Linear Motion

Introduction to Linear Motion and Basic Concepts
Speed and Velocity Calculations
Acceleration and Equations of Motion
Motion-Time Graphs (Distance-Time and Speed-Time)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
-Distinguish between scalar and vector quantities
-State the SI units for distance, displacement, speed, velocity and acceleration
-Explain the difference between distance and displacement using examples
Calculate average speed and velocity
-Convert units between m/s and km/h
-Solve problems involving speed, velocity, distance and time
-Apply speed and velocity concepts to real-life situations

Q/A on types of motion students observe daily
-Demonstration of linear motion using trolley on runway
-Discussion on difference between distance and displacement using school compound examples
-Drawing diagrams to show distance vs displacement
-Practical activity: Students walk different paths between two points to measure distance vs displacement
Review of previous lesson through Q/A
-Demonstration of speedometer reading
-Worked examples on speed calculations
-Unit conversion practice (m/s to km/h and vice versa)
-Problem-solving session with real-life scenarios
-Students calculate their walking speed around school field

Trolley
-Runway/metre rule
-Chalk for marking
-Charts showing motion types
-School compound map
-Measuring tape
Speedometer (if available)
-Stopwatches
-Measuring tape
-Calculator
-Worked examples charts
-School field for practical work
Trolley
-Inclined plane
-Stopwatch
-Metre rules
-Chart showing equation derivations
-Worked examples
Graph paper
-Rulers
-Trolley
-Charts showing different graph types
-Data tables for plotting

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 1-4
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 2-4

Linear Motion

Velocity-Time Graphs and Acceleration
Measuring Speed, Velocity and Acceleration Using Ticker-Timer
Motion Under Gravity - Free Fall

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Plot and interpret velocity-time graphs
-Calculate acceleration from gradient of velocity-time graph
-Determine displacement from area under velocity-time graph
-Distinguish between uniform and non-uniform acceleration from graphs

Review of previous graphs through Q/A
-Demonstration of changing velocity using trolley
-Plotting velocity-time graphs for: uniform velocity, uniform acceleration, variable acceleration
-Calculating gradients to find acceleration
-Calculating areas to find displacement
-Interpretation of curved velocity-time graphs

Graph paper
-Rulers
-Trolley
-Stopwatch
-Inclined plane
-Charts showing v-t graphs
-Calculator
-Sample data sets
Ticker-timer
-Ticker-tape
-Runway
-Power supply
-Scissors
-Cellotape
-Graph paper
Various objects for dropping
-Measuring tape
-Safety equipment
-Charts showing free fall
-Worked examples on board

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 8-13

Linear Motion
Refraction of Light

Horizontal Projection and Determining g Using Simple Pendulum
Introduction to Refraction and Basic Phenomena

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze motion of horizontally projected objects
-Calculate range and time of flight for horizontal projection
-Determine acceleration due to gravity using simple pendulum
-Apply pendulum formula T = 2π√(l/g)

Review free fall concepts through Q/A
-Demonstration of horizontal projection using ball rolling off table
-Analysis of projectile motion: horizontal and vertical components
-Setup and timing of simple pendulum
-Multiple readings for different pendulum lengths
-Calculating g using T² vs l graph
-Discussion on experimental errors and precautions

Ball
-Table
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Simple pendulum setup
-Strings of different lengths
-Masses
-Clamp and stand
-Graph paper
-Calculator
Glass blocks
-Beakers
-Water
-Coins
-Sticks/pencils
-Pins
-White paper
-Ray box (if available)
-Charts showing refraction examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 25-27

Refraction of Light

Laws of Refraction and Snell's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the two laws of refraction
-Define refractive index and state its symbol
-Apply Snell's law: sin i/sin r = constant
-Understand that incident ray, refracted ray and normal lie in same plane
-Calculate refractive index from experimental data

Review refraction phenomena through Q/A
-Experiment: investigating refraction through glass block
-Measuring angles of incidence and refraction
-Plotting graph of sin i against sin r
-Derivation and application of Snell's law
-Worked examples calculating refractive index
-Discussion on significance of constant ratio

Glass blocks
-Pins
-Protractor
-Ruler
-White paper
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ray box
-Soft board
-Drawing pins

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 35-39

Refraction of Light

Absolute and Relative Refractive Index
Real and Apparent Depth
Experimental Determination of Refractive Index

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define absolute and relative refractive index
-Relate refractive index to speed of light in different media
-Apply the relationship n = c/v
-Calculate relative refractive index between two media
-Solve problems involving refractive indices
Describe methods to determine refractive index experimentally
-Use real and apparent depth method
-Apply pin method for refractive index determination
-Use no-parallax method
-Calculate refractive index from experimental data
-Discuss sources of error and precautions

