People and Relationships

Scientific Theory about Human Origin - The Evolution Theory
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Stages of Human Evolution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the scientific theory used to describe human origin
- Discuss the evolution theory developed by Charles Darwin
- Show interest in learning about human origin

- Discuss in groups how scientific theory is used to explain human origin
- Read passage about Charles Darwin's evolution theory
- Make summary notes on the scientific theory about human origin

How did Charles Darwin explain the origin of human beings?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 20
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 21
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

People and Relationships

Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Changes in Humans due to Evolution
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Conclusions on Human Origin
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Preservation of Early Human Remains
Scientific Theory about Human Origin - Africa as the Cradle of Humanity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe changes that took place in humans as a result of evolution
- Illustrate the physical changes in different human species
- Value the evolutionary changes in human beings

- Study pictures showing stages of human evolution
- Use internet or textbooks to search for changes in humans as a result of evolution
- Draw an evolutionary tree illustrating changes in humans

What physical changes occurred in humans as they evolved?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 21
- Pictures of human evolution stages
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 23
- Digital devices
- Newspapers
- Flash cards
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 25
- Pictures of mummified remains
- Video clips
- Resource person
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 27
- Map of Africa
- Atlas

- Oral questions - Written tests - Project work

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Early Visitors to the East African Coast
Early Civilisation - Reasons for Coming to East African Coast
Early Civilisation - The Swahili Civilisation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify the early visitors to the East African Coast up to 1500AD
- Trace the origin of early visitors
- Show interest in learning about early civilisations

- Discuss the early visitors to the East African Coast
- Use digital technology to locate places of origin on map of Europe and Asia
- Make summary notes on origins of early visitors

Who were the early visitors to the East African Coast and where did they come from?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 32
- Maps of Europe and Asia
- Atlas
- Digital devices
- Maps
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 33
- Digital devices
- Approved textbooks
- Maps

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Factors for Growth of Swahili Civilisation
Early Civilisation - East African City States

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain factors that led to growth of Swahili civilisation
- Describe how trade contributed to growth of city states
- Appreciate factors that promote civilisation

- Read about factors that led to growth of Swahili civilisation
- Discuss factors such as good climate, natural harbours, and Indian Ocean trade
- Write summary notes

What factors led to the growth of Swahili civilisation along the East African Coast?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 34
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Journal entries
- Maps
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Best Practices from Early Civilisations
Early Civilisation - Contributions to Modern World

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify best practices from early civilisations
- Explain how irrigation and masonry skills developed
- Value contributions of early civilisations

- Study pictures of dhows, makuti houses, and basin irrigation
- Discuss how early civilisation led to modern world practices
- Make summary of discussion

What best practices from early civilisations are still used today?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 35
- Pictures
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 36
- Video documentaries

- Oral questions - Observation - Written tests

People and Relationships

Early Civilisation - Appreciating Cultural Heritage
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Factors for Development

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Compose creative works on early civilisation
- Debate on validity of early civilisation contributions
- Desire to preserve cultural heritage

- Compose and recite poem on contribution of early civilisation
- Debate on practices from early civilisation contributing to modern world
- Share poems with friends

Why is cultural heritage important to society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 37
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 39
- Maps
- Digital devices
- Projector

- Oral questions - Debate - Creative writing

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Organisation of the Trade
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - People and Commodities in the Trade

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the organisation of Trans-Saharan slave trade
- Identify trade routes and trading cities
- Develop critical thinking about slave trade

- Study map showing Trans-Saharan slave trade routes
- Draw map and locate trade routes
- Discuss organisation including people involved and commodities traded

How was the Trans-Saharan slave trade organised?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 40
- Maps of West Africa
- Digital devices
- Atlas
- Newspaper extracts
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Map work - Written tests

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Effects on Africa
Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Spread of Islam and Cultural Effects

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade in Africa
- Explain social, economic, and political effects
- Show empathy for victims of slave trade

- Study pictures showing effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade
- Discuss effects on social, economic, and political organisation
- Make summary notes

What were the effects of Trans-Saharan slave trade on Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 42
- Pictures
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 43
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Trans-Saharan Slave Trade - Promoting Social Justice
Population Growth in Africa - Causes of Population Growth

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate assertiveness in promotion of social justice
- Create awareness messages against modern slavery
- Desire to promote social justice in society

