Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Atoms, elements, molecules and compounds
Elements and Compounds - Identifying common elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the relationship between an atom, an element, a molecule and a compound
- Distinguish between atoms, elements, molecules and compounds
- Appreciate the role of atoms as building blocks of matter

- Discuss the meaning of atoms, elements, molecules and compounds
- Use digital or print media to search for information on atoms, elements, molecules and compounds
- Observe simulations of atoms, elements, molecules and compounds

What is the difference between an atom and a molecule?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Periodic table chart
- Sample items (copper wire, iron nails, aluminium foil, charcoal)
- Labelled containers
- Magnifying glass

- Observation - Oral questions - Class discussion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Symbols of common elements
Elements and Compounds - Historical development of chemical symbols

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Assign symbols to selected elements (oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, iron, aluminium, copper, silver, gold, chlorine, sodium, mercury, lead)
- Write chemical symbols correctly
- Appreciate the universality of chemical symbols

- Collaboratively represent selected elements using symbols
- Study the periodic table of elements
- Practice writing symbols for common elements
- Identify elements from their symbols

Why is it important to use symbols for representing elements?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 32
- Periodic table chart
- Manila paper
- Felt pens
- Flash cards
- Reference books
- Internet-enabled devices
- Charts showing historical symbols

- Written test - Symbol recognition exercise - Group presentation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Word equations for reactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write word equations to represent reactions of selected elements to form compounds
- Identify reactants and products in chemical reactions
- Show interest in chemical reactions

- Use word equations to represent reactions of elements to form compounds (sodium chloride, water, carbon dioxide, copper oxide, aluminium oxide)
- Identify elements in selected compounds
- Practice writing word equations

How can we represent chemical reactions using words?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 27
- Manila paper
- Felt pens
- Sample compounds

- Written exercises - Oral questions - Peer review

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Reaction between iron and sulphur
Elements and Compounds - Reaction between magnesium and oxygen
Elements and Compounds - Differences between elements and compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the formation of iron(II) sulphide from iron and sulphur
- Demonstrate the difference between a mixture and a compound
- Observe safety precautions during heating

- State the differences between elements and compounds
- Compare physical properties of compounds with constituent elements
- Develop analytical skills

- Mix iron fillings and sulphur powder
- Test the mixture with a magnet
- Heat the mixture in a crucible
- Observe changes during heating
- Test the product with a magnet
- Research physical properties of hydrogen, oxygen and water
- Research properties of sodium, chlorine and sodium chloride
- Compare properties of compounds with constituent elements
- Tabulate differences between elements and compounds

What happens when iron and sulphur are heated together?
How do the properties of a compound differ from its constituent elements?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 27
- Iron fillings
- Sulphur powder
- Magnet
- Crucible
- Heat source
- Tripod stand
- Magnesium ribbon
- Pair of tongs
- Bunsen burner
- Heat-proof mat
- Safety goggles
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 30
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Sample elements and compounds

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Written report
- Comparative table - Class presentation - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Classifying substances as elements or compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Classify given substances as elements or compounds
- Apply knowledge of chemical composition
- Show accuracy in classification

- Study table of substances
- Classify substances as elements or compounds
- Identify elements present in given compounds
- Predict elements from compound names

How can we tell if a substance is an element or a compound?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 30
- Classification charts
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Classification exercise - Written test - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Chemical formulae of compounds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Write chemical formulae of simple compounds
- Interpret chemical formulae
- Appreciate the importance of chemical formulae

- Learn how to write chemical formulae from combining ratios
- Study formulae of water (H₂O), carbon dioxide (CO₂)
- Work out formulae of compounds given combining ratios
- Practice writing formulae

What does the formula H₂O tell us about water?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 38
- Manila paper
- Periodic table
- Practice worksheets

- Written exercises - Formula writing test - Peer assessment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Uses of common elements (metals)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline applications of common metallic elements in society
- Relate properties of elements to their uses
- Appreciate the value of elements in daily life