Q/A review on Snell's law and calculations
-Discussion on light speed in different media
-Derivation of n = c/v relationship
-Explanation of absolute vs relative refractive index
-Worked examples with multiple media
-Problem-solving session with real materials
-Group work on refractive index calculations
Q/A on real and apparent depth concepts
-Experiment 1: Real and apparent depth using pins
-Experiment 2: Glass block method using pins
-Experiment 3: No-parallax method with water
-Data collection and analysis
-Plotting graphs where applicable
-Discussion on experimental errors and improvements

Calculator
-Charts showing refractive indices
-Worked examples
-Reference tables
-Graph paper
-Different transparent materials
-Speed of light reference chart
Beakers
-Water
-Coins
-Rulers
-Pins
-Travelling microscope (if available)
-Glass blocks
-Colored chalk dust
-Calculator
-Measuring cylinders
Glass blocks
-Pins
-Cork holders
-Beakers
-Water
-Rulers
-White paper
-Clamp and stand
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Measuring tape

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 39-43
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 48-51

Refraction of Light

Critical Angle and Total Internal Reflection
Applications of Total Internal Reflection - Optical Devices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define critical angle
-State conditions for total internal reflection
-Derive relationship between critical angle and refractive index
-Calculate critical angle for different materials
-Explain total internal reflection using ray diagrams

Review experimental methods through Q/A
-Demonstration: increasing angle of incidence in glass-air interface
-Observation of critical angle and total internal reflection
-Derivation of sin c = 1/n relationship
-Worked examples calculating critical angles
-Investigation using semi-circular glass block
-Discussion on applications of total internal reflection

Semi-circular glass block
-Ray box
-White paper
-Protractor
-Pins
-Calculator
-Charts showing TIR
-Water
-Different transparent blocks
45° prisms
-Periscope model
-Optical fiber samples
-Mirrors for comparison
-Transparent containers
-Charts showing optical instruments
-Binoculars (if available)

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 51-55

Refraction of Light

Mirage and Atmospheric Refraction

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain formation of mirage using refraction principles
-Describe atmospheric refraction effects
-Understand continuous refraction in varying density media
-Explain why sun appears above horizon after sunset
-Discuss polar mirages and their formation

Review TIR applications through Q/A
-Demonstration of refraction in liquids of different densities
-Explanation of hot air effects on light path
-Discussion on desert mirages and road mirages
-Atmospheric refraction effects on sun position
-Analysis of continuous refraction in varying media
-Drawing ray diagrams for mirage formation

Liquids of different densities
-Transparent containers
-Heat source (safe)
-Charts showing mirage formation
-Diagrams of atmospheric refraction
-Pictures of mirages
-Ray diagrams

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 55-56

Refraction of Light

Dispersion of White Light

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define dispersion of white light
-Explain why white light splits into colors
-Identify colors of visible spectrum in order
-Understand that different colors have different refractive indices
-Describe formation of rainbow

Q/A on atmospheric effects and TIR
-Experiment: dispersion using triangular prism
-Observation of spectrum formation
-Discussion on why different colors bend differently
-Explanation of rainbow formation
-Identification of ROYGBIV sequence
-Investigation of spectrum using CD/DVD

Triangular glass prism
-White light source
-Screen
-Ray box
-CD/DVD
-White paper
-Ruler
-Charts showing spectrum
-Pictures of rainbows

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 58-60

Refraction of Light
Newton's Laws of Motion

Recombination of Spectrum and Problem Solving
Newton's First Law and Inertia
Momentum and its Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Demonstrate recombination of dispersed light
-Explain Newton's disc experiment
-Use concave mirror to recombine spectrum
-Solve complex problems involving refraction
-Apply all refraction concepts to examination-type questions
Define momentum and state its SI unit
-Calculate momentum using p = mv
-Identify momentum as a vector quantity
-Solve problems involving momentum calculations
-Compare momentum of different objects

Review dispersion concepts through Q/A
-Experiment: recombining spectrum using second prism
-Demonstration of Newton's disc
-Using concave mirror to focus spectrum
-Comprehensive problem-solving session covering all topics
-Practice with past examination questions
-Review and consolidation of entire unit
Review Newton's first law through Q/A
-Introduction to momentum concept with examples
-Demonstration: comparing stopping distances of vehicles
-Worked examples on momentum calculations
-Problem-solving session with various scenarios
-Discussion on factors affecting momentum

Second triangular prism
-Concave mirror
-Newton's disc
-Motor (for spinning disc)
-Calculator
-Past exam papers
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Review charts
-All previous apparatus for revision
Cardboard
-Glass tumbler
-Coins
-Charts showing aircraft forces
-Pictures of safety devices
-Demonstration materials
-Balance
Calculator
-Toy cars of different masses
-Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 58-60
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 67-68

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's Second Law of Motion
Experimental Verification of Newton's Second Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Newton's second law of motion
-Derive the relationship F = ma
-Define the Newton as unit of force
-Understand rate of change of momentum
-Apply F = ma to solve problems

Q/A on momentum concepts
-Derivation of F = ma from Newton's second law
-Definition of the Newton using F = ma
-Demonstration using ticker-timer and trolley
-Worked examples applying F = ma
-Problem-solving session with force calculations

