; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Practice problems applying lens formula to various situations; Group work on formula applications

Mathematical instruments; Charts showing derivation; Calculators; Worked examples; Sign convention chart; Practice worksheets
Converging lenses; Lens holders; Metre rule; White screen; Distant objects; Plane mirror; Pins; Cork; Glass rod; Light source; Cardboard with cross-wires
Experimental setup materials; Graph paper; Calculators; Data tables; Examples 8-10 from textbook; Materials for displacement method

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 14-20

Thin Lenses

Power of Lens and Simple Microscope
Compound Microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define power of a lens and calculate using P = 1/f; Use dioptre as unit and distinguish positive/negative power; Explain working of simple microscope (magnifying glass); Understand why short focal length lenses are preferred; Calculate magnification of simple microscope

Q/A on focal length concepts; Introduction to lens power with practical examples; Power calculations and comparisons; Demonstration of simple microscope setup; Analysis of magnification factors; Discussion of applications and limitations of magnifying glass

Various lenses of different focal lengths; Magnifying glasses; Small objects; Calculators; Power calculation charts; Small print materials; Biological specimens
Compound microscope; Charts showing microscope structure; Lenses representing objective and eyepiece; Calculators; Example 11 from textbook; Ray tracing materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 26-28

Thin Lenses

The Human Eye
Defects of Vision

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe structure of human eye and functions of each part; Explain accommodation process and role of ciliary muscles; Define near point and far point; Understand how eye focuses at different distances; Compare eye structure with camera
Describe short sight (myopia) and its causes; Explain correction of myopia using diverging lenses; Describe long sight (hypermetropia) and its causes; Explain correction of hypermetropia using converging lenses; Draw ray diagrams showing defects and their corrections

Introduction to human eye as natural optical instrument; Detailed study of eye structure using charts/models; Demonstration of accommodation using flexible lens model; Practical measurement of near and far points; Comparison table of eye vs camera similarities and differences
Q/A on normal vision and accommodation; Analysis of myopia - causes, effects, and correction; Ray diagrams for uncorrected and corrected myopia; Study of hypermetropia - causes, effects, and correction; Ray diagrams for uncorrected and corrected hypermetropia; Demonstration using appropriate lenses

Charts/models of human eye; Torch for demonstrations; Eye model with flexible lens; Objects at various distances; Measuring equipment; Camera comparison charts
Charts showing vision defects; Converging and diverging lenses; Eye models; Spectacles with different lenses; Vision test materials; Ray diagram materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 30-32
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 32-33

Thin Lenses
Uniform Circular Motion

The Camera and Applications Review
Introduction and Angular Displacement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe camera structure and working principles; Explain functions of camera lens, shutter, aperture, and film; Compare camera with human eye highlighting similarities and differences; Review all applications of lenses in optical instruments

Review of optical instruments studied; Analysis of camera components and their functions; Detailed comparison of camera and eye; Discussion of focusing mechanisms; Comprehensive review of lens applications in telescope, microscope, camera, spectacles, and magnifying glass

Camera (if available); Charts showing camera structure; Comparison tables; Review charts of all applications; Summary materials; Demonstration equipment
Merry-go-round model or pictures; String and objects for circular motion; Protractors; Calculators; Charts showing degree-radian conversion; Measuring wheels

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 33-35

Uniform Circular Motion

Angular Velocity and Linear Velocity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define angular velocity (ω) and its units; Derive the relationship v = rω; Calculate period (T) and frequency (f) of circular motion; Solve Examples 2(a) and 2(b) from textbook; Relate linear and angular quantities

Review of angular displacement through Q/A; Introduction to angular velocity concept; Mathematical derivation of v = rω relationship; Exploration of period and frequency relationships; Step-by-step solution of Examples 2(a) and 2(b); Practical demonstration using rotating objects; Group calculations involving different circular motions

Stopwatch; Rotating objects (turntables, wheels); String and masses; Calculators; Formula charts; Examples from textbook; Measuring equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 38-40

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Acceleration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why circular motion involves acceleration despite constant speed; Derive centripetal acceleration formula a = v²/r = rω²; Understand direction of centripetal acceleration; Solve Example 3 from textbook; Apply acceleration concepts to circular motion problems

Q/A review of velocity and acceleration concepts; Explanation of acceleration in circular motion using vector analysis; Mathematical derivation of centripetal acceleration; Discussion of acceleration direction (toward center); Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Practical demonstration of centripetal acceleration effects

Vector diagrams; Rotating objects; Calculators; Charts showing acceleration derivation; Example 3 materials; Demonstration of circular motion with varying speeds

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 40-42

Uniform Circular Motion

Centripetal Force and Factors Affecting It
Experimental Investigation of Centripetal Force
Case Examples - Cars and Banking

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the need for centripetal force in circular motion; State factors affecting centripetal force (mass, speed, radius); Derive centripetal force formula F = mv²/r = mrω²; Perform Experiment 2.1 investigating F vs ω²; Solve Example 4 from textbook
Perform Experiment 2.2 investigating speed vs radius relationship; Plot graphs of F vs ω² and v² vs r; Analyze experimental results and draw conclusions; Understand the relationship F ∝ mv²/r; Apply experimental findings to solve problems

Review of Newton's laws and centripetal acceleration; Introduction to centripetal force concept; Experimental investigation of factors affecting centripetal force; Performance of Experiment 2.1 - relationship between F and ω²; Data collection and analysis; Solution of Example 4; Discussion of practical implications
Q/A on previous experiment results; Setup and performance of Experiment 2.2 - variation of speed with radius; Data collection for different radii; Graph plotting and analysis; Verification of theoretical relationships; Group analysis of experimental errors and improvements; Application of results to problem solving

Metal pegs; Turntable and motor; Variable resistor; Dry cell; Metal ball and string; Spring balance; Clock; Graph paper; Calculators
Same apparatus as Experiment 2.1; Graph paper; Additional measuring equipment; Data recording tables; Calculators; Analysis worksheets
Model cars and tracks; Inclined plane demonstrations; Charts showing banking principles; Calculators; Friction demonstration materials; Pictures of banked roads and aircraft

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 42-47
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 44-47

Uniform Circular Motion

Case Examples - Cyclists and Conical Pendulum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze forces on cyclists moving in circular tracks; Explain cyclist leaning and conditions for no skidding; Describe conical pendulum motion; Derive equations for conical pendulum; Solve Example 5 from textbook

Q/A on banking concepts; Analysis of cyclist motion on circular tracks; Force analysis and conditions for stability; Introduction to conical pendulum; Mathematical analysis of pendulum motion; Step-by-step solution of Example 5; Practical demonstration of conical pendulum

Model cyclists; Pendulum apparatus; String and masses; Force diagrams; Calculators; Example 5 materials; Protractors for angle measurement

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 50-52

Uniform Circular Motion

Motion in Vertical Circle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze forces in vertical circular motion; Understand variation of tension at different positions; Derive expressions for tension at top and bottom positions; Calculate minimum speed for vertical circular motion; Apply concepts to practical examples (bucket of water, loop-the-loop)

Review of circular motion in horizontal plane; Introduction to vertical circular motion; Force analysis at different positions in vertical circle; Mathematical derivation of tension variations; Discussion of minimum speed requirements; Practical examples and safety considerations; Problem-solving involving vertical motion

String and masses for vertical motion; Bucket and water (demonstration); Model loop-the-loop track; Force analysis charts; Safety equipment; Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 52-54

Uniform Circular Motion

Applications - Centrifuges and Satellites

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain working principles of centrifuges; Describe separation of particles using centripetal force; Understand satellite motion and gravitational force; Apply Newton's law of gravitation to satellite orbits; Explain parking orbits and their applications

Q/A on centripetal force applications; Detailed study of centrifuge operation; Analysis of particle separation mechanisms; Introduction to satellite motion; Application of universal gravitation law; Discussion of geostationary satellites; Analysis of satellite velocities and orbital periods

Centrifuge model or pictures; Separation demonstration materials; Satellite orbit charts; Calculators; Newton's gravitation materials; Model solar system