- Search Internet for uses of sodium, magnesium, aluminium, copper, zinc, iron, silver, gold
- Discuss applications in construction, electricity, jewelry, medals
- Compile findings in a table

Why is copper used for making electrical wires?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 44
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Sample metal items

- Research report - Class presentation - Group discussion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Uses of common elements (non-metals)
Elements and Compounds - Importance and market values of elements

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe applications of common non-metallic elements
- Explain uses of hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
- Value the importance of non-metals

- Explain factors determining market value of elements
- Compare prices of different elements
- Appreciate economic value of elements

- Research uses of hydrogen, helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen
- Discuss applications in fuel, balloons, fertilisers, breathing
- Present findings to class
- Research market prices of gold, silver, copper, diamond
- Discuss why some elements are expensive
- Explain factors affecting element prices
- Search online trading listings

What are the uses of oxygen in our daily lives?
Why are gold and silver more expensive than iron and copper?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 44
- Internet-enabled devices
- Charts
- Manila paper
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 44
- Internet access
- Price charts
- Reference materials

- Presentation - Written assignment - Oral questions
- Research report - Class discussion - Written exercise

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Rights to safety information

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain consumer rights to safety information
- Identify safety symbols on packaging
- Value informed consumer choices

- Study safety symbols on flammable substances
- Discuss importance of safety information
- Analyse hazard warning signs
- Compile findings on consumer rights

Why is it important for consumers to have access to safety information?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 46
- Product labels
- Safety symbol charts
- Internet access

- Class discussion - Symbol recognition - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate understanding of elements and compounds
- Apply knowledge in solving problems
- Show competence in the sub-strand

- Review key concepts on elements and compounds
- Solve revision questions
- Write symbols and formulae
- Discuss applications of elements

What are the key differences between elements and compounds?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25-49
- Revision worksheets
- Past questions
- Manila paper

- Written test - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate understanding of elements and compounds
- Apply knowledge in solving problems
- Show competence in the sub-strand

- Review key concepts on elements and compounds
- Solve revision questions
- Write symbols and formulae
- Discuss applications of elements

What are the key differences between elements and compounds?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25-49
- Revision worksheets
- Past questions
- Manila paper

- Written test - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Elements and Compounds - Remedial and extension activities
Physical and Chemical Changes - Properties of matter in different states

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Master challenging concepts in elements and compounds
- Extend knowledge through advanced tasks
- Develop confidence in chemistry

- Describe the three states of matter
- Explain the arrangement of particles in solids, liquids and gases
- Appreciate the nature of matter

- Conduct remedial teaching for slow learners
- Provide extension activities for fast learners
- Build molecular models
- Research advanced applications
- Review ideas learnt about matter
- Draw flow chart showing relationship between states of matter
- Search Internet for videos and animations on matter
- Discuss properties of solids, liquids and gases

How can we apply our knowledge of elements and compounds?
How are particles arranged in the three states of matter?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 25-49
- Remedial worksheets
- Extension materials
- Atomic models
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts showing particle arrangement

- Individualized assessment - Practical tasks - Project work
- Flow chart assessment - Oral questions - Class discussion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of solids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate physical properties of solids
- Determine mass and volume of solids
- Show accuracy in measurements

- Examine appearance of solids (stone, glass prism)
- Squeeze solids to test compressibility
- Determine mass using weighing balance
- Determine volume by displacement method
- Calculate density

What are the physical properties of solids?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 2
- Piece of stone
- Glass prism
- Weighing balance
- 250ml beaker
- Water
- Thread

- Practical activity - Calculation exercises - Written report

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate physical properties of liquids
- Explain why liquids take shape of container
- Demonstrate understanding of density in liquids

- Transfer water between containers of different shapes
- Observe shape of water in each container
- Fill syringe with water and attempt to compress
- Mix coloured water and kerosene
- Explain observations

Why do liquids take the shape of their containers?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 4
- 250ml beaker
- Measuring cylinder
- Conical flask
- 100ml syringe
- Water
- Kerosene