Ticker-timer
-Trolley
-Runway
-Elastic cords
-Masses
-Calculator
-Force diagrams
-Worked examples
-Ticker tape
-Various masses
-Scissors
-Graph paper
-Rulers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 68-74

Newton's Laws of Motion

Impulse and Change in Momentum

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define impulse and state its units
-Understand impulse-momentum theorem
-Calculate impulse using Ft = Δp
-Analyze force-time graphs
-Apply impulse concept to real situations

Q/A review on Newton's second law
-Introduction to impulse concept
-Derivation of impulse-momentum theorem
-Analysis of force-time graphs and area calculation
-Worked examples on impulse calculations
-Discussion on applications: car safety, sports

Graph paper
-Force-time graph examples
-Calculator
-Charts showing car safety features
-Sports equipment examples
-Worked examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 71-74

Newton's Laws of Motion

Newton's Third Law of Motion
Applications of Newton's Laws - Lifts and Apparent Weight

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Newton's third law of motion
-Understand action and reaction pairs
-Explain that forces occur in pairs
-Apply third law to various situations
-Analyze motion in different scenarios

Review impulse concepts through Q/A
-Demonstration: walking and floor interaction
-Demonstration: jumping from boat scenario
-Discussion on action-reaction pairs
-Examples from daily life: walking, swimming, rocket propulsion
-Problem-solving involving third law

Books for pressure demonstration
-Spring balances
-Trolleys
-String
-Charts showing action-reaction examples
-Pictures of rockets and jets
Spring balance
-Mass
-Lift diagrams
-Calculator
-Free-body diagram charts
-Worked examples
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 75-80

Newton's Laws of Motion

Conservation of Linear Momentum
Applications of Momentum Conservation - Rockets and Jets

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State the law of conservation of momentum
-Apply conservation of momentum to collisions
-Distinguish between elastic and inelastic collisions
-Solve collision problems
-Understand momentum in explosions
Explain rocket and jet propulsion
-Apply momentum conservation to propulsion systems
-Understand recoil velocity calculations
-Analyze garden sprinkler operation
-Solve recoil problems

Review lift problems through Q/A
-Statement and explanation of conservation of momentum
-Demonstration: colliding trolleys or balls
-Analysis of elastic and inelastic collisions
-Worked examples on collision problems
-Discussion on explosions and momentum conservation
Q/A review on momentum conservation
-Explanation of rocket propulsion principle
-Analysis of jet engine operation
-Calculation of recoil velocities
-Demonstration: balloon rocket or garden sprinkler
-Problem-solving on recoil scenarios

Trolleys
-Plasticine
-Marbles
-Spring balance
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Calculator
-Collision demonstration apparatus
Balloons
-String
-Straws
-Garden sprinkler (if available)
-Charts showing rocket/jet engines
-Calculator
-Worked examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 80-86
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 86-87

Newton's Laws of Motion

Friction - Types and Laws
Viscosity and Terminal Velocity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define friction and explain its molecular basis
-Distinguish between static and kinetic friction
-State and apply laws of friction
-Understand advantages and disadvantages of friction
-Identify methods of reducing friction

Review momentum applications through Q/A
-Demonstration: block on table with increasing force
-Explanation of molecular basis of friction
-Discussion on types of friction: static, kinetic, rolling
-Investigation of factors affecting friction
-Examples of friction in daily life and technology

Wooden blocks
-Different surfaces
-Spring balance
-Weights
-Lubricants
-Sandpaper
-Charts showing friction applications
-Ball bearings
Tall measuring cylinder
-Glycerine
-Steel ball bearings
-Water
-Stopwatch
-Rubber bands
-Ruler
-Different viscous liquids

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 87-90

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Sources of Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different sources of energy
-Distinguish between renewable and non-renewable energy sources
-Classify energy sources into appropriate categories
-Discuss advantages and disadvantages of different energy sources
-Understand energy crisis and conservation needs

Q/A on energy experiences in daily life
-Discussion on various energy sources students know
-Classification activity: renewable vs non-renewable
-Group work on energy source advantages/disadvantages
-Presentation on local energy sources in Kenya
-Discussion on energy conservation importance

Charts showing energy sources
-Pictures of solar panels, wind mills
-Samples: coal, wood, batteries
-Energy source classification cards
-Local energy examples
-Conservation posters

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 93-95

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Forms of Energy
Energy Transformation and Conservation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define different forms of energy
-Identify chemical, mechanical, heat, electrical, and wave energy
-Give examples of each form of energy
-Understand energy exists in various forms
-Relate forms of energy to daily experiences

Review energy sources through Q/A
-Introduction to different forms of energy
-Demonstration: chemical energy in battery, mechanical energy in moving objects
-Discussion on heat energy from friction
-Examples of electrical energy in appliances
-Identification of wave energy: light, sound