- Prepare slogans and posters promoting social justice
- Compose songs to promote social justice
- Participate in Freedom Walk activities

How can we demonstrate assertiveness in promoting social justice against slavery?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 44
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Social media platforms
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 46
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Creative work - Observation

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Effects of Population Growth
Population Growth in Africa - Types of Migration

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine effects of population growth in Africa
- Explain both positive and negative effects
- Analyse impact of population growth on resources

- Use digital devices to research effects of population growth
- Read and recite poem on effects of population growth
- Debate on advantages and disadvantages of population growth

What are the effects of population growth in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 48
- Digital devices
- Poems
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 49
- Charts
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Debate - Written tests

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Factors Influencing Migration
Population Growth in Africa - Demographic Trends in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain factors that influence migration in Africa
- Analyse push and pull factors of migration
- Value stability in communities

- Research on factors that influence migration in Africa
- Complete table on factors influencing migration
- Listen to resource person discuss effects of migration

What factors influence migration in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 50
- Digital devices
- Resource person
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 51
- Census data
- Graph papers
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships

Population Growth in Africa - Creating Awareness on Effects
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Socio-cultural Diversities in Kenya

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create awareness on effects of population growth in community
- Develop posters on population growth effects
- Appreciate importance of population planning

- Study poster showing effects of population growth in community
- Discuss how community can handle each effect
- Develop and display posters on effects of population growth

How can we create awareness on effects of population growth in our community?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 52
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Noticeboard
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 55
- Pictures of traditional costumes
- Digital devices
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Project work - Observation

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Cultural Practices and Beliefs
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Celebrating Cultural Diversities

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe cultural practices and beliefs of Kenyan communities
- Compare worship practices across communities
- Respect different cultural beliefs

- Listen to radio lesson on socio-cultural diversities
- Discuss cultural practices such as worship, initiation, and marriage
- Make summary notes

How do cultural practices and beliefs differ among Kenyan communities?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 56
- Radio
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 57
- Pictures
- Musical instruments
- Traditional costumes

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Building Healthy Self-esteem
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Impact of Emotions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ways of building healthy self-esteem in diverse society
- Identify personal strengths and build confidence
- Desire to improve self-esteem

- Discuss ways of building self-esteem such as loving oneself and setting goals
- Fill in questionnaire on self-esteem
- Prepare declaration cards with positive messages

How can we build healthy self-esteem in a diverse socio-cultural society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 58
- Questionnaires
- Cards
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 59
- Stories
- Pictures
- Digital devices

- Oral questions - Questionnaire - Observation

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Managing Peer Pressure
Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Promoting Cultural Diversity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify ways of managing peer pressure
- Demonstrate assertiveness in dealing with peer pressure
- Value personal principles and boundaries

- Discuss ways of managing peer pressure such as being clear with values and saying NO
- Read scenarios and discuss responses to peer pressure
- Role play situations involving peer pressure

How can we manage peer pressure in a culturally diverse environment?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 60
- Scenarios
- Charts
- Role play props
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 61
- Pictures
- Posters
- Manila papers

- Oral questions - Role play - Observation

People and Relationships

Diversity and Interpersonal Skills - Appreciating Cultural Diversities
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Situations Leading to Conflicts

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate appreciation of socio-cultural diversities
- Participate in inter-cultural activities
- Desire to preserve cultural heritage

- Participate in drama, music, and inter-cultural fairs
- Organise cultural week with presentations from different cultures
- Debate on respecting social cultural diversities

Why should we appreciate socio-cultural diversities in Kenya?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 62
- Traditional costumes
- Digital devices
- Musical instruments
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 63
- Pictures
- Mind maps

- Oral questions - Performance - Observation

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Peaceful Methods of Resolving Conflicts
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Applying Conflict Resolution Methods

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain peaceful ways of resolving conflicts
- Differentiate between negotiation, mediation, and arbitration
- Value peaceful conflict resolution

- Find meanings of negotiation, mediation, arbitration, and litigation
- Read class discussion on peaceful methods of resolving conflicts
- Compare mediation and arbitration

What are the peaceful ways of resolving conflicts in the family?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 64
- Dictionary
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 65
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Poems

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Strategies for Effective Communication
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Building Healthy Relationships