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate physical properties of liquids
- Explain why liquids take shape of container
- Demonstrate understanding of density in liquids

- Transfer water between containers of different shapes
- Observe shape of water in each container
- Fill syringe with water and attempt to compress
- Mix coloured water and kerosene
- Explain observations

Why do liquids take the shape of their containers?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 4
- 250ml beaker
- Measuring cylinder
- Conical flask
- 100ml syringe
- Water
- Kerosene

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Investigating physical properties of gases
Physical and Chemical Changes - Diffusion in liquids

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate physical properties of gases
- Demonstrate that gases have mass and can be compressed
- Observe safety when handling bromine

- Explain the process of diffusion in liquids
- Demonstrate diffusion using potassium manganate(VII)
- Appreciate diffusion in daily life

- Balance two empty balloons
- Inflate one balloon and observe
- Draw air into syringe and compress
- Observe diffusion of bromine vapour
- Compare diffusion in upper and lower jars
- Place potassium manganate(VII) crystal in water
- Observe colour changes over time
- Explain movement of particles
- Discuss applications of diffusion in beverages, cooking, agriculture

Do gases have mass and can they be compressed?
What is diffusion and how does it occur in liquids?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 6
- Two balloons
- Meter rule
- Syringe
- Gas jars
- Bromine liquid
- Dropper
- Vaseline jelly
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 10
- 250ml beaker
- Potassium manganate(VII) crystals
- Water
- Straw
- Spatula

- Practical activity - Safety compliance - Written observations
- Practical demonstration - Observation - Written report

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Applications of diffusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline applications of diffusion in daily life
- Relate diffusion to real-life situations
- Value the importance of diffusion

- Discuss diffusion in preparation of beverages
- Explain diffusion during cooking
- Describe pheromone traps in agriculture
- Discuss cooking gas leakage detection

How is diffusion applied in our daily activities?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 11
- Reference materials
- Charts
- Internet access

- Class discussion - Written assignment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary physical change (zinc oxide)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe temporary physical changes
- Investigate the effect of heat on zinc oxide
- Identify characteristics of temporary physical changes

- Observe appearance of zinc oxide
- Weigh zinc oxide in test-tube
- Heat zinc oxide until no further change
- Allow to cool and observe
- Reweigh and compare mass

What happens when zinc oxide is heated and cooled?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 12
- 5g zinc oxide
- Test-tubes
- Test-tube holders
- Heat source
- Weighing balance

- Practical activity - Observation - Mass comparison

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary physical change (zinc oxide)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe temporary physical changes
- Investigate the effect of heat on zinc oxide
- Identify characteristics of temporary physical changes

- Observe appearance of zinc oxide
- Weigh zinc oxide in test-tube
- Heat zinc oxide until no further change
- Allow to cool and observe
- Reweigh and compare mass

What happens when zinc oxide is heated and cooled?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 12
- 5g zinc oxide
- Test-tubes
- Test-tube holders
- Heat source
- Weighing balance

- Practical activity - Observation - Mass comparison

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary physical change (wax)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary chemical change (hydrated salts)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of heat on wax
- Compare changes in zinc oxide and wax
- Explain characteristics of temporary physical changes

- Explain temporary chemical changes
- Investigate the effect of heat on hydrated copper(II) sulphate
- Observe safety during heating

- Observe appearance of wax
- Weigh wax in test-tube
- Heat wax and observe melting
- Allow to cool and observe solidification
- Compare mass before and after heating
- Measure 5g of copper(II) sulphate
- Heat crystals gently
- Observe colour change from blue to white
- Collect colourless liquid
- Test product with water

What are the characteristics of temporary physical changes?
What happens when hydrated copper(II) sulphate is heated?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 13
- 5g wax
- Test-tubes
- Test-tube holders
- Heat source
- Weighing balance
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 14
- Copper(II) sulphate crystals
- Boiling tube
- Delivery tube
- Beaker
- Heat source
- Clamp and stand

