Social Studies and Personal Management

Self-Improvement – Personality traits

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe personality traits for self-understanding
- Identify personality traits that define their personal characteristics
- Show interest in understanding their personality

- Choose the animal that best defines their personal characteristics from a list of pre-selected animals, then discuss the outcome with the class
- Discuss the meaning of personality traits such as agreeableness, extroversion, neuroticism, openness and conscientiousness
- Describe the personality traits of classmates

Which animal best reflects your personal characteristics?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Video clips on personality traits
- Charts on personality traits

- Observation - Oral questions - Peer assessment

Social Studies and Personal Management

Self-Improvement – Personality traits and video analysis
Self-Improvement – Goals for self-improvement in social life
Self-Improvement – Values in development of personality traits
Self-Esteem Assessment – Contribution of self-esteem on holistic development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Analyse personality traits from video clips
- Relate personality traits to real-life situations
- Appreciate different personality traits in people

- Watch a video clip on personality traits and discuss
- Describe the personality traits shown in the video clip
- Share personality traits portrayed by animals with other classmates

How do personality traits influence our behaviour?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 3
- Video clips of successful career individuals
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 4
- Charts on values
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 5
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Social Studies and Personal Management

Self-Esteem Assessment – Effects of unhealthy self-esteem
Self-Esteem Assessment – Assessing self-esteem in social interactions
Self-Esteem Assessment – Improving self-esteem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Determine effects of unhealthy self-esteem in day-to-day social lives
- Identify factors that influence self-esteem
- Desire to build healthy self-esteem

- Act out and discuss skits on examples of difficult life experiences that could severely affect self-esteem in their social lives
- Discuss and present effects of unhealthy self-esteem such as relationship difficulties and social isolation
- Identify ways of building a healthy self-esteem

What are the effects of unhealthy self-esteem in our social lives?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 7
- Digital resources
- Flashcards on effects of unhealthy self-esteem
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 9
- Self-assessment cards
- Case studies
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 10
- Self-esteem journal templates

- Observation - Oral questions - Skit assessment

Community Service Learning

Community Service Learning Project – Identifying a problem in the community
Community Service Learning Project – Adopting a project and writing statement of the problem
Community Service Learning Project – Designing solutions to the identified problem
Community Service Learning Project – Planning to implement the solution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify a problem/gap in the community
- Discuss problems that affect the community
- Appreciate the need to address community problems

- Brainstorm and identify problems/gaps/opportunities in their school/community that need attention
- Study pictures showing problems faced by communities
- List down problems in the community that should be addressed

How does one determine some gaps/needs in the community?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 13
- Digital resources
- Pictures of community problems
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 14
- Flip charts
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 15
- Internet access
- Resource persons
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 16
- Manila papers

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations

Community Service Learning

Community Service Learning Project – Implementing the plan (Part 1)
Community Service Learning Project – Implementing the plan (Part 2)
Community Service Learning Project – Reporting on the concluded project
Community Service Learning Project – Reflection and appreciation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Implement plan for solving the identified problem
- Execute project activities as planned
- Show commitment in implementing community projects

- Implement the plan prudently to address the identified problem
- Execute the project following the developed plan
- Keep evidence of work done during implementation

How do we execute a community project effectively?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 17
- Locally available materials
- Tools and equipment
- Project resources
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 18
- Digital resources
- Report templates
- Project evidence
- Project reports
- Reflection journals

- Observation - Checklist - Portfolio

People and Relationships

Scientific Theory about Human Origin - The Evolution Theory
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Stages of Human Evolution
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Changes in Humans due to Evolution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the scientific theory used to describe human origin
- Discuss the evolution theory developed by Charles Darwin
- Show interest in learning about human origin

- Discuss in groups how scientific theory is used to explain human origin
- Read passage about Charles Darwin's evolution theory
- Make summary notes on the scientific theory about human origin

How did Charles Darwin explain the origin of human beings?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 20
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 21
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices
- Pictures of human evolution stages

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

People and Relationships

Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Conclusions on Human Origin
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Preservation of Early Human Remains
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Africa as the Cradle of Humanity
Early Civilisation - Early Visitors to the East African Coast

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw conclusions on origin of humanity based on scientific theory
- Explain key aspects of scientific theory
- Appreciate scientific evidence on human origin

- Research on scientific theory used to explain human origin
- Make conclusions based on natural selection, variation, and survival for the fittest
- Share findings with peers

