Social Studies and Personal Management

Self-Improvement – Personality traits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe personality traits for self-understanding
- Identify personality traits that define their personal characteristics
- Show interest in understanding their personality

- Choose the animal that best defines their personal characteristics from a list of pre-selected animals, then discuss the outcome with the class
- Discuss the meaning of personality traits such as agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, openness and conscientiousness
- Describe the personality traits of classmates

Which animal best reflects your personal characteristics?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Video clips on personality traits
- Charts on personality traits

- Observation - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Social Studies and Personal Management

Self-Improvement – Personality traits and video analysis
Self-Improvement – Goals for self-improvement in social life
Self-Improvement – Values in development of personality traits
Self-Esteem Assessment – Contribution of self-esteem on holistic development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse personality traits from video clips
- Relate personality traits to real-life situations
- Appreciate different personality traits in people

- Watch a video clip on personality traits and discuss
- Describe the personality traits shown in the video clip
- Share personality traits portrayed by animals with other classmates

How do personality traits influence our behaviour?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 3
- Video clips of successful career individuals
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 4
- Charts on values
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 5
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Social Studies and Personal Management
Community Service Learning

Self-Esteem Assessment – Effects of unhealthy self-esteem
Self-Esteem Assessment – Assessing self-esteem in social interactions
Self-Esteem Assessment – Improving self-esteem
Community Service Learning Project – Identifying a problem in the community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine effects of unhealthy self-esteem in day-to-day social lives
- Identify factors that influence self-esteem
- Desire to build healthy self-esteem

- Act out and discuss skits on examples of difficult life experiences that could severely affect self-esteem in their social lives
- Discuss and present effects of unhealthy self-esteem such as relationship difficulties and social isolation
- Identify ways of building a healthy self-esteem

What are the effects of unhealthy self-esteem in our social lives?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 7
- Digital resources
- Flashcards on effects of unhealthy self-esteem
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 9
- Self-assessment cards
- Case studies
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 10
- Self-esteem journal templates
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 13
- Pictures of community problems
- Manila papers

- Observation - Oral questions - Skit assessment

Community Service Learning

Community Service Learning Project – Adopting a project and writing statement of the problem
Community Service Learning Project – Designing solutions to the identified problem
Community Service Learning Project – Planning to implement the solution
Community Service Learning Project – Implementing the plan (Part 1)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Adopt one identified problem for the class/group project
- Write a statement of the problem
- Show interest in solving community problems

- Speak engagingly when discussing and adapting one identified problem for the class/group project and hence state the project title
- Authenticate the problem/gap and hence write down the statement of the problem
- Discuss and adopt one problem for the class project

Why is it necessary to make adequate preparations before embarking on a project?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 14
- Digital resources
- Flip charts
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 15
- Internet access
- Resource persons
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 16
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 17
- Locally available materials
- Tools and equipment
- Project resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written statements

Community Service Learning
People and Relationships

Community Service Learning Project – Implementing the plan (Part 2)
Community Service Learning Project – Reporting on the concluded project
Community Service Learning Project – Reflection and appreciation
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - The Evolution Theory

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Continue implementing the plan for solving the identified problem
- Work collaboratively in project execution
- Value teamwork in community service

- Continue executing the project and keeping evidence of work done
- Collaborate with stakeholders in project implementation
- Document lessons learnt during project implementation

What lessons can we learn from project implementation?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 17
- Locally available materials
- Tools and equipment
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 18
- Digital resources
- Report templates
- Project evidence
- Project reports
- Reflection journals
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 20
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Marker pens

- Observation - Checklist - Portfolio

People and Relationships

Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Stages of Human Evolution
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Changes in Humans due to Evolution
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Conclusions on Human Origin
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Preservation of Early Human Remains

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the different stages of human evolution
- Draw charts showing stages of human evolution
- Appreciate the process of human evolution

- Use digital devices or textbooks to search for different stages of evolution
- Draw charts showing stages of human evolution from earliest to most recent
- Display charts in class for others to see

What are the different stages through which humans evolved?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 21
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices
- Pictures of human evolution stages
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 23
- Digital devices
- Newspapers
- Flash cards
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 25
- Pictures of mummified remains
- Video clips
- Resource person