- Practical demonstration - Comparison table - Written report
- Practical activity - Observation - Safety compliance

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Temporary chemical change (cobalt chloride)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate the effect of heat on hydrated cobalt(II) chloride
- Compare changes in different hydrated salts
- Identify characteristics of temporary chemical changes

- Heat cobalt(II) chloride crystals
- Observe colour change from pink to blue
- Collect water vapour
- Add water to anhydrous salt
- Observe colour change and heat evolution

How do hydrated salts behave when heated?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 15
- Cobalt(II) chloride crystals
- Boiling tube
- Heat source
- Test-tubes
- Droppers
- Water

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Comparative analysis

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent chemical change (potassium manganate VII)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe permanent chemical changes
- Investigate decomposition of potassium manganate(VII)
- Test for oxygen gas

- Weigh potassium manganate(VII) in test-tube
- Heat crystals strongly
- Observe colour change to black-green
- Test gas with glowing splint
- Reweigh residue and compare mass

What type of change occurs when potassium manganate(VII) is heated?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 17
- Potassium manganate(VII) crystals
- Test-tube
- Test-tube holder
- Cotton wool
- Weighing balance
- Heat source
- Glowing splint

- Practical activity - Gas test - Mass calculation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent chemical change (potassium manganate VII)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe permanent chemical changes
- Investigate decomposition of potassium manganate(VII)
- Test for oxygen gas

- Weigh potassium manganate(VII) in test-tube
- Heat crystals strongly
- Observe colour change to black-green
- Test gas with glowing splint
- Reweigh residue and compare mass

What type of change occurs when potassium manganate(VII) is heated?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 17
- Potassium manganate(VII) crystals
- Test-tube
- Test-tube holder
- Cotton wool
- Weighing balance
- Heat source
- Glowing splint

- Practical activity - Gas test - Mass calculation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Permanent chemical change (copper II nitrate)
Physical and Chemical Changes - Kinetic theory of matter

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Investigate decomposition of copper(II) nitrate
- Identify products of decomposition
- Explain characteristics of permanent chemical changes

- Explain the kinetic theory of matter
- Describe characteristics of particles in three states
- Demonstrate diffusion in liquids and gases

- Heat copper(II) nitrate crystals
- Observe colour change to black
- Observe red-brown gas evolved
- Test for oxygen with glowing splint
- Compare mass before and after
- Carry out activities to demonstrate particle characteristics
- Perform experiments on diffusion in liquids and gases
- Use water and ink to illustrate kinetic theory
- Discuss movement of particles

What are the characteristics of permanent chemical changes?
How do particles move in different states of matter?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 19
- Copper(II) nitrate
- Test-tube
- Test-tube holder
- Heat source
- Glowing splint
- Cotton wool
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Beakers
- Water
- Ink
- Digital resources
- Animations

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Written report
- Practical activity - Oral questions - Class discussion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Heating curve

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw and interpret a heating curve
- Explain changes during heating
- Identify melting and boiling points

- Carry out experiments to plot heating curve
- Draw the heating curve
- Discuss trends on the curve
- Identify phase changes on the curve

What does a heating curve tell us about state changes?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Thermometer
- Beaker
- Ice
- Heat source
- Stopwatch
- Graph paper

- Graph drawing - Interpretation exercise - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Boiling and melting points of pure substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine boiling and melting points of pure substances
- Explain fixed melting and boiling points
- Show accuracy in measurements

- Carry out experiments to determine boiling point of water
- Determine melting point of ice
- Record observations
- Compare with standard values

What are the melting and boiling points of pure water?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Thermometer
- Beakers
- Ice
- Water
- Heat source
- Stopwatch

- Practical activity - Data recording - Comparison table

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Boiling and melting points of pure substances

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine boiling and melting points of pure substances
- Explain fixed melting and boiling points
- Show accuracy in measurements

- Carry out experiments to determine boiling point of water
- Determine melting point of ice
- Record observations
- Compare with standard values

What are the melting and boiling points of pure water?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Thermometer
- Beakers
- Ice
- Water
- Heat source
- Stopwatch

- Practical activity - Data recording - Comparison table

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Effects of impurities on boiling and melting points
Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (freezing)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain effects of impurities on boiling point
- Investigate effects of impurities on melting point
- Compare pure and impure substances

- Explain applications of freezing in daily life
- Discuss ice cream making process
- Appreciate practical uses of state changes

- Determine boiling point of pure water
- Determine boiling point of salt solution
- Determine melting point of pure ice
- Determine melting point of ice with salt
- Discuss effects of impurities
- Discuss process of making ice cream
- Explain role of dry ice in ice cream carts
- Research other applications of freezing
- Present findings

How do impurities affect boiling and melting points?
How is freezing applied in food preservation and storage?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1
- Thermometers
- Beakers
- Water
- Salt
- Ice
- Heat source
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 22
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Charts
- Pictures

- Practical demonstration - Data comparison - Written report
- Class discussion - Research presentation - Written assignment

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (evaporation and condensation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain applications of evaporation in drying clothes
- Describe condensation in misting of car windows
- Relate state changes to weather phenomena

- Discuss drying of clothes in sun
- Explain misting of car windows
- Discuss formation of clouds and fog
- Research other applications

How do evaporation and condensation occur in our environment?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 23
- Reference materials
- Internet access
- Charts showing water cycle

- Class discussion - Written report - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (sublimation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of sublimation
- Describe applications of sublimation
- Appreciate use of air fresheners

- Discuss how solid air fresheners work
- Explain sublimation of dry ice
- Research other substances that sublimate
- Present findings

What is sublimation and where is it applied?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 23
- Air fresheners
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Class presentation - Written assignment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Application of change of state (sublimation)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the process of sublimation
- Describe applications of sublimation
- Appreciate use of air fresheners

- Discuss how solid air fresheners work
- Explain sublimation of dry ice
- Research other substances that sublimate
- Present findings

What is sublimation and where is it applied?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 23
- Air fresheners
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Class presentation - Written assignment - Oral questions

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Review physical and chemical changes
Physical and Chemical Changes - Assessment and remedial work

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Distinguish between physical and chemical changes
- Classify changes as temporary or permanent
- Apply knowledge in problem solving

- Demonstrate mastery of physical and chemical changes
- Perform practical tasks confidently
- Improve on weak areas

- Review characteristics of physical changes
- Review characteristics of chemical changes
- Solve revision questions
- Discuss differences between temporary and permanent changes
- Conduct formal assessment
- Mark and discuss assessment
- Provide remedial teaching
- Give extension activities

How can we distinguish between physical and chemical changes?
What are the key concepts in physical and chemical changes?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1-23
- Revision worksheets
- Past questions
- Charts
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1-23
- Assessment papers
- Practical materials
- Remedial worksheets

- Written test - Practical assessment - Oral questions
- Written examination - Practical test - Individualized support

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Physical and Chemical Changes - Extension activities and projects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply knowledge to advanced tasks
- Conduct independent research
- Develop higher order thinking skills

- Assign project on applications of state changes
- Research emerging technologies using state changes
- Present creative projects
- Peer review

How can we apply our knowledge of state changes creatively?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 1-23
- Project materials
- Internet access
- Presentation tools

- Project assessment - Peer review - Presentation skills

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Causes of fire in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify causes of fire in nature
- Classify fires according to causes
- Acknowledge dangers of fires

- Discuss possible causes of fire in nature
- Brainstorm on different classes of fire
- Research classes A, B, C, D, and K fires
- Identify fuel sources for each class

What causes fires and how are they classified?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Fire safety charts
- Pictures of different fires

- Class discussion - Classification exercise - Written notes

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Causes of fire in nature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify causes of fire in nature
- Classify fires according to causes
- Acknowledge dangers of fires

- Discuss possible causes of fire in nature
- Brainstorm on different classes of fire
- Research classes A, B, C, D, and K fires
- Identify fuel sources for each class

What causes fires and how are they classified?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Fire safety charts
- Pictures of different fires

- Class discussion - Classification exercise - Written notes

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - The fire triangle
Classes of Fire - Class A fire (ordinary combustibles)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of components of fire triangle
- Draw and label the fire triangle
- Relate fire triangle to fire spread

- Identify causes of Class A fires
- Describe control measures for Class A fires
- Practice safe fire control

- Discuss the three components of fire triangle
- Explain role of fuel, heat and oxygen
- Draw and label fire triangle
- Discuss how fire triangle relates to fire spread
- Identify materials that cause Class A fires (wood, paper, plastics, textiles)
- Discuss where Class A fires occur (forests, homes)
- Learn control methods (water, sand, foam, powder)
- Understand how extinguishers work

What three components are needed for fire to occur?
What materials cause Class A fires and how are they controlled?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Charts
- Digital resources
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 70
- Fire extinguisher charts
- Internet access
- Safety demonstration materials

- Diagram drawing - Oral questions - Written explanation
- Class discussion - Written notes - Safety awareness

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Practicing control of Class A fire

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate control of Class A fires
- Apply correct fire control methods
- Observe safety precautions

- Set up controlled Class A fire using paper, wood, cloth
- Practice using water to extinguish fire
- Practice using sand to extinguish fire
- Observe safety distance
- Discuss effectiveness

How effective are water and sand in controlling Class A fires?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 73
- Small metallic bins
- Old newspapers
- Dry wood
- Bucket of water
- Bucket of sand
- Fire extinguisher

- Practical demonstration - Safety compliance - Observation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Class B fire (flammable liquids)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify causes of Class B fires
- Explain why water is unsuitable for Class B fires
- Describe appropriate control measures

- Identify flammable liquids (petrol, kerosene, diesel, paints, LPG)
- Discuss where Class B fires occur (industries, petrol stations)
- Explain why water shouldn't be used
- Learn about foam, powder, CO₂ extinguishers

Why is water not suitable for controlling Class B fires?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 71
- Fire safety charts
- Pictures of Class B fires
- Internet access
- Reference materials

- Class discussion - Written explanation - Comparison table

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Practicing control of Class B fire

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate control of Class B fires safely
- Explain dangers of using water on Class B fires
- Apply correct extinguishing methods

- Set up controlled fire using methylated spirit
- Observe effect of water on burning spirit
- Test effect of sand
- Discuss why these methods don't work
- Learn about proper extinguishers

What happens when water is poured on burning flammable liquids?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 74
- Methylated spirit
- Metallic tray
- Test-tube
- Sand
- Water
- Fire extinguisher type ABC

- Practical demonstration - Safety observation - Written report

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Practicing control of Class B fire
Classes of Fire - Class C fire (electrical)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate control of Class B fires safely
- Explain dangers of using water on Class B fires
- Apply correct extinguishing methods

- Identify causes of Class C fires
- Explain dangers of using water on electrical fires
- Describe control measures for electrical fires

- Set up controlled fire using methylated spirit
- Observe effect of water on burning spirit
- Test effect of sand
- Discuss why these methods don't work
- Learn about proper extinguishers
- Identify causes (faulty wiring, electrical appliances)
- Discuss where they occur (buildings, laboratories)
- Explain why water is dangerous
- Learn about dry powder and CO₂ extinguishers
- Discuss importance of switching off power

What happens when water is poured on burning flammable liquids?
Why should water never be used on electrical fires?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 74
- Methylated spirit
- Metallic tray
- Test-tube
- Sand
- Water
- Fire extinguisher type ABC
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 72
- Pictures of electrical fires
- Fire safety charts
- Internet access
- Electrical safety materials

- Practical demonstration - Safety observation - Written report
- Class discussion - Written notes - Safety awareness test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Class D fire (combustible metals)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify combustible metals
- Explain special nature of Class D fires
- Describe appropriate control measures

- Identify combustible metals (magnesium, sodium, potassium)
- Discuss where they occur (laboratories)
- Explain why water cannot be used
- Learn about Class D extinguishers and dry sand

What makes Class D fires different from other classes?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 72
- Pictures of metal fires
- Safety charts
- Reference materials
- Internet access

- Class discussion - Written assignment - Safety protocol

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Class K fire (cooking oils and fats)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify causes of Class K fires
- Explain control measures for kitchen fires
- Practice safe response to cooking fires

- Identify causes (cooking oils, fats)
- Discuss where they occur (kitchens, hotels)
- Learn what NOT to do (lift pan, pour water)
- Learn correct methods (cover with wet towel, use baking soda)
- Study ABC extinguishers

How should we respond to cooking oil fires in the kitchen?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 73
- Kitchen fire safety materials
- Baking soda
- Internet access
- Fire safety videos

- Class discussion - Written notes - Safety demonstration

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Use of fire extinguishers (PASS method)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the PASS method of using fire extinguishers
- Demonstrate correct use of extinguisher
- Show confidence in fire safety

- Learn PASS method (Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep)
- Practice steps with fire extinguisher
- Discuss common mistakes
- Learn about extinguisher maintenance
- Study different extinguisher types

What is the correct procedure for using a fire extinguisher?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 75
- Fire extinguishers (various types)
- Fire safety charts
- Instructional videos
- Practice extinguisher

- Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Safety compliance

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Use of fire extinguishers (PASS method)
Classes of Fire - Fire safety communication and signage

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the PASS method of using fire extinguishers
- Demonstrate correct use of extinguisher
- Show confidence in fire safety

- Identify fire safety symbols and signs
- Explain importance of fire safety communication
- Interpret hazard warning signs

- Learn PASS method (Pull, Aim, Squeeze, Sweep)
- Practice steps with fire extinguisher
- Discuss common mistakes
- Learn about extinguisher maintenance
- Study different extinguisher types
- Study fire safety posters and symbols
- Discuss where fire safety signs are found
- Analyze information on hazard signs
- Design fire safety poster
- Discuss rights to safety information

What is the correct procedure for using a fire extinguisher?
Why are fire safety signs important in public places?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 75
- Fire extinguishers (various types)
- Fire safety charts
- Instructional videos
- Practice extinguisher
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 78
- Fire safety posters
- Hazard symbols
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Internet access

- Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Safety compliance
- Poster design - Symbol recognition - Class presentation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Fire safety in schools and public buildings

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify fire safety measures in schools
- Explain fire evacuation procedures
- Appreciate importance of fire drills

- Tour school to identify fire safety equipment
- Study fire evacuation routes
- Discuss fire assembly points
- Learn fire drill procedures
- Research fire safety regulations

What fire safety measures should be in place in schools?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 78
- School fire safety plan
- Fire exit maps
- Fire drill procedures
- Reference materials

- Practical tour - Written report - Drill participation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Handling and storage of flammable materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain safe handling of flammable substances
- Describe proper storage of flammable materials
- Read and interpret safety labels

- Research safe handling procedures
- Study storage requirements for flammables
- Read labels on flammable containers
- Discuss spillage prevention
- Learn about disposal methods

How should flammable materials be handled and stored safely?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 80
- Flammable substance labels
- Safety data sheets
- Internet access
- Reference books

- Research report - Label interpretation - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Information on flammable substance labels

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify information on labels of flammable substances
- Explain importance of labeling
- Appreciate consumer rights to information

- Examine labels on flammable substances
- Identify safety symbols
- Note storage instructions
- Read expiry dates
- Discuss consumer rights

What important information should be on flammable substance labels?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 80
- Labels from various products
- Magnifying glass
- Internet access
- Safety symbols chart

- Label analysis - Written assignment - Class discussion

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Information on flammable substance labels
Classes of Fire - Dangers of fires and mitigation strategies

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify information on labels of flammable substances
- Explain importance of labeling
- Appreciate consumer rights to information

- Outline dangers of uncontrolled fires
- Explain mitigation strategies
- Develop fire safety awareness

- Examine labels on flammable substances
- Identify safety symbols
- Note storage instructions
- Read expiry dates
- Discuss consumer rights
- Discuss dangers of fires (loss of life, property damage, environmental destruction)
- Research fire prevention strategies
- Learn about fire breaks in forests
- Discuss community fire safety
- Present mitigation strategies

What important information should be on flammable substance labels?
What are the dangers of uncontrolled fires in nature?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 80
- Labels from various products
- Magnifying glass
- Internet access
- Safety symbols chart
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Internet access
- Fire safety videos
- Reference materials
- Case studies

- Label analysis - Written assignment - Class discussion
- Research presentation - Class discussion - Written report

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Project: Creating fire safety awareness materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design fire safety awareness posters
- Communicate fire safety information effectively
- Demonstrate creativity and social responsibility

- Prepare posters on classes of fire
- Include control measures for each class
- Design attractive and informative materials
- Display posters in strategic locations
- Present to school community

How can we create effective fire safety awareness materials?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69-80
- Manila paper
- Markers
- Colored pencils
- Reference materials
- Sample posters

- Poster assessment - Presentation skills - Community feedback

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Role of oxygen in combustion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of oxygen in combustion
- Demonstrate oxygen supports burning
- Relate oxygen supply to fire spread

- Light candle and observe burning in air
- Invert jar over burning candle
- Observe candle burning in oxygen-rich environment
- Discuss relationship between oxygen and fire intensity

What role does oxygen play in combustion and spread of fire?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 66
- Candles
- Gas jars
- Matches
- Oxygen source
- Clamp and stand

- Practical demonstration - Observation - Written explanation

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Breaking the fire triangle

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how removing fire triangle components stops fire
- Demonstrate breaking the fire triangle
- Apply knowledge to fire control

- Discuss removing fuel to stop fire
- Explain removing heat to stop fire
- Demonstrate removing oxygen to stop fire
- Relate to fire extinguisher mechanisms
- Practice fire triangle principles

How does breaking the fire triangle help control fires?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Demonstration materials
- Manila paper
- Markers

- Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Written test

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Breaking the fire triangle
Classes of Fire - Review and assessment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how removing fire triangle components stops fire
- Demonstrate breaking the fire triangle
- Apply knowledge to fire control

- Demonstrate understanding of fire classes and control
- Apply fire safety knowledge
- Show competence in fire safety

- Discuss removing fuel to stop fire
- Explain removing heat to stop fire
- Demonstrate removing oxygen to stop fire
- Relate to fire extinguisher mechanisms
- Practice fire triangle principles
- Review classes of fire (A, B, C, D, K)
- Review control measures for each class
- Practice identifying appropriate extinguishers
- Solve fire safety scenarios
- Complete assessment

How does breaking the fire triangle help control fires?
What are the key principles of fire safety and control?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69
- Fire triangle diagrams
- Demonstration materials
- Manila paper
- Markers
- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69-80
- Revision worksheets
- Fire safety scenarios
- Assessment papers

- Practical demonstration - Oral questions - Written test
- Written test - Practical assessment - Scenario analysis

Mixtures, Elements and Compounds

Classes of Fire - Remedial work and extension activities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Master challenging concepts in fire safety
- Extend knowledge through advanced research
- Develop confidence in fire safety

- Provide remedial teaching on weak areas
- Conduct extension research on fire technology
- Study advanced fire suppression systems
- Present individual projects
- Peer teaching activities

How can we apply fire safety knowledge in our community?

- KLB Bk 8, pg. 69-80
- Remedial worksheets
- Extension materials
- Internet access
- Project resources

- Individualized assessment - Project evaluation - Peer assessment