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 54-55

Floating and Sinking

Introduction and Cause of Upthrust
Upthrust in Gases and Archimedes' Principle
Law of Flotation and Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain why objects feel lighter in fluids; Define upthrust and identify its effects; Perform Experiment 3.1 investigating upthrust and weight of fluid displaced; Derive mathematical expression for upthrust using pressure concepts; Verify Archimedes' principle experimentally
Perform Experiment 3.2 investigating upthrust on floating objects; State the law of flotation; Explain the relationship between weight of object and weight of displaced fluid; Solve Examples 4, 5, 6, and 7 involving floating objects; Apply law of flotation to balloons and ships

Q/A on pressure in liquids; Introduction using steel ferry floating on water; Performance of Experiment 3.1 - relationship between upthrust and weight of displaced fluid; Mathematical derivation of upthrust U = ρVg; Analysis of experimental results; Discussion of pressure differences causing upthrust
Q/A on Archimedes' principle; Performance of Experiment 3.2 - investigating floating objects; Analysis of experimental observations; Statement of law of flotation; Step-by-step solution of Examples 4-7; Discussion of applications in balloons, ships, and everyday objects

Spring balance; Objects (stones); String; Eureka can; Beaker; Water; Measuring cylinder; Beam balance; Dense objects; Charts showing pressure variation
Balloons; Helium or hydrogen (if available); Objects of known density; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Different liquids for demonstration; Measuring equipment
Test tubes; Sand; Measuring cylinder; Water; Balance; Floating objects; Examples from textbook; Calculators; Model boats; Balloon demonstrations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 58-63
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 64-69

Floating and Sinking

Relative Density Determination

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define relative density of solids and liquids; Use Archimedes' principle to determine relative density; Apply the formula: RD = Weight in air/(Weight in air - Weight in fluid); Solve Examples 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 from textbook; Calculate relative density using different methods

Review of density concepts through Q/A; Introduction to relative density using practical examples; Mathematical derivation of relative density formulae; Step-by-step solution of Examples 8-12; Practical determination of relative density for various materials; Group calculations and comparisons

Spring balance; Various solid objects; Different liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Objects of unknown density; Data recording sheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 69-74

Floating and Sinking

Archimedes' Principle and Moments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform Experiment 3.3 determining relative density using moments; Understand the principle of moments in relative density determination; Plot graphs of d₁ against d₂ and determine slopes; Apply moments method to determine relative density of liquids; Explain advantages of moments method over direct weighing

Q/A on relative density calculations; Setup and performance of Experiment 3.3 - relative density using moments; Data collection and graph plotting; Analysis of graph slopes and their significance; Application to liquids determination; Discussion of method advantages and accuracy

Metre rule; Clamps and stands; Solid objects; Metal blocks; Water and other liquids; Graph paper; Calculators; Data recording tables; Balance setup materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 71-74

Floating and Sinking

Applications - Hydrometer and Practical Instruments

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain the working principle of hydrometers; Describe structure and features of practical hydrometers; Solve Examples 12 and 13 involving hydrometer calculations; Understand applications in measuring density of milk, battery acid, and beer; Calculate hydrometer dimensions and floating positions

Review of law of flotation through Q/A; Detailed study of hydrometer structure and operation; Analysis of hydrometer sensitivity and design features; Step-by-step solution of Examples 12-13; Discussion of specialized hydrometers (lactometer, battery acid hydrometer); Practical calculations involving hydrometer floating

Hydrometer (if available); Different density liquids; Measuring cylinders; Calculators; Examples from textbook; Charts showing hydrometer types; Battery acid hydrometer demonstration

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 74-77

Floating and Sinking
Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications - Ships, Submarines, and Balloons
Introduction and Properties of Electromagnetic Waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain how steel ships float on water; Describe working principle of submarines; Understand how balloons achieve lift and control altitude; Analyze the role of displaced fluid in each application; Apply principles to solve practical problems involving floating vessels
Define electromagnetic waves and identify their nature; State properties common to all electromagnetic waves; Arrange electromagnetic radiations in order of wavelength and frequency; Calculate wave properties using c = fλ; Solve Examples 1 and 2 from textbook

Q/A on hydrometer applications; Analysis of ship design and floating principles; Detailed study of submarine operation and ballast tanks; Exploration of balloon physics and gas density effects; Discussion of load limits and stability; Problem-solving involving practical floating applications
Q/A on wave concepts from previous studies; Introduction to electromagnetic waves using everyday examples; Study of electromagnetic spectrum chart; Discussion of wave properties (speed, frequency, wavelength); Mathematical relationship between wave parameters; Solution of Examples 1 and 2 involving calculations