- Oral questions - Project work - Observation

People and Relationships

Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Africa as the Cradle of Humanity
Early Civilisation - Early Visitors to the East African Coast
Early Civilisation - Reasons for Coming to East African Coast
Early Civilisation - The Swahili Civilisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain reasons why Africa is considered the cradle of humanity
- Locate pre-historic sites on the map of Africa
- Recognise Africa's significance in human origin

- Read article on reasons Africa is the cradle for humanity
- Draw map of Africa showing pre-historic sites
- Discuss reasons such as oldest fossils, favourable climate, and central location

Why is Africa considered the cradle of humanity?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 27
- Map of Africa
- Atlas
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 32
- Maps of Europe and Asia
- Maps
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 33
- Digital devices
- Approved textbooks
- Maps

- Oral questions - Written tests - Project work

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Factors for Growth of Swahili Civilisation
Early Civilisation - East African City States

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain factors that led to growth of Swahili civilisation
- Describe how trade contributed to growth of city states
- Appreciate factors that promote civilisation

- Read about factors that led to growth of Swahili civilisation
- Discuss factors such as good climate, natural harbours, and Indian Ocean trade
- Write summary notes

What factors led to the growth of Swahili civilisation along the East African Coast?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 34
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Journal entries
- Maps
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Best Practices from Early Civilisations
Early Civilisation - Contributions to Modern World

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify best practices from early civilisations
- Explain how irrigation and masonry skills developed
- Value contributions of early civilisations

- Study pictures of dhows, makuti houses, and basin irrigation
- Discuss how early civilisation led to modern world practices
- Make summary of discussion

What best practices from early civilisations are still used today?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 35
- Pictures
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 36
- Video documentaries

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Appreciating Cultural Heritage
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Factors for Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compose creative works on early civilisation
- Debate on validity of early civilisation contributions
- Desire to preserve cultural heritage

- Compose and recite poem on contribution of early civilisation
- Debate on practices from early civilisation contributing to modern world
- Share poems with friends

Why is cultural heritage important to society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 37
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 39
- Maps
- Digital devices
- Projector

- Oral questions - Debate - Creative writing

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Organisation of the Trade
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - People and Commodities in the Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the organisation of Trans-Saharan slave trade
- Identify trade routes and trading cities
- Develop critical thinking about slave trade

- Study map showing Trans-Saharan slave trade routes
- Draw map and locate trade routes
- Discuss organisation including people involved and commodities traded

How was the Trans-Saharan slave trade organised?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 40
- Maps of West Africa
- Digital devices
- Atlas
- Newspaper extracts
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Map work - Written tests

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Effects on Africa
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Spread of Islam and Cultural Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade in Africa
- Explain social, economic, and political effects
- Show empathy for victims of slave trade

- Study pictures showing effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade
- Discuss effects on social, economic, and political organisation
- Make summary notes

What were the effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade on Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 42
- Pictures
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 43
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Promoting Social Justice
Population Growth in Africa - Causes of Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate assertiveness in promotion of social justice
- Create awareness messages against modern slavery
- Desire to promote social justice in society

- Prepare slogans and posters promoting social justice
- Compose songs to promote social justice
- Participate in Freedom Walk activities

How can we demonstrate assertiveness in promoting social justice against slavery?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 44
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Social media platforms
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 46
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Creative work - Observation

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Effects of Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine effects of population growth in Africa
- Explain both positive and negative effects
- Analyse impact of population growth on resources

- Use digital devices to research effects of population growth
- Read and recite poem on effects of population growth
- Debate on advantages and disadvantages of population growth

What are the effects of population growth in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 48
- Digital devices
- Poems
- Charts

- Oral questions - Debate - Written tests

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Types of Migration
Population Growth in Africa - Factors Influencing Migration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of migration in Africa
- Differentiate between emigration and immigration
- Appreciate reasons for human movement

- Discuss types of migration including rural-urban, emigration, immigration
- Match types of migration with their descriptions
- Share work with classmates

What are the different types of migration in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 49
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 50
- Resource person