Battery and bulb
-Moving trolley
-Rubbing blocks for friction
-Electrical appliances
-Tuning fork
-Torch
-Energy forms charts
-Real objects showing energy forms
Dynamo
-Battery
-Solar cell (if available)
-Charts showing energy transformations
-Transducer examples
-Energy flow diagrams
-Hydroelectric model setup

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 95-96

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Work and its Calculation
Work with Variable Forces

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define work in scientific terms
-State the condition for work to be done
-Calculate work using W = F × d
-Understand work as a scalar quantity
-Solve problems involving work calculations
Calculate work done by variable forces
-Interpret force-distance graphs
-Find work done using area under graphs
-Understand positive and negative work
-Apply graphical methods to work calculations

Review energy transformations through Q/A
-Definition of work with emphasis on force and displacement
-Demonstration: lifting objects, pushing trolleys
-Worked examples on work calculations
-Discussion on when no work is done
-Problem-solving session on work calculations
Q/A review on work calculations
-Introduction to variable forces
-Plotting force-distance graphs
-Demonstration: stretching spring with varying force
-Calculation of areas under graphs
-Worked examples with triangular and trapezoidal areas

Spring balance
-Masses
-Trolley
-Measuring tape
-Calculator
-Force and displacement demonstrations
-Worked examples charts
-Problem worksheets
Graph paper
-Springs
-Force meter
-Ruler
-Calculator
-Force-distance graph examples
-Different shaped area examples
-Demonstration springs

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 96-99
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 99-100

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Gravitational Potential Energy
Kinetic Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define gravitational potential energy
-Derive P.E. = mgh
-Calculate potential energy at different heights
-Understand reference levels for potential energy
-Solve problems involving potential energy

Review variable force work through Q/A
-Demonstration: lifting objects to different heights
-Derivation of P.E. = mgh
-Discussion on choice of reference level
-Worked examples on potential energy calculations
-Problem-solving session with gravitational P.E.

Masses of different sizes
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Height measurement setup
-Worked examples
-Gravitational P.E. charts
Trolleys
-Stopwatch
-Kinetic energy demonstration setup
-Speed measurement apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 100-102

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Apply conservation of energy to mechanical systems
-Analyze energy changes in pendulums and projectiles
-Solve problems using conservation of energy
-Understand energy transformations in oscillating systems
-Calculate energy at different positions

Review kinetic energy through Q/A
-Demonstration: simple pendulum energy changes
-Analysis of energy at different positions in pendulum swing
-Discussion on energy conservation in projectile motion
-Worked examples using conservation of energy
-Problem-solving on energy conservation

Simple pendulum setup
-Measuring tape
-Stopwatch
-Masses
-Calculator
-Pendulum energy charts
-Conservation examples
-String and bob

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 104-106

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Power and its Applications
Simple Machines - Introduction and Terminology

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define power as rate of doing work
-Calculate power using P = W/t and P = Fv
-State SI unit of power (Watt)
-Understand power ratings of appliances
-Solve problems involving power calculations

Q/A on energy conservation
-Definition of power with examples
-Derivation of P = W/t and P = Fv
-Discussion on power ratings of electrical appliances
-Worked examples on power calculations
-Investigation: measuring power of students climbing stairs

Stopwatch
-Measuring tape
-Spring balance
-Calculator
-Electrical appliances for power ratings
-Stairs for practical work
-Power calculation charts
Simple lever setup
-Masses for loads
-Ruler
-Machine terminology charts
-Efficiency calculation examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 106-108

Work, Energy, Power and Machines

Levers - Types and Applications
Pulleys - Fixed and Movable
Inclined Planes and Screws

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Classify levers into three types
-Identify examples of each type of lever
-Apply principle of moments to levers
-Calculate forces in lever systems
-Understand applications of different lever types
Understand operation of fixed and movable pulleys
-Calculate M.A. and V.R. for different pulley systems
-Analyze block and tackle arrangements
-Solve problems involving pulley systems
-Understand advantages of pulley systems

Q/A on machine terminology
-Classification of levers: Class I, II, and III
-Demonstration: examples of each lever type
-Application of principle of moments
-Worked examples on lever calculations
-Identification of levers in daily life tools
Review lever types through Q/A
-Demonstration: fixed pulley operation
-Demonstration: single movable pulley
-Analysis of block and tackle systems
-Calculation of M.A. and V.R. for different arrangements
-Problem-solving on pulley systems

Various lever examples
-Rulers
-Masses
-Spring balance
-Fulcrum supports
-Lever classification charts
-Daily life lever examples
-Calculator
Pulley blocks
-String
-Masses
-Spring balance
-Pulley arrangements
-Block and tackle setup
-Calculator
-Pulley system diagrams
Inclined plane setup
-Trolley or wooden block
-Measuring tape
-Protractor
-Screw examples
-Various inclined plane models

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 112-114
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 115-120

Current Electricity (II)

Electric Current and Measurement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electric current and state its SI unit
-Understand conventional current flow
-Use ammeters correctly to measure current
-Read ammeter scales accurately
-Understand current as rate of flow of charge

