Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Cell structure as seen under a light microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define the term cell
- Identify structures of plant and animal cells
- Show interest in studying cells

- Discuss the meaning of cells
- Download diagrams of plant and animal cells from the Internet
- Identify parts of plant and animal cells
- List similarities and differences between plant and animal cells

What makes up plant and animal cells?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 49
- Digital devices
- Internet access
- Charts showing cell structures
- Diagrams of plant cells
- Drawing materials

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Safety when handling a microscope
The Cell - Preparation of temporary slides of plant cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify safety measures when using a microscope
- Demonstrate proper handling of a microscope
- Show responsibility in handling laboratory equipment

- Discuss safety measures when handling microscopes
- Practice proper carrying techniques
- Demonstrate cleaning procedures
- Practice proper storage methods

Why is safety important when handling microscopes?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 50
- Light microscope
- Soft tissue paper
- Ethanol
- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 52
- Glass slides
- Cover slips
- Plant materials
- Water
- Scalpel

- Observation - Practical assessment - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Observing plant cells under a light microscope
The Cell - Functions of parts of a plant cell

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Observe plant cells under a microscope
- Draw observed plant cells
- Label parts of plant cells correctly

- Mount prepared slides on microscope
- Focus using coarse and fine adjustment knobs
- Observe plant cell structures
- Draw and label observed cells

What structures can be seen in plant cells?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 52
- Light microscope
- Prepared slides
- Drawing materials
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Drawings - Observation - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Functions of nucleus, vacuole and chloroplast
The Cell - Observing animal cells under a light microscope

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain the function of the nucleus
- Describe the role of vacuoles and chloroplasts
- Show interest in cell biology

- Discuss the function of nucleus in controlling cell activities
- Explain storage function of vacuoles
- Describe role of chloroplasts in photosynthesis

What is the importance of nucleus, vacuole and chloroplast?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 53
- Charts
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 54
- Light microscope
- Permanent slides of animal cells
- Drawing materials

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Differentiating between plant and animal cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify similarities between plant and animal cells
- List differences between the two cell types
- Appreciate diversity in cell structures

- Study diagrams of plant and animal cells
- Discuss similarities (cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm)
- Identify differences (cell wall, vacuole, chloroplast)
- Record findings

What are the main differences between plant and animal cells?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 55
- Diagrams
- Charts
- Textbooks

- Written assignments - Oral questions - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Characteristics of plant and animal cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Describe characteristics of plant cells
- Describe characteristics of animal cells
- Show interest in cellular biology

- Discuss shape and structure of plant cells
- Examine irregular shape of animal cells
- Compare nucleus location in both cells
- Discuss presence of chloroplasts

Why do plant and animal cells have different characteristics?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 55
- Charts
- Diagrams
- Digital resources

- Oral presentations - Written tests - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Extended activity: Making cell models

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Create models of plant and animal cells
- Label cell parts correctly
- Demonstrate creativity in model making

- Use locally available materials (cartons, plasticine, clay)
- Make models of plant and animal cells
- Label parts correctly
- Display and peer-assess work

How can we represent cells using models?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 56
- Cartons
- Plasticine
- Clay
- Manila papers
- Glue

- Practical assessment - Peer assessment - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Role of cells in living organisms

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain why cells are basic units of life
- Describe importance of cells in organisms
- Appreciate the role of cells

- Discuss why cells are defined as basic units of life
- Explain importance of cells to living organisms
- Discuss cell specialization
- Share findings with classmates

Why is the cell defined as the basic unit of life?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 57
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Charts

- Oral presentations - Written assignments - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Magnification of cells: Understanding magnification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define magnification
- Explain the concept of magnification
- Show interest in microscopy

- Search for meaning of magnification
- Discuss why microscopes have eye-piece and objective lenses
- Explain how magnification helps us see cells

What is magnification and why is it important?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 57
- Digital devices
- Microscope
- Reference materials

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Calculating magnification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Calculate total magnification of a microscope
- Apply the magnification formula
- Appreciate mathematical applications in science

- Learn magnification formula
- Calculate total magnification using eye-piece and objective lens
- Solve example problems
- Practice calculations

How do we calculate magnification?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 58
- Calculator
- Worksheets
- Microscope specifications

- Written tests - Calculations - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Microscope lenses and their magnifications

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify different objective lenses
- State magnification ranges of lenses
- Appreciate diversity in microscope lenses

- Identify eye-piece lens magnifications (x5 to x30)
- Learn about low power objective (x4)
- Study medium power objective (x10 or x20)
- Examine high power objective (x40)

What are the different types of microscope lenses?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 58
- Microscope
- Charts
- Reference books

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Assessment: Drawing and magnification

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Draw a plant cell with labels
- Calculate magnification problems
- Explain microscope care

- Draw and label a plant cell
- Adjust microscope for clear viewing
- Calculate magnification from given values
- Explain purposes of thin specimens and staining

How well do you understand cells and microscopy?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 59
- Drawing materials
- Calculator
- Assessment sheets

- Written tests - Drawings - Calculations

Living Things and their Environment

The Cell - Assessment and feedback

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate understanding of cell structure
- Apply knowledge of magnification
- Show mastery of sub-strand content

- Complete comprehensive assessment
- Answer questions on cell structure and function
- Calculate magnification problems
- Receive and discuss feedback

Have you mastered the content on cells?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 49-59
- Assessment papers
- Marking guides

- Written tests - Practical assessment - Feedback session

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Introduction to cell transport

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify substances that move into cells
- Identify substances that move out of cells
- Appreciate the importance of cell transport

- Study chart showing substances entering and leaving cells
- Discuss substances moving into cells (oxygen, water, nutrients)
- Discuss substances moving out (carbon dioxide, waste products)
- Explain importance of cell membrane

What substances move in and out of cells?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 60
- Charts
- Diagrams
- Digital resources

- Observation - Oral questions - Written assignments

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Processes of material movement

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Identify diffusion as a transport process
- Identify osmosis as a transport process
- Show interest in cell transport mechanisms

- Search for information on movement processes
- Discuss diffusion and osmosis
- Identify substances transported by each method
- Share findings with classmates

How do materials move across cell membranes?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 61
- Digital devices
- Reference books
- Internet access

- Oral presentations - Written assignments - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Introduction to diffusion

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Define diffusion
- Explain the concept of diffusion
- Appreciate diffusion in daily life

- Discuss how food aromas spread
- Explain movement of aroma particles
- Define diffusion as movement from high to low concentration
- Relate diffusion to everyday experiences

What is diffusion and how does it occur?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 61
- Examples from daily life
- Charts
- Digital resources

- Oral questions - Written assignments - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Demonstrating diffusion in gases

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffusion in gases
- Observe diffusion occurring
- Show responsibility in handling perfumes safely

- Close classroom windows and doors
- Line up learners across the room
- Spray perfume at front
- Observe and record when each learner detects scent
- Dispose materials appropriately

How does diffusion occur in gases?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 62
- Perfume or scented substance
- Enclosed room
- Timer

- Observation - Oral questions - Practical assessment

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Explaining diffusion observations

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain observations from diffusion experiment
- Describe particle movement during diffusion
- Draw conclusions about diffusion

- Discuss observations from perfume experiment
- Explain how particles moved from high to low concentration
- Relate time to distance in diffusion
- Write conclusion on diffusion process

Why did different learners detect the perfume at different times?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 62
- Observation records
- Notebooks
- Reference materials

- Written assignments - Oral explanations - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Demonstrating diffusion in plant materials

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Demonstrate diffusion using plant materials
- Observe ink movement in plants
- Show responsibility in handling materials safely

- Put water in container
- Add ink and stir
- Place young plant with roots in colored water
- Leave for two hours
- Cut stem and observe
- Dispose materials appropriately

How do plants absorb colored water?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 63
- Young plant
- Ink
- Water
- Container
- Scalpel
- Gloves

- Practical assessment - Observation - Oral questions

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Explaining diffusion in plant cells

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain ink movement in plant cells
- Describe cell-to-cell diffusion
- Appreciate diffusion in plants

- Discuss observations from plant experiment
- Explain movement of ink from high to low concentration
- Describe cell-to-cell diffusion process
- Draw conclusions on diffusion in plants

How did ink reach all parts of the plant?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 64
- Observation records
- Diagrams
- Notebooks

- Written assignments - Oral explanations - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Role of diffusion in animals

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain gaseous exchange in lungs
- Describe absorption in intestines
- Appreciate diffusion in body functions

- Search for information on gaseous exchange in lungs
- Discuss oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion
- Explain absorption of digested food
- Discuss excretion of metabolic wastes

How does diffusion help in breathing and digestion?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 65
- Digital devices
- Charts
- Reference books
- Video resources

- Oral presentations - Written assignments - Observation

Living Things and their Environment

Movement of Materials In and Out of the Cell - Role of diffusion in plants

By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:

- Explain mineral salt absorption by roots
- Describe gaseous exchange in plants
- Show interest in plant processes

- Discuss absorption of mineral salts from soil
- Explain carbon dioxide diffusion during photosynthesis
- Describe oxygen diffusion during respiration
- Discuss transport of manufactured food

How does diffusion help plants survive?

- Mentor Integrated Science pg. 65
- Diagrams
- Charts
- Reference books

- Oral questions - Written tests - Observation