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching exercises

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Demographic Trends in Kenya
Population Growth in Africa - Creating Awareness on Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate demographic trends in Kenya
- Draw graphs representing population data
- Develop skills in data interpretation

- Research on Kenya census data of 2019
- Draw bar graph showing population growth since 1989
- Draw line graph comparing males and females by age group

How has Kenya's population changed over time?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 51
- Census data
- Graph papers
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 52
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Noticeboard

- Oral questions - Graph work - Written tests

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Socio-cultural Diversities in Kenya
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Cultural Practices and Beliefs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore socio-cultural diversities in Kenya
- Explain differences in cultural practices among communities
- Appreciate cultural diversity

- Study pictures of different traditional costumes
- Discuss meaning of socio-cultural diversity and inclusion
- Search for various socio-cultural diversities in Kenya

What are the different socio-cultural diversities in Kenya?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 55
- Pictures of traditional costumes
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 56
- Radio
- Charts

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Celebrating Cultural Diversities
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Building Healthy Self-esteem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of celebrating socio-cultural diversities
- Participate in cultural activities
- Value cultural celebrations

- Study pictures of Luo traditional dancers and Maulidi festival
- Choose traditional song or dance from community and practise
- Present songs or dances in class

How do different communities celebrate their socio-cultural diversities?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 57
- Pictures
- Musical instruments
- Traditional costumes
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 58
- Questionnaires
- Cards
- Marker pens

- Oral questions - Performance - Observation

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Impact of Emotions
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Managing Peer Pressure

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the impact of emotions on self and others
- Explain how emotions affect decision-making
- Manage personal emotions effectively

- Read story about Babado and discuss emotional impact
- Find out how anger, happiness, fear, and sadness affect interactions
- Use digital devices to research impact of emotions

How do emotions affect our interactions with ourselves and others?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 59
- Stories
- Pictures
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 60
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Role play props

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Promoting Cultural Diversity
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Appreciating Cultural Diversities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ways of promoting social cultural diversity
- Create awareness messages on cultural diversity
- Appreciate Kenya's rich cultural heritage

- Study picture showing cultural diversity
- Read poster on ways of promoting social cultural diversity
- Compose and recite poems on social cultural diversities

How can we promote respect and appreciation of socio-cultural diversity?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 61
- Pictures
- Posters
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 62
- Traditional costumes
- Digital devices
- Musical instruments

- Oral questions - Creative writing - Debate

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Situations Leading to Conflicts
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Peaceful Methods of Resolving Conflicts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify situations that lead to conflicts in the family
- Explain how different factors cause family conflicts
- Show concern for family harmony

- Study picture showing family conflict
- Research on situations that may lead to conflicts in family
- Discuss situations such as peer pressure, lack of respect, economic hardships

What situations may lead to conflicts in a family?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 63
- Pictures
- Digital devices
- Mind maps
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 64
- Dictionary
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Applying Conflict Resolution Methods
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Strategies for Effective Communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply peaceful methods to resolve family conflicts
- Compose creative works on conflict resolution
- Demonstrate skills in peaceful conflict resolution

- Discuss peaceful methods of resolving family conflicts in panel
- Compose peace poem on methods of resolving family conflicts
- Share poems in class

How can we apply peaceful methods to resolve conflicts in our families?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 65
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Poems
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 66
- Props for skit

- Oral questions - Creative writing - Panel discussion

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Building Healthy Relationships
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Values in Building Relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ways of building healthy relationships
- Differentiate between healthy and unhealthy relationships
- Desire to maintain healthy relationships

- Discuss how relationships influence individuals
- Read scenarios about Chris, Jabez, Angela, and Grace
- Identify healthy and unhealthy relationships

How can we build healthy relationships to promote peace in the family?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 67
- Scenarios
- Pictures
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 69
- Flash cards

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships
Natural and Historic Built Environments

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Showing Empathy to Survivors
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Appreciating Culture of Peace
Map Reading and Interpretation - Interpreting maps using marginal information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate ways of showing empathy to survivors of conflicts
- Practise active listening and supportive behaviour
- Show compassion to those affected by conflicts