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Design strategies for effective communication in resolving conflicts
- Create posters with peace messages
- Value effective communication in conflict resolution

- Act out skit on Nyumba Kumi or community Baraza resolving conflicts
- Create posters and placards with peace messages
- Compose songs with peace messages

How can effective communication help in resolving conflicts?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 66
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Props for skit
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 67
- Scenarios
- Pictures
- Charts

- Oral questions - Skit performance - Project work

People and Relationships

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Values in Building Relationships
Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Showing Empathy to Survivors

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify values that build healthy relationships
- Explain how honesty, responsibility, and kindness promote peace
- Practise values that promote family harmony

- Study pictures showing healthy relationships
- Discuss ways of building healthy relationships such as speaking truth and respecting boundaries
- Read flashcards on values that build healthy relationships

What values help build healthy relationships in the family?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 69
- Pictures
- Flash cards
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 70
- Props for role play
- Rescue centres

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

People and Relationships
Social Studies and Personal Management
Social Studies and Personal Management
Social Studies and Personal Management

Peaceful Conflict Resolution - Appreciating Culture of Peace
Self-Improvement – Personality traits
Self-Improvement – Personality traits and video analysis
Self-Improvement – Goals for self-improvement in social life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how family peace contributes to harmonious living
- Create personal commitments to promote peace
- Appreciate the culture of peace in society

- Read placard on promoting peaceful conflict resolution
- Listen to speech about appreciation of family peace
- Fill journal on culture of peace and debate on peace quotes

Why is it important to nurture a culture of peace in the family and society?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 71
- Placards
- Journals
- Peace quotes
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 1
- Digital resources
- Video clips on personality traits
- Charts on personality traits
- Internet access
- Video clips
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 3
- Video clips of successful career individuals

- Oral questions - Journal writing - Debate

Social Studies and Personal Management

Self-Improvement – Values in development of personality traits
Self-Esteem Assessment – Contribution of self-esteem on holistic development
Self-Esteem Assessment – Effects of unhealthy self-esteem
Self-Esteem Assessment – Assessing self-esteem in social interactions

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the role of values in the development of personality traits
- Apply values in self-improvement
- Appreciate the role of values in the development of personality traits

- Watch a video clip of a successful career individual in social life that reflect on their traits
- Role-play a skit depicting values in their dream career choice in Social Studies
- Debate on the importance of upholding positive values in development of personality traits

How do values help in development of personality traits?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 4
- Digital resources
- Charts on values
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 5
- Internet access
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 7
- Flashcards on effects of unhealthy self-esteem
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 9
- Self-assessment cards
- Case studies

- Observation - Oral questions - Role-play assessment

Social Studies and Personal Management
Community Service Learning
Community Service Learning
Community Service Learning

Self-Esteem Assessment – Improving self-esteem
Community Service Learning Project – Identifying a problem in the community
Community Service Learning Project – Adopting a project and writing statement of the problem
Community Service Learning Project – Designing solutions to the identified problem

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify actions to improve self-esteem
- Design a self-esteem journal
- Desire to improve their self-esteem for personal productivity

- Journalise actions they will take to improve their self-esteem
- Complete a self-esteem journal with things they like about themselves, qualities that make them unique, and things they are grateful for
- Share about experiences that could have lowered self-esteem and advise each other

What actions can we take to improve our self-esteem?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 10
- Digital resources
- Self-esteem journal templates
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 13
- Pictures of community problems
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 14
- Flip charts
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 15
- Internet access
- Resource persons

- Observation - Oral questions - Journal assessment

Community Service Learning

Community Service Learning Project – Planning to implement the solution
Community Service Learning Project – Implementing the plan (Part 1)
Community Service Learning Project – Implementing the plan (Part 2)
Community Service Learning Project – Reporting on the concluded project

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Plan to implement the solution to the identified problem
- Develop a project implementation plan
- Appreciate the importance of planning in project implementation

- Discuss and draw a plan for implementing the proposed solution
- Share roles, create a list of activities to be undertaken, mobilise resources needed and set timelines for execution
- Develop a plan showing activities, resources needed and timelines

What steps are involved in planning a community project?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 16
- Digital resources
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 17
- Locally available materials
- Tools and equipment
- Project resources
- Digital devices
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 18
- Report templates
- Project evidence