Q/A review on basic electricity from Form 2
-Definition of electric current and conventional flow
-Demonstration: proper ammeter connection in series
-Practice reading different ammeter scales
-Discussion on digital vs analogue meters
-Safety precautions when using electrical equipment

Ammeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Connecting wires
-Bulbs
-Switches
-Ammeter scale charts
-Safety equipment

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-130

Current Electricity (II)

Series and Parallel Circuits - Current Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Investigate current in series circuits
-Investigate current in parallel circuits
-Apply Kirchhoff's current law
-Understand current division in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving current distribution

Review ammeter usage through Q/A
-Experiment: measuring current in series circuit
-Experiment: measuring current in parallel circuit
-Analysis of current readings and patterns
-Statement of Kirchhoff's current law
-Problem-solving on current distribution

Multiple ammeters
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Current distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 130-133

Current Electricity (II)

Potential Difference and Voltage Measurement
Series and Parallel Circuits - Voltage Distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define potential difference in terms of work done
-State the SI unit of potential difference
-Use voltmeters correctly to measure voltage
-Understand voltage measurement across components
-Read voltmeter scales accurately

Q/A on current distribution
-Definition of potential difference and work done per unit charge
-Demonstration: proper voltmeter connection in parallel
-Practice measuring voltage across different components
-Comparison of voltmeter and ammeter connections
-Safety considerations in voltage measurement

Voltmeters (analogue and digital)
-Dry cells
-Resistors
-Bulbs
-Connecting wires
-Switches
-Voltmeter scale charts
-Work and charge demonstration materials
Multiple voltmeters
-Various resistors
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Voltage distribution worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 126-129

Current Electricity (II)

Ohm's Law - Investigation and Verification
Electrical Resistance and Ohm's Law Applications
Ohmic and Non-Ohmic Conductors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Ohm's law
-Investigate relationship between voltage and current
-Plot V-I graphs for ohmic conductors
-Verify Ohm's law experimentally
-Understand conditions for Ohm's law validity
Define electrical resistance and its SI unit
-Apply Ohm's law to calculate V, I, and R
-Understand the relationship R = V/I
-Solve problems using Ohm's law
-Convert between different units of resistance

Q/A on voltage distribution
-Experiment: varying voltage and measuring current through resistor
-Data collection and table completion
-Plotting V-I graph and analyzing slope
-Statement and verification of Ohm's law
-Discussion on temperature and other conditions
Review Ohm's law investigation through Q/A
-Definition of electrical resistance as V/I ratio
-Worked examples applying Ohm's law triangle
-Unit conversions: Ω, kΩ, MΩ
-Problem-solving session on Ohm's law calculations
-Discussion on factors affecting resistance

Rheostat
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Resistor coils
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Ruler
Calculator
-Ohm's law triangle charts
-Resistor color code charts
-Various resistors
-Multimeter
-Problem worksheets
-Unit conversion charts
Filament bulbs
-Diodes
-Thermistors
-LDR
-Ammeter
-Voltmeter
-Rheostat
-Graph paper
-Various conductors for testing

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 131-135

Current Electricity (II)

Types of Resistors and Their Applications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Identify different types of resistors
-Understand fixed and variable resistors
-Read resistor color codes
-Understand applications of special resistors
-Use rheostats and potentiometers

Review ohmic vs non-ohmic conductors through Q/A
-Identification of resistor types: carbon, wire-wound, variable
-Practice reading resistor color codes
-Demonstration: rheostat and potentiometer operation
-Discussion on thermistors and LDR applications
-Practical applications in circuits

Various resistor types
-Color code charts
-Rheostat
-Potentiometer
-Thermistor
-LDR
-Multimeter
-Circuit boards
-Application examples

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 135-140

Current Electricity (II)

Measurement of Resistance - Voltmeter-Ammeter Method
Wheatstone Bridge Method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe voltmeter-ammeter method
-Set up circuits for resistance measurement
-Calculate resistance from V and I readings
-Understand limitations of the method
-Analyze experimental errors

Q/A on resistor types
-Setup of voltmeter-ammeter circuit
-Measurement of voltage and current for unknown resistor
-Calculation of resistance using R = V/I
-Discussion on measurement errors and accuracy
-Comparison with multimeter readings

Unknown resistors
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Rheostat
-Connecting wires
-Dry cells
-Switches
-Calculator
-Multimeter for comparison
Wheatstone bridge apparatus
-Galvanometer
-Known resistors
-Unknown resistors
-Battery
-Bridge equation charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 140-142

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Series - Theory and Calculations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in series
-Calculate total resistance for series combination
-Understand current and voltage in series circuits
-Solve problems involving series resistors
-Apply series resistance in circuit analysis

Q/A on resistance measurement methods
-Derivation of Rs = R₁ + R₂ + R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of series combination
-Analysis of current (same) and voltage (divided) in series
-Worked examples on series resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Series circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 144-147

Current Electricity (II)

Resistors in Parallel - Theory and Calculations
Mixed Circuits - Series-Parallel Combinations
Electromotive Force (EMF) and Terminal Voltage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive formula for resistors in parallel
-Calculate total resistance for parallel combination
-Understand current and voltage in parallel circuits
-Solve problems involving parallel resistors
-Apply parallel resistance in circuit analysis
Analyze circuits with series-parallel combinations
-Apply reduction techniques to complex circuits
-Calculate total resistance of mixed circuits
-Determine current and voltage in different branches
-Solve complex circuit problems

Review series resistance through Q/A
-Derivation of 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃...
-Demonstration: measuring total resistance of parallel combination
-Analysis of voltage (same) and current (divided) in parallel
-Worked examples on parallel resistance calculations
-Problem-solving session
Q/A on parallel resistance
-Introduction to mixed circuit analysis techniques
-Step-by-step reduction of complex circuits
-Worked examples on series-parallel combinations
-Problem-solving on mixed circuits
-Discussion on circuit analysis strategies

Resistors of known values
-Multimeter
-Connecting wires
-Circuit boards
-Calculator
-Parallel circuit diagrams
-Problem worksheets
Various resistors
-Circuit boards
-Connecting wires
-Multimeter
-Calculator
-Complex circuit diagrams
-Step-by-step analysis charts
High resistance voltmeter
-Various cells
-Switches
-Resistors
-EMF measurement setup
-Energy conversion charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 147-150
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Internal Resistance of Cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define internal resistance
-Understand the relationship E = V + Ir
-Calculate internal resistance experimentally
-Understand factors affecting internal resistance
-Apply internal resistance in circuit calculations

Q/A on EMF concepts
-Introduction to internal resistance concept
-Derivation of E = V + Ir relationship
-Experiment: measuring internal resistance using different loads
-Plotting E vs R graph to find internal resistance
-Discussion on factors affecting internal resistance

Various cells
-Resistors of different values
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Connecting wires
-Graph paper
-Calculator
-Internal resistance apparatus

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 150-153

Current Electricity (II)

Cells in Series and Parallel
Advanced Circuit Analysis and Problem Solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Analyze cells connected in series
-Analyze cells connected in parallel
-Calculate total EMF and internal resistance
-Understand advantages of different connections
-Solve problems involving cell combinations

Review internal resistance through Q/A
-Analysis of identical cells in series connection
-Analysis of identical cells in parallel connection
-Calculation of equivalent EMF and internal resistance
-Discussion on practical applications and advantages
-Problem-solving on cell combinations

Multiple identical cells
-Connecting wires
-Voltmeter
-Ammeter
-Resistors
-Calculator
-Cell combination diagrams
-Problem worksheets
Complex circuit examples
-Circuit analysis worksheets
-Multiple EMF sources
-Various resistors
-Comprehensive problem sets
-Kirchhoff's law charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 152-153

Waves II

Properties of waves
Reflection of waves
Refraction of waves

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define wavelength, frequency, amplitude and wavefront
- Explain rectilinear propagation of waves
- Describe wave production in ripple tank
- Calculate wave speed using v=fλ

Q/A on wave basics from Form 2
- Demonstration of wave production using ripple tank
- Observation of rectilinear propagation
- Calculations on wave speed

Ripple tank, Straight vibrator, Water, Rulers, Stroboscope, Charts on wave properties
Ripple tank, Plane wave generator, Curved and straight reflectors, Graph paper, Pencils
Ripple tank, Glass plates, Water, Rulers for measurement, Frequency generator

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 156-158

Waves II

Diffraction of waves
Interference patterns
Constructive and destructive interference
Stationary waves formation
Modes of vibration in strings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define diffraction
- Explain factors affecting extent of diffraction
- Describe experiments showing diffraction
- Compare diffraction through different gap sizes
Distinguish between constructive and destructive interference
- Explain conditions for each type
- Demonstrate using sound waves
- Calculate amplitudes in interference

Demonstration of diffraction using various gap sizes
- Observation of spreading effect
- Investigation of relationship between gap size and wavelength
- Practical measurements
Experiment with two loudspeakers
- Observation of loud and quiet regions
- Mathematical analysis of amplitude addition
- Problem solving on wave interference

Ripple tank, Barriers with gaps, Various gap sizes, Measuring instruments, Wave generator
Two-point sources, Graph paper, Compass, Rulers, Ripple tank setup, Audio frequency generator
Two loudspeakers, Audio generator, Microphone, Sound level meter, Connecting wires
Tuning fork, String, Pulley, Weights, Stroboscope, Measuring tape, Retort stands
Sonometer, Tuning forks, Weights, Measuring instruments, Calculator, Formula charts

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 163-165
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 167-169

Waves II

Vibrating air columns - closed pipes
Vibrating air columns - open pipes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain stationary waves in closed pipes
- Derive fundamental frequency formula
- Calculate overtone frequencies
- Demonstrate resonance in pipes