- Study picture showing empathy
- Role play skit showing empathy to survivor of conflict
- Visit rescue centres and show empathy to survivors

How can we show empathy to survivors of conflicts in the family?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 70
- Pictures
- Props for role play
- Rescue centres
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 71
- Placards
- Journals
- Peace quotes
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 75
- Topographical maps
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Role play - Report writing

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Using marginal information to interpret maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Types of scales on maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Converting scales
Map Reading and Interpretation - Converting to linear scale

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how marginal information is used to interpret maps
- Use marginal information to measure distances and find directions
- Appreciate the role of marginal information in understanding maps

- Learners use marginal information to interpret aspects on a topographical map extract
- Practice measuring distances using scale
- Find directions of different places using the compass direction

How is marginal information used to interpret a topographical map?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 75
- Topographical maps of Yimbo and Taita areas
- Rulers
- Compasses
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 79
- Topographical maps
- Digital resources
- Calculators
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 80
- Drawing materials

- Oral questions - Observation - Practical exercises

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Calculating areas of regular shapes
Map Reading and Interpretation - Calculating areas of irregular shapes
Map Reading and Interpretation - Measuring distances on maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Methods of representing relief on maps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify regular and irregular features on maps
- Calculate areas of regular shapes on topographical maps
- Show interest in calculating areas on maps

- Learners discuss features with regular shapes (rectangles, triangles) on maps
- Practice calculating areas using formulas for rectangles and triangles
- Share methods used in class

How do you calculate the area of regular features on a map?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 80
- Topographical maps
- Calculators
- Rulers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 81
- Topographical map of Kijabe area
- Grid paper
- Calculators
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 82
- String
- Paper strips
- Pair of dividers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 84
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical exercises

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Trigonometric points and spot heights
Map Reading and Interpretation - Physical features on topographical maps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain trigonometric points and spot heights on maps
- Identify relief features using different representation methods
- Appreciate the importance of relief representation on maps

- Learners match methods of representing relief with their diagrams
- Draw and label methods of representing relief on plain paper
- Mount work and do gallery walk
- Identify elevation of points on topographical maps

How do trigonometric points and spot heights show relief on maps?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 85
- Topographical maps
- Manilla paper
- Drawing materials
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 87
- Key/legend charts

- Oral questions - Observation - Portfolio

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Application of maps in day-to-day life
Weather and Climate - Factors influencing climate in Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how maps are used in day-to-day activities
- Apply critical thinking skills in map interpretation
- Appreciate the value of map reading in daily life

- Learners discuss how maps are used by online taxi drivers, pilots, surveyors
- Debate: "Without maps, finding direction and locating what we need would be difficult"
- Search for topographical maps and describe how features are represented

How are maps used in day-to-day activities?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 89
- Pictures of maps in use
- Digital resources
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 94
- Atlases
- Digital resources
- Climate maps

- Oral questions - Observation - Debates

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Influence of ocean currents and winds
Weather and Climate - Distribution of climatic regions in Africa
Weather and Climate - Constructing a climatic model of Africa
Weather and Climate - Characteristics of climatic regions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how distance from water bodies influences climate
- Describe the influence of ocean currents and winds on climate
- Appreciate the relationship between climate factors

- Learners study the chart presented by a meteorologist on climate factors
- Discuss influence of winds and air masses on climate
- Discuss climate factors for specific African regions (Sahara, Ethiopian Highlands, coast of Namibia)

How do ocean currents and winds affect climate in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 94
- Climate maps
- Digital resources
- Video clips
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 96
- Map of Africa
- Atlases
- Colouring materials
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 97
- Manilla paper
- Beans, maize, sand, leaves
- Glue
- Crayons/paints
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 98
- Climate charts
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Characteristics of other climatic regions
Weather and Climate - Causes of climate change
Weather and Climate - Managing disaster-related stress
Weather and Climate - Effects of climate change on environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe characteristics of tropical savannah, Mediterranean and mountain climates
- Compare different climatic regions
- Appreciate the variety of African climates

- Learners describe characteristics of tropical savannah, Mediterranean and mountain climates
- Watch video clip on characteristics of climatic regions
- Compare notes with classmates
- Make summary notes