- Observation - Oral questions - Project plans

Community Service Learning
Natural and Historic Built Environments
Natural and Historic Built Environments
Natural and Historic Built Environments

Community Service Learning Project – Reflection and appreciation
Map Reading and Interpretation - Interpreting maps using marginal information
Map Reading and Interpretation - Using marginal information to interpret maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Types of scales on maps

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Reflect on project work and learnings
- Link project work with academic concepts
- Appreciate the need to offer solutions to the gaps/challenges in the community

- Review all project work to learn from the challenges faced
- Link project work with academic concepts noting how the concepts enabled them to do their project
- Discuss the importance of being part of the solutions to challenges in the community

Why is it important to offer solutions to community challenges?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 18
- Digital resources
- Project reports
- Reflection journals
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 75
- Topographical maps
- Digital resources
- Topographical maps of Yimbo and Taita areas
- Rulers
- Compasses
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 79

- Observation - Oral questions - Reflection journals

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Converting scales
Map Reading and Interpretation - Converting to linear scale
Map Reading and Interpretation - Calculating areas of regular shapes
Map Reading and Interpretation - Calculating areas of irregular shapes

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Convert statement scale to representative fraction scale
- Convert representative fraction scale to statement scale
- Demonstrate accuracy in scale conversions

- Learners practice converting statement scale to representative fraction (e.g., 1 cm represents 0.5 km to 1:50,000)
- Practice converting representative fraction to statement scale
- Share work with teacher for guidance

How do you convert one type of scale to another?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 79
- Topographical maps
- Calculators
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 80
- Rulers
- Drawing materials
- Calculators
- Rulers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 81
- Topographical map of Kijabe area
- Grid paper

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical exercises

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Measuring distances on maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Methods of representing relief on maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Trigonometric points and spot heights

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Measure straight and curved distances on topographical maps
- Convert map distances to actual ground distances
- Demonstrate skill in measuring distances using different tools

- Learners measure distance of a road and railway line section on a map
- Use string, edge of paper or dividers to measure curved distances
- Watch video clip on measuring distances using a string
- Share work in class through demonstrations

How are distances measured on a topographical map?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 82
- Topographical maps
- String
- Paper strips
- Pair of dividers
- Rulers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 84
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 85
- Manilla paper
- Drawing materials

- Oral questions - Observation - Practical demonstrations

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Map Reading and Interpretation - Physical features on topographical maps
Map Reading and Interpretation - Application of maps in day-to-day life

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify physical features related to drainage, relief and vegetation on maps
- Interpret conventional symbols on topographical maps
- Show interest in identifying physical features on maps

- Learners study topographical map of Oyugis area and identify physical features
- Match conventional symbols with their features
- Draw diagrams showing relief and drainage features
- Share work in class

How are physical features represented on topographical maps?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 87
- Topographical maps
- Key/legend charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 89
- Pictures of maps in use
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written tests - Practical work

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Factors influencing climate in Africa
Weather and Climate - Influence of ocean currents and winds
Weather and Climate - Distribution of climatic regions in Africa
Weather and Climate - Constructing a climatic model of Africa

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe factors influencing climate in Africa
- Explain how altitude and latitude influence climate
- Show interest in understanding climate factors

- Learners use atlases, textbooks or digital resources to search for factors influencing climate
- Discuss factors such as altitude, latitude and relief
- Make summary notes and share in class

What factors influence climate in Africa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 94
- Atlases
- Digital resources
- Climate maps
- Climate maps
- Video clips
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 96
- Map of Africa
- Colouring materials
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 97
- Manilla paper
- Beans, maize, sand, leaves
- Glue
- Crayons/paints

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Characteristics of climatic regions
Weather and Climate - Characteristics of other climatic regions
Weather and Climate - Causes of climate change
Weather and Climate - Managing disaster-related stress

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe characteristics of equatorial and desert climatic regions
- Match climatic regions with their characteristics
- Value the diversity of climates in Africa

- Learners match climatic regions with their characteristics from clouds drawn by Grade 8 learners
- Describe characteristics of equatorial climate (hot, wet, high humidity, double maxima rainfall)
- Describe desert climate (cloudless skies, hot and dry, below 250mm rainfall)

What are the characteristics of equatorial and desert climates?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 98
- Climate charts
- Digital resources
- Video clips
- Digital resources
- Climate charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 100
- Pictures
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 101
- Charts
- Resource persons