Experiment with closed pipe resonance
- Observation of resonance positions
- Calculation of frequency relationships
- End correction discussions

Closed pipes of various lengths, Tuning forks, Water, Measuring cylinders, Resonance tubes
Open pipes, Tuning forks, Sound level meters, Calculators, Summary charts, Past papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 172-174

Electrostatics II

Electric field patterns and charge distribution
Lightning arrestor and capacitance introduction
Factors affecting capacitance and types of capacitors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electric field and electric field lines
- Demonstrate field patterns using chalk dust method
- Describe charge distribution on spherical and pear-shaped conductors
- Use proof-plane and electroscope to test charge distribution

Q/A on electrostatics basics from Form 2
- Experiment using chalk dust in castor oil to show field patterns
- Investigation of charge distribution using proof-plane
- Observation of electroscope deflections at different conductor points

High voltage source, Wire electrodes, Petri-dish, Castor oil, Chalk dust, Spherical and pear-shaped conductors, Proof-plane, Gold-leaf electroscope
Wind-mill model, Point charges, Lightning arrestor photos, Parallel-plate capacitors, Battery, Voltmeter, Milliammeter
Aluminium plates, Various dielectric materials, Electroscope, Paper capacitors, Electrolytic capacitors, Variable air capacitors, Measuring instruments

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 177-181

Electrostatics II

Capacitors in series and parallel
Energy stored in capacitors
Complex capacitor problems

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Derive effective capacitance for series combination
- Derive effective capacitance for parallel combination
- Explain charge and voltage relationships
- Calculate individual charges and voltages

Mathematical derivation of series formula (1/C = 1/C₁ + 1/C₂)
- Mathematical derivation of parallel formula (C = C₁ + C₂)
- Problem solving with capacitor combinations
- Practical verification using circuits

Capacitors of different values, Voltmeters, Ammeters, Battery, Connecting wires, Calculators, Circuit boards
Charged capacitors, Energy calculation worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Safety equipment
Complex circuit diagrams, Advanced problem worksheets, Graphing materials, Calculators, Past examination papers

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 188-191

Electrostatics II
Heating Effect of Electric Current
Heating Effect of Electric Current

Applications of capacitors
Introduction to heating effect
Factors affecting heat produced - current and time
Factors affecting heat produced - resistance
Joule's law and electrical energy

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Explain use in rectification and smoothing circuits
- Describe applications in tuning circuits
- State use in delay circuits and camera flash
- Solve comprehensive numerical problems on all topics
Investigate relationship between heat produced and resistance
- Compare heating in different resistance wires
- State H ∝ R relationship
- Derive complete heating formula H = I²Rt

Discussion on practical applications in electronics
- Demonstration of smoothing circuits
- Explanation of tuning and delay functions
- Comprehensive revision and problem solving covering all electrostatics topics
Experiment using coils of different resistance
- Temperature measurements with constant current
- Comparison of heating rates
- Mathematical derivation of heating law

Circuit diagrams, Smoothing circuit demo, Radio tuning circuits, Camera flash unit, Revision charts, Past examination papers
Battery, Resistance wire coils, Ammeter, Variable resistor, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Connecting wires
Resistance coils, Variable resistor, Ammeter, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Graph paper, Different current values
Coils of different resistance, Ammeter, Thermometer, Measuring instruments, Stopwatch, Calculation worksheets
Formula charts, Calculators, Problem worksheets, Electrical devices for analysis

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 192-193
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 199-200

Heating Effect of Electric Current

Electrical power and energy calculations
Applications - electrical lighting and heating devices
Electrical safety - fuses and circuit protection

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define electrical power P = VI = I²R = V²/R
- Calculate electrical energy W = Pt
- Convert between different units (J, kWh)
- Solve complex power problems

Derivation of electrical power formulas
- Energy unit conversions
- Problem solving on household appliances
- Cost calculations for electrical consumption

Calculators, Unit conversion charts, Household appliance ratings, Electricity bills, Problem sets
Filament lamps, Electric iron, Electric kettle, Heating elements, Energy saving bulbs, Appliance diagrams
Various fuses, Fuse holders, Circuit diagrams, Safety equipment demonstrations, Rating calculations

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 201-202

Heating Effect of Electric Current
Quantity of Heat

Efficiency calculations and motor problems
Series and parallel heating circuits
Heat capacity and specific heat capacity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Calculate efficiency of electrical devices
- Solve problems involving motors and mechanical work
- Analyze power input vs power output
- Calculate overall efficiency in systems

Problem solving on device efficiency
- Motor efficiency calculations
- Analysis of energy conversions
- Real-world efficiency problems

Motor specifications, Efficiency calculation worksheets, Power meters, Mechanical loading systems
Resistors in circuits, Ammeters, Voltmeters, Power calculation sheets, Circuit boards
Charts on heat definitions, Calculators, Simple problem worksheets, Various materials for comparison

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 201-204

Quantity of Heat

Determination of specific heat capacity - method of mixtures for solids
Determination of specific heat capacity - electrical method
Specific heat capacity of liquids and continuous flow method

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Describe method of mixtures for solids
- Perform experiment to determine specific heat capacity of metal
- Apply heat balance principle
- Calculate specific heat capacity from experimental data

Experiment using hot metal block in cold water
- Measurement of temperatures and masses
- Application of heat balance equation
- Calculation of specific heat capacity from results

Metal blocks, Beakers, Water, Thermometers, Weighing balance, Heat source, Well-lagged calorimeter, Stirrer
Metal cylinder with heater, Voltmeter, Ammeter, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Insulating materials, Power supply
Calorimeter, Electrical heater, Water, Measuring instruments, Continuous flow apparatus diagram, Problem sets

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 209-212

Quantity of Heat
Quantity of Heat
Gas Laws

Change of state and latent heat concepts
Specific latent heat of fusion
Specific latent heat of vaporization
Effects of pressure and impurities on melting and boiling points
Evaporation and cooling effects
Introduction to gas behavior and Boyle's Law

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Define latent heat of fusion and vaporization
- Explain change of state process
- Plot cooling curve for naphthalene
- Identify melting and boiling points from graphs
Investigate effect of pressure on melting point of ice
- Demonstrate regelation phenomenon
- Investigate effect of pressure on boiling point
- Explain effect of impurities on phase transition temperatures

Experiment plotting cooling curve for naphthalene
- Observation of temperature plateaus during phase changes
- Discussion on latent heat concept
- Graph analysis and interpretation
Regelation experiment with ice and wire
- Pressure effect on boiling point using flask
- Salt solution boiling point investigation
- Discussion on pressure cooker working

Naphthalene, Test tubes, Thermometer, Stopwatch, Graph paper, Heat source, Cooling apparatus
Ice, Calorimeter, Thermometer, Electrical heater, Filter funnels, Beakers, Measuring cylinders
Steam generator, Condenser, Calorimeter, Electrical heater, Measuring instruments, Safety equipment
Ice blocks, Weighted wire, Round-bottomed flask, Thermometer, Salt solutions, Pressure cooker model
Various liquids, Beakers, Fans, Thermometers, Ether, Test tubes, Humidity measuring devices
Syringes, J-shaped tubes, Oil, Bourdon gauge, Foot pump, Metre rule, Graph paper

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 218-220
KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 227-230

Gas Laws

Boyle's Law experiments and calculations
Boyle's Law applications and kinetic theory explanation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Perform experiment to verify Boyle's Law
- Record pressure and volume data
- Plot graphs of P vs V, P vs 1/V, and PV vs P
- Calculate pressure-volume products and verify constant relationship

Experiment using J-shaped tube with oil and pressure measurement
- Data collection and tabulation
- Graph plotting and analysis
- Verification of PV = constant relationship

Thick-walled J-shaped tube, Oil, Pressure gauge, Measuring instruments, Data tables, Graph paper, Calculators
Problem worksheets, Kinetic theory diagrams, Calculator, Gas bubble scenarios, Atmospheric pressure data

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 235-238

Gas Laws

Charles's Law
Charles's Law applications and absolute temperature scale
Pressure Law (Gay-Lussac's Law)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
State Charles's Law for constant pressure processes
- Demonstrate volume-temperature relationship
- Perform experiments to verify V ∝ T relationship
- Plot V vs T and V vs θ graphs

Experiment using gas column in tube with varying temperature
- Temperature and volume measurements
- Graph plotting showing linear relationship
- Discussion on absolute zero concept

Gas tubes, Water baths, Thermometers, Measuring cylinders, Heating apparatus, Graph paper, Temperature control equipment
Temperature conversion charts, Problem sets, Calculators, Hot air balloon examples, Gas heating scenarios
Constant volume gas apparatus, Pressure gauges, Temperature control, Water baths, Thermometers, Graph materials

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 238-241

Gas Laws

Combined gas laws and ideal gas behavior
Kinetic theory of gases
Absolute zero and temperature scales
Comprehensive applications and problem solving

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
Combine all three gas laws into general gas equation
- Apply PV/T = constant for fixed mass of gas
- Solve complex problems involving multiple variables
- Explain ideal gas assumptions

Mathematical combination of gas laws
- Problem solving with changing P, V, and T
- Discussion on ideal gas concept
- Analysis of real gas deviations from ideal behavior

Combined law worksheets, Complex problem sets, Calculators, Ideal gas assumption charts
Kinetic theory diagrams, Molecular motion animations, Temperature-energy relationship charts, Theoretical discussion materials
Graph paper, Extrapolation exercises, Temperature scale diagrams, Conversion worksheets, Scientific calculators
Past examination papers, Multi-step problem sets, Real-world scenario worksheets, Summary charts, Calculators

KLB Secondary Physics Form 3, Pages 243-245