What distinguishes Mediterranean climate from mountain climate?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 98
- Video clips
- Digital resources
- Climate charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 100
- Pictures
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 101
- Charts
- Resource persons
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 102

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Solutions to climate change effects
Vegetation in Africa - Factors influencing vegetation distribution
Vegetation in Africa - Relief and human activities on vegetation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply problem-solving skills in addressing effects of climate change
- Explain effects of climate on human activities
- Desire to participate in climate action

- Learners study pictures of solar panels, electric cars, tree planting and wind turbines
- Discuss how these activities address climate change effects
- Perform a skit on problem-solving skills to address climate change
- Write short essay on possible solutions to climate change

What solutions can address the effects of climate change?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 103
- Pictures
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 108
- School environment
- Atlases
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 109
- Digital resources
- Road map diagrams

- Oral questions - Essays - Skits

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Vegetation in Africa - Locating vegetation regions
Vegetation in Africa - Characteristics of vegetation regions
Vegetation in Africa - Methods of conserving vegetation
Vegetation in Africa - Monitoring and research programs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate major vegetation regions of Africa on a map
- Identify the largest vegetation zone (Savannah)
- Appreciate the diversity of vegetation in Africa

- Learners use digital devices or atlases to search for vegetation regions
- Draw a sketch map to illustrate vegetation regions
- Study the map showing vegetation zones in Africa
- Practice drawing the map without reference

Where are the major vegetation regions located in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 112
- Map of Africa
- Atlases
- Colouring materials
- Local environment
- Digital resources
- Pictures
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 114
- Pictures
- Charts
- Manilla paper
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Map work - Observation

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Vegetation in Africa - Conservation for career exploration
Vegetation in Africa - Appreciating vegetation conservation
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Introduction and location
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Fort Jesus and Kilwa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify careers related to vegetation conservation
- Explore personal interests in conservation careers
- Appreciate vegetation conservation for environmental sustainability

- Learners study pictures showing different careers (farmers with seedlings, forest rangers, botanists)
- Discuss careers related to conservation of vegetation
- Participate in tree planting activities
- Share findings on careers with parents/guardians

What careers are related to vegetation conservation?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 116
- Pictures
- Resource persons
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 117
- Seedlings
- Planting materials
- Manilla paper
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Map of Africa
- Digital resources
- Pictures
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Observation - Interviews

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Great Zimbabwe and Giza Pyramids
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Meroe and Timbuktu
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Robben Island
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Importance of historical sites

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe Great Zimbabwe and Giza Pyramids
- Explain their importance in African heritage
- Show respect for ancient African civilizations

- Learners use constructive dialogue to brainstorm on Great Zimbabwe and Giza Pyramids
- Discuss the architectural achievements of these sites
- Collect pictures and photographs of these monuments
- Create album entries for display

What makes Great Zimbabwe and Giza Pyramids important historical sites?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Pictures and photographs
- Digital resources
- Album materials
- Pictures
- Reference materials
- Video clips
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Portfolio

Natural and Historic Built Environments
Political Developments and Governance
Political Developments and Governance

Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Ways of conserving historical sites
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Applying conservation in community
The Constitution of Kenya – Components of the Constitution
The Constitution of Kenya – Components of the Constitution (continued)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe ways of conserving historical sites and monuments
- Apply creative thinking in preserving cultural heritage
- Desire to participate in conservation efforts

- Learners work harmoniously in groups to find ways of conserving historical sites
- Discuss ways of applying creative thinking in preserving cultural heritage
- Create posters on conservation methods
- Present conservation strategies in class

How can historical sites and monuments be conserved?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Manilla paper
- Marker pens
- Digital resources
- Album materials
- Pictures and photographs
- Local cultural artifacts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 128
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Digital resources
- Charts on components of the Constitution
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 129
- Manila papers
- Marker pens

- Oral questions - Observation - Poster work

Political Developments and Governance

The Constitution of Kenya – Roles of the three arms of government
The Constitution of Kenya – Roles of the Judiciary and Legislature
The Constitution of Kenya – Guiding principles of leadership and integrity
The Constitution of Kenya – Applying assertiveness in upholding principles of leadership and integrity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate the roles of the Executive arm of government
- Explain the structure of the National Government in Kenya
- Value the role of the Executive in governance

- Work harmoniously in groups to discuss the roles of the Executive arm of government
- Study the structure of the National Government in Kenya
- Create manila paper charts illustrating the roles of the Executive and display

What are the roles of the Executive arm of government?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 130
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Digital resources
- Charts on government structure
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 131
- Citizenship Education Teachers Handbook
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 133
- Flip charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Chart assessment

Political Developments and Governance

Human Rights – How human rights can be respected and protected
Human Rights – Respecting and protecting specific human rights
Human Rights – Effective communication on human rights issues
Human Rights – Children's Rights in Kenya (Children's Act 2022)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore how human rights can be respected and protected in the community
- Identify different human rights
- Show interest in promoting human rights

- Foster fairness and justice among peers as they brainstorm on how human rights can be respected and protected in the community
- Study pictures showing people enjoying different human rights
- Suggest how human rights can be respected and protected in the community

How can we promote respect for human rights in the community?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 135
- Digital resources
- Pictures showing human rights
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 136
- Posters on human rights
- Flip charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 137
- Flow charts
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 138
- Children's Act 2022
- Citizenship Education Learners Activity Book

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations

Political Developments and Governance

Human Rights – Children's Rights (African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child)
Human Rights – Ways children are protected against violation of their Rights
Human Rights – Taking action to protect human rights
Human Rights – Responsibility of society in protecting human rights

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify Children's Rights as stipulated in the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
- Compare Children's Rights in different instruments
- Value the protection of Children's Rights

- Use textbooks or digital devices to search for and identify the Children's Rights as stipulated in the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
- Compare and analyse the Children's Rights in the Children's Act 2022 and the African Charter
- Share findings with other groups in class

How do different instruments protect Children's Rights?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 139
- African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 140
- Mind map templates
- Picture stories
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 141
- Posters
- Flip charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 142
- Citizenship Education Teachers Handbook

- Observation - Oral questions - Comparative analysis

Political Developments and Governance

Citizenship – Qualities of a global citizen
Citizenship – Responsibilities of a global citizen
Citizenship – Creating awareness on global citizenship
Citizenship – Ways Nobel Prize nominees responded to injustice (Wangari Maathai)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe qualities of a global citizen in an interconnected society
- Identify characteristics of global citizens
- Appreciate the importance of global citizenship

- Brainstorm on qualities and responsibilities of a global citizen in the world today
- Read stories about people with qualities of global citizens
- Debate on the qualities of a global citizen in the modern society

How can we promote global citizenship?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 144
- Digital resources
- Citizenship Education Learners Activity Book
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 145
- Video clips
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 146
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital resources
- Photographs of Wangari Maathai
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Debate assessment

Political Developments and Governance

Citizenship – Ways Nobel Prize nominees responded to injustice (Mahatma Gandhi)
Citizenship – Factors for harmonious coexistence in East Africa
Citizenship – Factors for harmonious coexistence in Africa
Citizenship – East African Community and African Union anthems
Citizenship – Social entrepreneurship for personal and social wellbeing
Citizenship – Showing empathy to personalities who address injustices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore ways in which Mahatma Gandhi responded to injustice situations in society
- Compare contributions of Wangari Maathai and Mahatma Gandhi
- Appreciate the role of activists in promoting justice

- Using digital devices or textbooks, search for Mahatma Gandhi's biography, achievements and contributions to the world
- Identify similarities between Wangari Maathai and Mahatma Gandhi in responding to injustice
- Illustrate the similarities in notebook or on a chart

What did Nobel Prize nominees do to address injustices in society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 147
- Digital resources
- Photographs of Mahatma Gandhi
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 148
- Pictures of regional cooperation
- Maps of East Africa
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 150
- Maps of Africa
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 149
- The East African and African Union anthems
- Audio recordings
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 151
- Case studies on social entrepreneurs
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 152
- Newspapers and magazines
- Articles on activists

- Observation - Oral questions - Comparative analysis