- Oral questions - Written tests - Matching exercises

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Weather and Climate - Effects of climate change on environment
Weather and Climate - Solutions to climate change effects
Vegetation in Africa - Factors influencing vegetation distribution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe effects of climate change on the environment
- Explain effects on crops, animals, urban centres and sea levels
- Show concern about environmental changes

- Learners use digital devices or textbooks to search for effects of climate change
- Describe effects on crops and animals, urban centres, transport, sea levels and human settlement
- Complete table on effects of climate change

How does climate change affect the environment?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 102
- Pictures
- Digital resources
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 103
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 108
- School environment
- Atlases

- Oral questions - Written tests - Table completion

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Vegetation in Africa - Relief and human activities on vegetation
Vegetation in Africa - Locating vegetation regions
Vegetation in Africa - Characteristics of vegetation regions
Vegetation in Africa - Methods of conserving vegetation

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain how relief influences vegetation distribution
- Describe the impact of human and animal activities on vegetation
- Show interest in understanding vegetation factors

- Learners follow the road map showing factors influencing vegetation
- Discuss how relief affects vegetation (windward vs leeward sides)
- Study group presentations on soil, climate and relief effects on vegetation
- Make notes from group findings

How do relief and human activities affect vegetation?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 109
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Road map diagrams
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 112
- Map of Africa
- Atlases
- Colouring materials
- Local environment
- Pictures
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 114
- Pictures
- Manilla paper

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group presentations

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Vegetation in Africa - Monitoring and research programs
Vegetation in Africa - Conservation for career exploration
Vegetation in Africa - Appreciating vegetation conservation
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Introduction and location

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the importance of monitoring and research programs in conservation
- Describe data banks and reference collections for vegetation
- Show commitment to vegetation conservation

- Learners discuss establishment of monitoring programs and research studies
- Explain importance of data banks and reference collections
- Write essays on ways of caring for vegetation in school community
- Share essays with teacher

Why are monitoring and research programs important for vegetation conservation?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 114
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 116
- Pictures
- Resource persons
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 117
- Seedlings
- Planting materials
- Manilla paper
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Map of Africa
- Digital resources
- Pictures

- Oral questions - Written essays - Observation

Natural and Historic Built Environments

Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Fort Jesus and Kilwa
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Great Zimbabwe and Giza Pyramids
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Meroe and Timbuktu
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Robben Island

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe the historical significance of Fort Jesus and Kilwa
- Explain the importance of these sites for cultural heritage
- Appreciate the rich history of East African coast

- Learners brainstorm in groups on the importance of Fort Jesus and Kilwa
- Use digital or print resources to find information about these monuments
- Discuss factors that led to their construction
- Make short notes and share in class

What is the historical significance of Fort Jesus and Kilwa?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Pictures
- Digital resources
- Reference books
- Pictures and photographs
- Album materials
- Reference materials
- Video clips

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Natural and Historic Built Environments
Political Developments and Governance

Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Importance of historical sites
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Ways of conserving historical sites
Historical Sites and Monuments in Africa - Applying conservation in community
The Constitution of Kenya – Components of the Constitution

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Examine the importance of historical sites for preservation of cultural heritage
- Explain how these sites contribute to tourism and education
- Appreciate the need to preserve cultural heritage

- Learners brainstorm in groups on the importance of historical sites and monuments
- Discuss their role in tourism, education and national identity
- Share findings in class
- Design strategies to overcome challenges in preserving cultural heritage

Why is it important to preserve historical sites and monuments?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book Grade 8 pg. 120
- Charts
- Digital resources
- Manilla paper
- Marker pens
- Album materials
- Pictures and photographs
- Local cultural artifacts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 128
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Digital resources
- Charts on components of the Constitution

- Oral questions - Written tests - Group discussions

Political Developments and Governance

The Constitution of Kenya – Components of the Constitution (continued)
The Constitution of Kenya – Roles of the three arms of government
The Constitution of Kenya – Roles of the Judiciary and Legislature
The Constitution of Kenya – Guiding principles of leadership and integrity

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain examples of chapters, articles and schedules in the Constitution
- Analyse the structure of the Constitution of Kenya
- Appreciate the importance of the Constitution in governance