What conclusions can be drawn about human origin from scientific theory?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 23
- Digital devices
- Newspapers
- Flash cards
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 25
- Pictures of mummified remains
- Video clips
- Resource person
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 27
- Map of Africa
- Atlas
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 32
- Maps of Europe and Asia

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Reasons for Coming to East African Coast
Early Civilisation - The Swahili Civilisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain reasons why early visitors came to the East African Coast
- Describe the effects of interaction between East Africa and outside world
- Appreciate cultural exchange through early contacts

- Discuss reasons for early visitors coming to East African Coast
- Complete table matching early visitors to their countries of origin
- Share findings with classmates

Why did the early visitors come to the East African Coast?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 32
- Maps
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 33
- Digital devices
- Approved textbooks
- Maps

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Factors for Growth of Swahili Civilisation
Early Civilisation - East African City States

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain factors that led to growth of Swahili civilisation
- Describe how trade contributed to growth of city states
- Appreciate factors that promote civilisation

- Read about factors that led to growth of Swahili civilisation
- Discuss factors such as good climate, natural harbours, and Indian Ocean trade
- Write summary notes

What factors led to the growth of Swahili civilisation along the East African Coast?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 34
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Journal entries
- Maps
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Best Practices from Early Civilisations
Early Civilisation - Contributions to Modern World

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify best practices from early civilisations
- Explain how irrigation and masonry skills developed
- Value contributions of early civilisations

- Study pictures of dhows, makuti houses, and basin irrigation
- Discuss how early civilisation led to modern world practices
- Make summary of discussion

What best practices from early civilisations are still used today?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 35
- Pictures
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 36
- Video documentaries

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Appreciating Cultural Heritage
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Factors for Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compose creative works on early civilisation
- Debate on validity of early civilisation contributions
- Desire to preserve cultural heritage

- Compose and recite poem on contribution of early civilisation
- Debate on practices from early civilisation contributing to modern world
- Share poems with friends

Why is cultural heritage important to society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 37
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 39
- Maps
- Digital devices
- Projector

- Oral questions - Debate - Creative writing

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Organisation of the Trade
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - People and Commodities in the Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the organisation of Trans-Saharan slave trade
- Identify trade routes and trading cities
- Develop critical thinking about slave trade

- Study map showing Trans-Saharan slave trade routes
- Draw map and locate trade routes
- Discuss organisation including people involved and commodities traded

How was the Trans-Saharan slave trade organised?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 40
- Maps of West Africa
- Digital devices
- Atlas
- Newspaper extracts
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Map work - Written tests

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Effects on Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade in Africa
- Explain social, economic, and political effects
- Show empathy for victims of slave trade

- Study pictures showing effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade
- Discuss effects on social, economic, and political organisation
- Make summary notes

What were the effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade on Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 42
- Pictures
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Spread of Islam and Cultural Effects
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Promoting Social Justice

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how slave trade facilitated spread of Islam
- Describe cultural and religious effects of slave trade
- Analyse long-term impacts of slave trade

- Discuss cultural and religious effects of slave trade
- Explain how enslaved people converted to Islam
- Research on rise of slave raiding states

How did Trans-Saharan slave trade affect culture and religion in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 43
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 44
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Social media platforms

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Causes of Population Growth
Population Growth in Africa - Effects of Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore causes of population growth in Africa
- Explain factors such as improved healthcare and high birth rates
- Show interest in demographic studies

- Study pictures showing causes of population growth
- Brainstorm in groups causes of population growth
- Design poster on causes of population growth

What are the main causes of population growth in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 46
- Pictures
- Manila papers
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 48
- Digital devices
- Poems
- Charts

- Oral questions - Observation - Project work

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Types of Migration
Population Growth in Africa - Factors Influencing Migration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify types of migration in Africa
- Differentiate between emigration and immigration
- Appreciate reasons for human movement

- Discuss types of migration including rural-urban, emigration, immigration
- Match types of migration with their descriptions
- Share work with classmates

What are the different types of migration in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 49
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 50
- Resource person

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching exercises

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Demographic Trends in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Illustrate demographic trends in Kenya
- Draw graphs representing population data
- Develop skills in data interpretation

- Research on Kenya census data of 2019
- Draw bar graph showing population growth since 1989
- Draw line graph comparing males and females by age group

How has Kenya's population changed over time?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 51
- Census data
- Graph papers
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Graph work - Written tests

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Creating Awareness on Effects
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Socio-cultural Diversities in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create awareness on effects of population growth in community
- Develop posters on population growth effects
- Appreciate importance of population planning

- Study poster showing effects of population growth in community
- Discuss how community can handle each effect
- Develop and display posters on effects of population growth

How can we create awareness on effects of population growth in our community?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 52
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Noticeboard
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 55
- Pictures of traditional costumes
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Project work - Observation

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Cultural Practices and Beliefs
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Celebrating Cultural Diversities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe cultural practices and beliefs of Kenyan communities
- Compare worship practices across communities
- Respect different cultural beliefs

- Listen to radio lesson on socio-cultural diversities
- Discuss cultural practices such as worship, initiation, and marriage
- Make summary notes

How do cultural practices and beliefs differ among Kenyan communities?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 56
- Radio
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 57
- Pictures
- Musical instruments
- Traditional costumes

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Building Healthy Self-esteem
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Impact of Emotions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ways of building healthy self-esteem in diverse society
- Identify personal strengths and build confidence
- Desire to improve self-esteem

- Discuss ways of building self-esteem such as loving oneself and setting goals
- Fill in questionnaire on self-esteem
- Prepare declaration cards with positive messages

How can we build healthy self-esteem in a diverse socio-cultural society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 58
- Questionnaires
- Cards
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 59
- Stories
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Questionnaire - Observation

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Managing Peer Pressure
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Promoting Cultural Diversity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of managing peer pressure
- Demonstrate assertiveness in dealing with peer pressure
- Value personal principles and boundaries

- Discuss ways of managing peer pressure such as being clear with values and saying NO
- Read scenarios and discuss responses to peer pressure
- Role play situations involving peer pressure

How can we manage peer pressure in a culturally diverse environment?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 60
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Role play props
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 61
- Pictures
- Posters
- Manila papers

- Oral questions - Role play - Observation

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Appreciating Cultural Diversities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate appreciation of socio-cultural diversities
- Participate in inter-cultural activities
- Desire to preserve cultural heritage

- Participate in drama, music, and inter-cultural fairs
- Organise cultural week with presentations from different cultures
- Debate on respecting social cultural diversities

Why should we appreciate socio-cultural diversities in Kenya?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 62
- Traditional costumes
- Digital devices
- Musical instruments

- Oral questions - Performance - Observation

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Situations Leading to Conflicts
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Peaceful Methods of Resolving Conflicts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify situations that lead to conflicts in the family
- Explain how different factors cause family conflicts
- Show concern for family harmony

- Study picture showing family conflict
- Research on situations that may lead to conflicts in family
- Discuss situations such as peer pressure, lack of respect, economic hardships

What situations may lead to conflicts in a family?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 63
- Pictures
- Digital devices
- Mind maps
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 64
- Dictionary
- Charts
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Applying Conflict Resolution Methods
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Strategies for Effective Communication

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply peaceful methods to resolve family conflicts
- Compose creative works on conflict resolution
- Demonstrate skills in peaceful conflict resolution

- Discuss peaceful methods of resolving family conflicts in panel
- Compose peace poem on methods of resolving family conflicts
- Share poems in class

How can we apply peaceful methods to resolve conflicts in our families?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 65
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Poems
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 66
- Props for skit

- Oral questions - Creative writing - Panel discussion

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Building Healthy Relationships
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Values in Building Relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ways of building healthy relationships
- Differentiate between healthy and unhealthy relationships
- Desire to maintain healthy relationships

- Discuss how relationships influence individuals
- Read scenarios about Chris, Jabez, Angela, and Grace
- Identify healthy and unhealthy relationships

How can we build healthy relationships to promote peace in the family?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 67
- Scenarios
- Pictures
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 69
- Flash cards

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Showing Empathy to Survivors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate ways of showing empathy to survivors of conflicts
- Practise active listening and supportive behaviour
- Show compassion to those affected by conflicts

- Study picture showing empathy
- Role play skit showing empathy to survivor of conflict
- Visit rescue centres and show empathy to survivors

How can we show empathy to survivors of conflicts in the family?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 70
- Pictures
- Props for role play
- Rescue centres

- Oral questions - Role play - Report writing

People and Relationships
Natural and Historic Built Environments
Natural and Historic Built Environments
Natural and Historic Built Environments

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Appreciating Culture of Peace
Map Reading and Interpretation - Interpreting maps using marginal information
Map Reading and Interpretation - Using marginal information to interpret maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Types of scales on maps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how family peace contributes to harmonious living
- Create personal commitments to promote peace
- Appreciate the culture of peace in society

- Read placard on promoting peaceful conflict resolution
- Listen to speech about appreciation of family peace
- Fill journal on culture of peace and debate on peace quotes

Why is it important to nurture a culture of peace in the family and society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 71
- Placards
- Journals
- Peace quotes
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 75
- Topographical maps
- Digital resources
- Topographical maps of Yimbo and Taita areas
- Rulers
- Compasses
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 79

- Oral questions - Journal writing - Debate

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Converting scales
Map Reading and Interpretation - Converting to linear scale
Map Reading and Interpretation - Calculating areas of regular shapes
Map Reading and Interpretation - Calculating areas of irregular shapes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Convert statement scale to representative fraction scale
- Convert representative fraction scale to statement scale
- Demonstrate accuracy in scale conversions

- Learners practice converting statement scale to representative fraction (e.g., 1 cm represents 0.5 km to 1:50,000)
- Practice converting representative fraction to statement scale
- Share work with teacher for guidance

How do you convert one type of scale to another?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 79
- Topographical maps
- Calculators
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 80
- Rulers
- Drawing materials
- Calculators
- Rulers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 81
- Topographical map of Kijabe area
- Grid paper

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical exercises

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Measuring distances on maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Methods of representing relief on maps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure straight and curved distances on topographical maps
- Convert map distances to actual ground distances
- Demonstrate skill in measuring distances using different tools

- Learners measure distance of a road and railway line section on a map
- Use string, edge of paper or dividers to measure curved distances
- Watch video clip on measuring distances using a string
- Share work in class through demonstrations

How are distances measured on a topographical map?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 82
- Topographical maps
- String
- Paper strips
- Pair of dividers
- Rulers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 84
- Digital resources
- Charts

- Oral questions - Observation - Practical demonstrations

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Trigonometric points and spot heights
Map Reading and Interpretation - Physical features on topographical maps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain trigonometric points and spot heights on maps
- Identify relief features using different representation methods
- Appreciate the importance of relief representation on maps

- Learners match methods of representing relief with their diagrams
- Draw and label methods of representing relief on plain paper
- Mount work and do gallery walk
- Identify elevation of points on topographical maps

How do trigonometric points and spot heights show relief on maps?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 85
- Topographical maps
- Manilla paper
- Drawing materials
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 87
- Key/legend charts

- Oral questions - Observation - Portfolio

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Application of maps in day-to-day life
Weather and Climate - Factors influencing climate in Africa
Weather and Climate - Influence of ocean currents and winds

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how maps are used in day-to-day activities
- Apply critical thinking skills in map interpretation
- Appreciate the value of map reading in daily life

- Learners discuss how maps are used by online taxi drivers, pilots, surveyors
- Debate: "Without maps, finding direction and locating what we need would be difficult"
- Search for topographical maps and describe how features are represented

How are maps used in day-to-day activities?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 89
- Pictures of maps in use
- Digital resources
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 94
- Atlases
- Digital resources
- Climate maps
- Climate maps
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Observation - Debates

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Distribution of climatic regions in Africa
Weather and Climate - Constructing a climatic model of Africa
Weather and Climate - Characteristics of climatic regions
Weather and Climate - Characteristics of other climatic regions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the major climatic regions of Africa
- Locate climatic regions on a map of Africa
- Show interest in learning about African climates

- Learners study the map showing climatic regions of Africa
- Draw a map of Africa and illustrate all climatic regions
- Identify the largest climatic region (Tropical Savannah)
- Display maps in class

What are the major climatic regions found in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 96
- Map of Africa
- Atlases
- Colouring materials
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 97
- Manilla paper
- Beans, maize, sand, leaves
- Glue
- Crayons/paints
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 98
- Climate charts
- Digital resources
- Video clips
- Digital resources
- Climate charts

- Oral questions - Observation - Map work

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Causes of climate change
Weather and Climate - Managing disaster-related stress
Weather and Climate - Effects of climate change on environment

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify causes of climate change
- Distinguish between natural and human causes of climate change
- Show concern about climate change

- Learners study pictures showing causes of climate change (industrial emissions, deforestation)
- Debate: 'Climate change is caused by natural causes' vs 'Climate change is caused by human activities'
- Make summary notes on points raised

What are the main causes of climate change?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 100
- Pictures
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 101
- Charts
- Resource persons
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 102

- Oral questions - Debates - Observation

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Solutions to climate change effects
Vegetation in Africa - Factors influencing vegetation distribution
Vegetation in Africa - Relief and human activities on vegetation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply problem-solving skills in addressing effects of climate change
- Explain effects of climate on human activities
- Desire to participate in climate action

- Learners study pictures of solar panels, electric cars, tree planting and wind turbines
- Discuss how these activities address climate change effects
- Perform a skit on problem-solving skills to address climate change
- Write short essay on possible solutions to climate change

What solutions can address the effects of climate change?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 103
- Pictures
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 108
- School environment
- Atlases
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 109
- Digital resources
- Road map diagrams

- Oral questions - Essays - Skits

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Vegetation in Africa - Locating vegetation regions
Vegetation in Africa - Characteristics of vegetation regions
Vegetation in Africa - Methods of conserving vegetation
Vegetation in Africa - Monitoring and research programs

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Locate major vegetation regions of Africa on a map
- Identify the largest vegetation zone (Savannah)
- Appreciate the diversity of vegetation in Africa

- Learners use digital devices or atlases to search for vegetation regions
- Draw a sketch map to illustrate vegetation regions
- Study the map showing vegetation zones in Africa
- Practice drawing the map without reference

Where are the major vegetation regions located in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 112
- Map of Africa
- Atlases
- Colouring materials
- Local environment
- Digital resources
- Pictures
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 114
- Pictures
- Charts
- Manilla paper
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Map work - Observation

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Vegetation in Africa - Conservation for career exploration
Vegetation in Africa - Appreciating vegetation conservation
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Introduction and location

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify careers related to vegetation conservation
- Explore personal interests in conservation careers
- Appreciate vegetation conservation for environmental sustainability

- Learners study pictures showing different careers (farmers with seedlings, forest rangers, botanists)
- Discuss careers related to conservation of vegetation
- Participate in tree planting activities
- Share findings on careers with parents/guardians

What careers are related to vegetation conservation?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 116
- Pictures
- Resource persons
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 117
- Seedlings
- Planting materials
- Manilla paper
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Map of Africa
- Digital resources
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Observation - Interviews

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Fort Jesus and Kilwa
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Great Zimbabwe and Giza Pyramids
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Meroe and Timbuktu
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Robben Island

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the historical significance of Fort Jesus and Kilwa
- Explain the importance of these sites for cultural heritage
- Appreciate the rich history of East African coast

- Learners brainstorm in groups on the importance of Fort Jesus and Kilwa
- Use digital or print resources to find information about these monuments
- Discuss factors that led to their construction
- Make short notes and share in class

What is the historical significance of Fort Jesus and Kilwa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Pictures
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Pictures and photographs
- Album materials
- Reference materials
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Importance of historical sites
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Ways of conserving historical sites
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Applying conservation in community

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine the importance of historical sites for preservation of cultural heritage
- Explain how these sites contribute to tourism and education
- Appreciate the need to preserve cultural heritage

- Learners brainstorm in groups on the importance of historical sites and monuments
- Discuss their role in tourism, education and national identity
- Share findings in class
- Design strategies to overcome challenges in preserving cultural heritage

Why is it important to preserve historical sites and monuments?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Manilla paper
- Marker pens
- Album materials
- Pictures and photographs
- Local cultural artifacts

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Political Developments and Governance

The Constitution of Kenya – Components of the Constitution
The Constitution of Kenya – Components of the Constitution (continued)
The Constitution of Kenya – Roles of the three arms of government
The Constitution of Kenya – Roles of the Judiciary and Legislature

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the components of the Constitution of Kenya
- Describe the chapters, articles and schedules of the Constitution
- Show interest in learning about the Constitution of Kenya

- In groups, discuss the components of the Constitution of Kenya
- Go through a copy of the Constitution of Kenya and discuss the chapters, articles and schedules
- Write a summary of discussions on components of the Constitution

Why do we need a constitution?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 128
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Digital resources
- Charts on components of the Constitution
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 129
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 130
- Charts on government structure
- Manila papers

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Political Developments and Governance

The Constitution of Kenya – Guiding principles of leadership and integrity
The Constitution of Kenya – Applying assertiveness in upholding principles of leadership and integrity
Human Rights – How human rights can be respected and protected

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine guiding principles of leadership and integrity in the Constitution of Kenya
- Identify Chapter VI of the Constitution
- Value integrity in leadership

- Use print materials, digital devices or a copy of the Constitution of Kenya to search for the chapter that outlines the guiding principles of leadership and integrity
- Examine the chapter that contains the guiding principles of leadership and integrity
- Write a summary of findings and share with classmates

Why is assertiveness important in adhering to the Constitution of Kenya?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 131
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Digital resources
- Citizenship Education Teachers Handbook
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 133
- Flip charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 135
- Pictures showing human rights
- The Constitution of Kenya

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Political Developments and Governance

Human Rights – Respecting and protecting specific human rights
Human Rights – Effective communication on human rights issues
Human Rights – Children's Rights in Kenya (Children's Act 2022)
Human Rights – Children's Rights (African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ways of respecting and protecting specific human rights
- Differentiate between various human rights
- Value the importance of human rights in society

- Explore how we can respect and protect the right to life, liberty, equality before the law, own property, decent housing, privacy
- Make short notes and share with friends
- Identify ways that promote and violate human rights

What are the ways of respecting and protecting human rights?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 136
- Digital resources
- Posters on human rights
- Flip charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 137
- Flow charts
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 138
- Children's Act 2022
- Citizenship Education Learners Activity Book
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 139
- African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Political Developments and Governance

Human Rights – Ways children are protected against violation of their Rights
Human Rights – Taking action to protect human rights
Human Rights – Responsibility of society in protecting human rights
Citizenship – Qualities of a global citizen

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate ways in which children are protected against violation of their Rights in Kenya
- Identify institutions that protect Children's Rights
- Desire to promote protection of Children's Rights

- Enhance communication and collaboration skills within diverse group to perform a skit depicting ways in which children are protected against violation of their rights
- Complete a mind map showing ways in which children are protected against violation of their rights
- Write a collaborative true story on how a child was protected against violation of their rights

How can we promote protection of Children's Rights in the community?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 140
- Digital resources
- Mind map templates
- Picture stories
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 141
- Posters
- Flip charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 142
- Citizenship Education Teachers Handbook
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 144
- Citizenship Education Learners Activity Book
- Charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Skit assessment

Political Developments and Governance

Citizenship – Responsibilities of a global citizen
Citizenship – Creating awareness on global citizenship
Citizenship – Ways Nobel Prize nominees responded to injustice (Wangari Maathai)

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain responsibilities of a global citizen in the world today
- Relate responsibilities to daily life
- Value responsibilities of global citizenship

- Use digital or print resources to find out the responsibilities of a global citizen
- Become aware about responsibilities of global citizens by developing communication messages or posters
- Watch a video clip on responsibilities of a global citizen

What are the responsibilities of a global citizen?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 145
- Digital resources
- Video clips
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 146
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital resources
- Photographs of Wangari Maathai
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Poster assessment

Political Developments and Governance

Citizenship – Ways Nobel Prize nominees responded to injustice (Mahatma Gandhi)
Citizenship – Factors for harmonious coexistence in East Africa
Citizenship – Factors for harmonious coexistence in Africa
Citizenship – East African Community and African Union anthems
Citizenship – Social entrepreneurship for personal and social wellbeing
Citizenship – Showing empathy to personalities who address injustices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore ways in which Mahatma Gandhi responded to injustice situations in society
- Compare contributions of Wangari Maathai and Mahatma Gandhi
- Appreciate the role of activists in promoting justice

- Using digital devices or textbooks, search for Mahatma Gandhi's biography, achievements and contributions to the world
- Identify similarities between Wangari Maathai and Mahatma Gandhi in responding to injustice
- Illustrate the similarities in notebook or on a chart

What did Nobel Prize nominees do to address injustices in society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 147
- Digital resources
- Photographs of Mahatma Gandhi
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 148
- Pictures of regional cooperation
- Maps of East Africa
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 150
- Maps of Africa
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 149
- The East African and African Union anthems
- Audio recordings
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 151
- Case studies on social entrepreneurs
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 152
- Newspapers and magazines
- Articles on activists

- Observation - Oral questions - Comparative analysis