Model ships and submarines; Balloon demonstrations; Charts showing ship cross-sections; Submarine ballast tank models; Different density materials; Calculators; Application examples
Electromagnetic spectrum charts; Wave demonstration materials; Calculators; Radio; Mobile phone; Examples from textbook; Charts showing wave properties

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 77
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 79-81

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves I

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain production of gamma rays, X-rays, and ultraviolet radiation; Describe detection methods for high-energy radiations; Understand energy transitions in atoms and nuclei; Relate wave energy to frequency using E = hf; Solve Example 3 involving X-ray calculations

Review of electromagnetic properties through Q/A; Study of high-energy radiation production mechanisms; Analysis of detection methods (photographic plates, G-M tubes, fluorescent materials); Discussion of atomic and nuclear energy changes; Step-by-step solution of Example 3; Safety considerations for high-energy radiations

Charts showing radiation production; Photographic film; Fluorescent materials; UV lamp (if available); Geiger counter (if available); Example 3 materials; Safety equipment demonstrations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Production and Detection of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain production of visible light, infrared, microwaves, and radio waves; Describe detection methods for each radiation type; Understand role of oscillating circuits in radio wave production; Compare detection mechanisms across the spectrum; Demonstrate detection of some radiations

Q/A on high-energy radiations; Study of lower-energy radiation production (thermal, electronic oscillations); Analysis of detection methods (eyes, thermopiles, crystal detectors, radio receivers); Practical demonstrations of infrared detection; Discussion of antenna and oscillating circuit principles; Group identification of sources and detectors

Infrared sources (heaters); Thermometer with blackened bulb; Radio receivers; Microwave oven (demonstration); Oscillating circuit models; Various electromagnetic sources

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 81-82

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Applications of Electromagnetic Waves I
Applications of Electromagnetic Waves II

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe medical applications of gamma rays and X-rays; Explain industrial uses of high-energy radiations; Understand applications in sterilization and cancer therapy; Discuss X-ray photography and crystallography; Analyze benefits and limitations of high-energy radiation applications

Review of radiation properties and production; Detailed study of gamma ray applications (sterilization, cancer treatment, flaw detection); Analysis of X-ray applications (medical photography, security, crystallography); Discussion of controlled radiation exposure; Examination of X-ray photographs and medical applications

X-ray photographs; Medical imaging examples; Industrial radiography charts; Cancer treatment information; Sterilization process diagrams; Safety protocol charts
UV lamp demonstrations; Optical fiber samples; Infrared thermometer; Microwave oven (demonstration); Radio equipment; Remote controls; Radar images; Communication devices

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 82-84

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Specific Applications - Radar and Microwave Cooking
Hazards and Safety Considerations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain principles of radar (radio detection and ranging); Describe microwave oven operation and safety features; Understand reflection and detection in radar systems; Explain how microwaves heat food molecules; Apply wave principles to practical technologies
Identify hazards of high-energy electromagnetic radiations; Explain biological effects of UV, X-rays, and gamma rays; Describe safety measures for radiation protection; Understand delayed effects like cancer and genetic damage; Apply safety principles in radiation use

Review of microwave and radio wave properties; Detailed analysis of radar operation and applications; Study of microwave oven components (magnetron, stirrer, safety features); Discussion of wave reflection and detection principles; Analysis of molecular heating mechanisms; Safety considerations and precautions
Q/A on electromagnetic applications; Study of radiation hazards and biological effects; Analysis of skin damage, cell destruction, and genetic effects; Discussion of Chernobyl disaster and radiation accidents; Exploration of safety measures (shielding, distance, time limits); Application of ALARA principle (As Low As Reasonably Achievable)

Radar system diagrams; Microwave oven cross-section charts; Wave reflection demonstrations; Safety instruction materials; Magnetron information; Aircraft/ship tracking examples
Radiation hazard charts; Safety equipment demonstrations; Chernobyl disaster information; Biological effect diagrams; Safety protocol materials; Radiation protection examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 84-85
KLB Secondary Physics Form 4, Pages 85