- Search for other components of the Constitution and give examples
- Share findings with other groups in class
- Create charts showing components of the Constitution and display

What are the main components of the Constitution of Kenya?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 129
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 130
- Digital resources
- Charts on government structure
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 131
- Citizenship Education Teachers Handbook

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations

Political Developments and Governance

The Constitution of Kenya – Applying assertiveness in upholding principles of leadership and integrity
Human Rights – How human rights can be respected and protected
Human Rights – Respecting and protecting specific human rights
Human Rights – Effective communication on human rights issues

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Apply assertiveness in upholding principles of leadership and integrity in daily interactions
- Exhibit good leadership intended in Chapter VI of the Constitution
- Desire to uphold principles of leadership and integrity

- Discuss different ways in which they apply the Constitutional principles of leadership and integrity in daily interactions
- Reflect on situations when they needed to be assertive
- Develop critical and constructive dialogue as they debate on whether or not leaders in Kenya adhere to their constitutional responsibilities

How can we apply principles of leadership and integrity in our daily interactions?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 133
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Digital resources
- Flip charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 135
- Pictures showing human rights
- The Constitution of Kenya
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 136
- Posters on human rights
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 137
- Flow charts
- Manila papers

- Observation - Oral questions - Debate assessment

Political Developments and Governance

Human Rights – Children's Rights in Kenya (Children's Act 2022)
Human Rights – Children's Rights (African Charter on Rights and Welfare of the Child)
Human Rights – Ways children are protected against violation of their Rights
Human Rights – Taking action to protect human rights

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Outline Children's Rights as stipulated in the Children's Act 2022
- Identify the provisions of the Children's Act 2022
- Show interest in Children's Rights

- Use print or digital resources to search for and identify the rights of the child as stipulated in the Children's Act 2022
- Make a list of the Children's Rights in the Children's Act 2022
- Share findings with others in class

What are the Children's Rights in Kenya?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 138
- Children's Act 2022
- Digital resources
- Citizenship Education Learners Activity Book
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 139
- African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 140
- Mind map templates
- Picture stories
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 141
- Posters
- Flip charts

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Political Developments and Governance

Human Rights – Responsibility of society in protecting human rights
Citizenship – Qualities of a global citizen
Citizenship – Responsibilities of a global citizen
Citizenship – Creating awareness on global citizenship

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Recognise responsibility of the society in protecting human rights
- Explain roles of different people in protecting human rights
- Value collective responsibility in human rights protection

- Use digital devices or print media to search for information on the responsibilities of parents, children, government, religious groups, human rights activists and NGOs in protection of human rights
- Discuss how teachers in school take part in protection of human rights
- Make brief notes on discussion and compare with other groups

Why is protection of human rights a responsibility of everyone?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 142
- Digital resources
- Citizenship Education Teachers Handbook
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 144
- Citizenship Education Learners Activity Book
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 145
- Video clips
- Manila papers
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 146
- Manila papers
- Marker pens
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Group presentations

Political Developments and Governance

Citizenship – Ways Nobel Prize nominees responded to injustice (Wangari Maathai)
Citizenship – Ways Nobel Prize nominees responded to injustice (Mahatma Gandhi)
Citizenship – Factors for harmonious coexistence in East Africa
Citizenship – Factors for harmonious coexistence in Africa
Citizenship – East African Community and African Union anthems
Citizenship – Social entrepreneurship for personal and social wellbeing
Citizenship – Showing empathy to personalities who address injustices

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explore ways in which Wangari Maathai responded to injustice situations in society
- Describe Wangari Maathai's achievements and contributions
- Show empathy to personalities who volunteer to address injustices

- Using digital devices or textbooks, search for Wangari Maathai's biography, achievements and contributions to the world
- Identify how Wangari Maathai responded to injustice and unfair treatment in society
- Make summary notes of findings and share with classmates

How can we show empathy as global citizens?

- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 146
- Digital resources
- Photographs of Wangari Maathai
- Reference books
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 147
- Photographs of Mahatma Gandhi
- Charts
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 148
- Pictures of regional cooperation
- Maps of East Africa
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 150
- Maps of Africa
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 149
- The East African and African Union anthems
- Audio recordings
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 151
- Case studies on social entrepreneurs
- Mentor Social Studies Learner's Book pg. 152
- Newspapers and magazines
- Articles on activists

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments